User talk:WeatherVane

Welcome to Wikipedia! :)
I'm not part of the Welcoming Commitee, but I thought I should drop in and say hi. I noticed you just created an account today, and you added your name to the Troical Cyclones WikiProject. You're something like the 62nd person to join. I'm actually part of the Project, too; I joined in late January as the 24$th$ person. It's quite amazing how organized the project is, you'll see once you start to really get involved. Well, good luck with that Rita article. I hope I'll see you around! íslenska hurikein #12(samtal) 22:04, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to the Tropical Cyclone Wikiproject (yes, I'm part of the welcoming comittee)! We're looking forward to any future edits you can make to tropical cyclones, and we're happy to have you on board. Current projects include bettering the existing articles on retired hurricanes to GA or FA status. If you have any questions, feel free to ask. Here's the latest version of our monthly newsletter. Enjoy!

Number 1, June 4, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary of the activities of the WikiProject over the past month and upcoming events over the next month. In addition monthly tropical cyclone activity will be summarized.

You have received this as you are a member of the WikiProject, please add your username in the appropriate section on the mailing list. If you do not add your name to that list, the WikiProject will assume you do not wish to receive future versions of The Hurricane Herald.

Storm of the month Typhoon Chanchu was the first typhoon and first super typhoon of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. Forming on May 9 over the open western Pacific Ocean, Chanchu moved over the Philippines on the 11th. There, it dropped heavy rainfall, causing mudslides, crop damage, and 41 deaths. It moved into the South China Sea, where it rapidly strengthened to a super typhoon on May 14, one of only two super typhoons recorded in the sea. It turned to the north, weakened, and struck the Fujian province of China as a minimal typhoon on the 17th. The typhoon flooded 192 houses, while heavy rainfall caused deadly mudslides. In China, Chanchu caused at least 25 deaths and $480 million in damage (2006 USD). Elsewhere on its path, strong waves from the typhoon sank eleven Vietnamese ships, killing at least 44 people. In Taiwan, heavy rainfall killed two people, while in Japan, severe waves killed one person and injured another.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * Tropical Storm Aletta existed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from May 25 to May 29, peaking as a 45 mph tropical storm.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include: Typhoon Joan (1970), Hurricane Bonnie (1986), Tropical Storm Matthew (2004), Storm of October 1804, Typhoon Chanchu (2006) and Cyclone Olaf.


 * New non-storm articles include: Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology, Dvorak technique and List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones.


 * New Featured articles: 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Mitch, Hurricane Irene (2005) and Hurricane Claudette (2003)


 * Articles which became A/GA class: Hurricane Katrina (A), Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans (A), Hurricane Felix (1995) (GA), Cyclone Percy (A), Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (A), List of New Jersey hurricanes (A), Hurricane John (1994) (A), Tropical Storm Isabel (1985) (GA), Tropical Storm Odette (2003) (GA)

New articles and improvements wanted
 * An article is requested on subtropical ridge
 * The current collaboration of the fortnight is Hurricane Gilbert, please help improve this article.
 * Improvements are requested to Indianola Hurricane of 1886, Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Andrew.
 * The WikiProject is likely to submit Hurricane John (1994) and Hurricane Katrina to Featured Article Candidates in the near future, so please help improve them to featured standard.

Member of the month The May member of the month is Tito XD. The WikiProject awards this to him for his brilliant work in improving articles. Tito XD joined the WikiProject in October just after it had been founded. Since then he has contributed substantially to many articles, for example Hurricane Nora (1997), which is currently a Featured Article Candidate. He is also actively involved in the assessment of articles and so helps to improve many more articles.

Explanation of content

If you have a topic which is not directly related to any specific article but is relevant to the WikiProject bring it up on the Newsletters talk page, and it will probably be included in a future edition of The Hurricane Herald.

These two sections are decided by the community on the newsletter's talk page:
 * Storm of the month: This is determined by a straw poll on the page. While all storms will be mentioned on the newsletter, the selected storm will be described in more detail.
 * Member of the month: Nominations are made on the talk page, voting is by secret ballot; read the talk page for details. The winner receives the WikiProject's barnstar (when we make it).

Main Page content
 * 2005 Atlantic hurricane season appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on June 1.
 * Hurricane Floyd will appear on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on June 17.
 * Entries from Dvorak technique, Typhoon Joan (1970), Typhoon Chanchu (2006), and Storm of October 1804 appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during May.
 * Entries from 5 other articles relating to tropical cyclones had appeared in the Did you know column earlier in 2006.

Storm article statistics

The assessment scale
 * The cyclone assessment scale is one of the bases of the new assessment scale for Version 1.0 of Wikipedia. It splits articles into several categories by quality, to identify which articles are "finished" and which ones still need to be improved.
 * The assessment scale by itself counts of several grades:
 * FA: reserved for articles that have been identified as featured content only.
 * A: this grade is given to articles that are considered ready for peer review. The way to get this grade assigned to an article is by asking other cyclone editors at the WikiProject's assessment page.
 * GA: reserved for articles that have passed a good article nomination.
 * B: these articles are "halfway there", and have most of the details of a complete article, yet it still has significant gaps in its coverage.
 * Start: articles that fall in this category have a decent amount of content, yet it is weak in many areas. Be bold and feel free to improve them!
 * Stub: these articles are mostly placeholders, and may in some cases be useless for the reader. It needs a lot of work to be brought to A-Class level.
 * The way to use these assessments is by adding a parameter to the WikiProject template on the articles talk page ( as an example). This feeds the article into a category which is read and parsed to create an assessment table, summary and log.

Here's some pointers to making a good tropical cyclone article.

Again, don't worry about asking questions, and I'll see you around. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 00:26, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #2
Number 2, July 2, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list.

Storm of the month

Tropical Storm Alberto was the first tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming on June 10 over the western Caribbean Sea, the system moved northwestward as a disorganized tropical depression due to dry air and wind shear. It passed to the west of Cuba, bringing heavy rainfall to Cuba and Grand Cayman. The rainfall damaged 37 homes and destroyed 3 in Havana. It strengthened over the Gulf of Mexico and became a tropical storm on June 11. The center reformed to the northeast near its deep convection, and Alberto reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) before weakening and hitting the Florida Panhandle on June 13. Alberto brought heavy rainfall to the southeastern United States, peaking at 7.16 inches in Raleigh, North Carolina. The rainfall in Florida was beneficial in places as it alleviated drought conditions. The storm indirectly caused two deaths: A pilot who crashed near Tampa due to poor conditions and a boy who drowned in the flooding in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * Tropical Depression Two-E briefly existed near the Mexican coast on June 3 to June 4 and brought heavy rainfall to Acapulco.
 * Tropical Storm Jelawat lasted from June 26 to June 29 in the South China Sea and made landfall on China. The storm caused flooding which killed at least seven people.
 * Tropical Storm Ewiniar formed on June 30 east of Palau. It is forecast to reach typhoon strength.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include: Tropical Storm Alberto (2006), Typhoon Patsy (1970), Tropical Storm Larry (2003), Cyclone Steve and Hurricane Danielle (1998).
 * New non-storm articles include: Subtropical ridge and List of named tropical cyclones.
 * New Featured articles: Hurricane Nora (1997), List of New Jersey hurricanes, Hurricane John (1994) and Hurricane Katrina.
 * Articles which became A/GA class include: Tropical Storm Allison (A), Eye (cyclone) (GA), Tropical Cyclone (GA), Project Stormfury (GA), Hurricane Lenny (GA), Hurricane Epsilon (2005) (GA), Hurricane Esther (1961) (GA), Tropical Storm Henri (2003) (GA) and Hurricane Camille (GA).

New articles and improvements wanted
 * New article: List of California tropical storms and List of New Jersey hurricanes are both featured lists, so why is there no List of Louisiana hurricanes or List of Cuban hurricanes?
 * The current collaboration of the fortnight is Hurricane Fifi, please help improve this article.
 * Please help to expand and improve the coverage of Tropical cyclones on Wikinews.
 * Improvements are requested to Hurricane Janet, Hurricane Erin (1995) and Pacific hurricane season articles.

Member of the month The June member of the month is Jdorje. The WikiProject awards this to him for his many contributions to the coverage of tropical cyclones on Wikipedia. Jdorje founded the WikiProject in October 2005 and established much of the categorizations the project depends on. His most significant contributions include the Featured article 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane and his track map generator with which he has created hundreds of track maps.

Main Page content
 * Hurricane Floyd appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on June 17.
 * Entries from 5 articles: Tropical Storm Larry (2003), Tropical Storm Henri (2003), Typhoon Kate (1970), Typhoon Patsy (1970) and List of named tropical cyclones appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during June.

Storm article statistics

WikiProject subpages

This is a brief description of some of the subpages of the WikiProject, explaining their purpose briefly, to find out more read the pages.
 * Assessments: Provides a series of guidelines to help with the assessment and improvement of articles. Discussion of how to improve specific articles is also held here and future nominations for FAC.
 * Merging: Discussion of articles which could be merged is held here. Generally for less significant topics, their articles are likely to be listed here unless very well written.
 * Article requests: A list of many possible subjects for articles, with comments on the worth of an article. If you have a topic which you think should have an article, list it here.
 * Collaboration: Discussion of the collaboration of the fortnight is held here. Nominate an article for WikiProject collaboration or comment on the existing nominations on this page.
 * Newsletter: The content of future editions of this newsletter and selection of Member of the month are discussed here.
 * Other topics not relating to a specific article are handled on the main WikiProject talk page.

Thanks to Hurricanehink to maintaining the stats table and producing the storm summaries. Nilfanion (talk)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #3
Number 3, August 6, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. "Tropical Storm Lee was probably national news at the time, depending on where it went and what it did. Millions of people knew about it."

Storm of the month

Severe Tropical Storm Bilis was a damaging tropical storm that caused significant damage to areas of southeastern China, the Philippines and Taiwan. The fourth named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season formed to the east of the Philippines on July 8 and moved towards Taiwan, strengthening as it did so. It reached its peak strength of 110 km/h (70 mph) on July 13, shortly before it made its first landfall on northern Taiwan. Bilis then made a second landfall in Fujian, China on July 14 after officials evaucated over 1 million residents from the areas in the storm's path. The remnant lasted for several days after landfall and brought heavy rain to inland China. The most significant damage occurred in Hunan, where heavy flooding and mudslides destroyed over 31,000 homes and killed 345. Despite never reaching typhoon strength, the storm was responsible for $2.5 billion in damage and at least 625 fatalities in total.

Other tropical cyclone activity

There were 10 other tropical cyclones worldwide in July, with activity in all 4 northern hemisphere basins.


 * In the Atlantic, Tropical Storm Beryl made landfall on Nantucket on July 21 before bringing rain to Atlantic Canada.
 * In the East Pacific, Hurricane Bud was a Category 3 hurricane that formed on July 10 and dissipated on July 15.
 * Hurricane Carlotta twice became a minimal hurricane before degenerating into a remnant low on July 16.
 * Hurricane Daniel reached Category 4 strength and was predicted to make landfall in Hawaii before it dissipated on July 26.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia brought tropical storm-force winds to southern Baja California on July 26 and was forecast to become a hurricane but this did not occur.
 * Tropical Storm Fabio formed late on July 31 but did not last long in the face of strong shear.
 * In the West Pacific,Typhoon Ewiniar (Ester) formed on June 29 to the east of the Philippines, it reached Category 4 strength before making landfall in South Korea on July 10 as a tropical storm. It killed at least 36 people.
 * Typhoon Kaemi (Glenda) formed on July 2 and passed over Taiwan before dissipating over mainland China on July 26. It brought heavy rain to Taiwan and the Philippines and killed at least 32 people in China.
 * Typhoon Prapiroon (Henry) formed on July 28 but did not reach tropical storm strength until August.
 * In the North Indian Ocean, Tropical Storm 03B formed on June 30 near the east Indian coast before making landfall on the Orissa coast on July 2.

Main Page content
 * Entries from 3 articles: Tropical Storm Bilis (2006), National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region and List of South America tropical cyclones appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during July.

New articles and improvements wanted
 * New articles are wanted for Fiji Meteorological Service and Papua New Guinea National Weather Service.
 * While the individual storm articles are generally quite good, the project's core articles are quite poor. Please help improve tropical cyclone and its subpages.
 * Cyclone Tracy has recently had featured status removed, please help improve this article back up to FA standards again.

Member of the month The July member of the month is Hurricanehink. The WikiProject awards this to him for the superb quality of his work on articles. Hurricanehink joined the project in November and has significantly contributed to many of the project's Featured Articles including Tropical Storm Allison and Hurricane Mitch. In addition to his contributions Hurricanehink also works on the assessment and improvement of most articles within the project.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include: Typhoon Aere (2004), Cyclone Vance, Hurricane Karl (2004) and 1916 Texas Hurricane.
 * New non-storm articles include: List of Canadian hurricanes and National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region.
 * New Featured articles: Tropical Storm Allison, Hurricane Esther (1961), Hurricane Irene (1999). Also, List of South America tropical cyclones became a Featured list.
 * Articles which became A/GA class include: Tropical Storm Henri (2003) (A), Typhoon Vamei (GA), Cyclone Rosita (GA), Tropical Storm Harvey (2005) (GA) and Storm of October 1804 (GA).

Storm article statistics

Useful sources of tropical cyclone information

The following organizations provide helpful information for writing about tropical cyclones, both past and present.
 * National Hurricane Center - Official forecasts for the Atlantic and East Pacific and a massive archive starting in 1958.
 * Central Pacific Hurricane Center - Official forecasts for the Central Pacific and summaries of past storms.
 * Joint Typhoon Warning Center - Unoffical forecasts for storms in the West Pacific and other regions. Has an archive of storm reports back to 1959.
 * Japan Meteorological Agency - Official forecasts for the West Pacific.
 * Naval Research Laboratory - A great source for satellite imagery of tropical cyclones.
 * Hydrometeorological Prediction Center - Forecasts of weakening tropical cyclones in the United States and information and maps of rainfall in the US.
 * National Climatic Data Center - Lots of information is available here, including satellite imagery. The Storm events archive is very useful for information on storms in the US and its territories.

In his April Tropical Cyclone Summary, Gary Padgett stated that he will extensively reference Wikipedia in his future summaries. I have communicated with him and he has stated that he is "very much interested in cooperating" with us. He has also provided me with a copy of Jack Beven's weekly summaries (covering 1991-1996). If you want a copy of them, email me.--Nilfanion (talk)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #4
Number 3, September 3, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. The WikiProject now has its own IRC channel. "Katrina is important to BS but BS is not important to the story of Katrina."

Storm of the month Typhoon Saomai (known as Typhoon Juan to PAGASA) claimed at least 441 lives and caused over $1.5 billion in damage. After forming on August 4 near Chuuk, the storm brought heavy rain and strong winds to the Marianas, the Philippines, Taiwan and southeastern China. It started to intensify, and reached its official peak with winds of 95 knots (175 km/h, 110 mph) on August 9. The JTWC reported that it peaked as a Category 5 super typhoon the same day, a strength Chinese forecasters described as the most powerful to hit China in 50 years. Saomai maintained that strength until landfall on August 10 and dissipated inland the next day.

Other tropical cyclone activity

There were 16 other tropical cyclones during August, in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
 * In the Atlantic, Tropical Storm Chris moved to the north of Puerto Rico before dissipating on August 5 near Cuba.
 * Tropical Storm Debby formed near the Cape Verde islands on August 21 but had no effects on land.
 * Hurricane Ernesto formed in the Caribbean on August 24 and affected Haiti and Cuba, before making landfalls in Florida and South Carolina. It killed at least 5 people.
 * In the east Pacific, Tropical Storm Fabio dissipated on August 3 well away from land.
 * Tropical Storm Gilma formed on August 1 and lasted for two days before dissipating.
 * Hurricane Hector reached its peak as a Category 2 hurricane on August 18 well away from land.
 * Hurricane Ileana became the second major hurricane of the east Pacific season when it reached Category 3 intensity on August 23.
 * Hurricane John formed near to Mexico on August 28 and to the northwest near the coast. It prompted a series of warnings from Michoacán to Baja California Sur, where it made landfall in September.
 * Hurricane Kristy was briefly a hurricane on August 31, but its proximity to Hurricane John caused it to weaken soon after.
 * Hurricane Ioke became the most intense Central Pacific hurricane on record on August 26 with a minimum pressure of 920 mbar. After crossing the dateline and becoming Typhoon Ioke it passed just to the north of Wake Island at Category 4 strength.
 * Typhoon Prapiroon (Henry) reached its peak as a minimal typhoon in the South China Sea. It killed 77 people when it made landfall in China.
 * Severe Tropical Storm Maria formed on August 4 and threatened Japanese coast.
 * Severe Tropical Storm Bopha (Inday) passed over Taiwan as a tropical storm on August 9.
 * Tropical Storm Wukong passed over Kyūshū on August 18.
 * Tropical Storm Sonamu (Katring) was a minimal storm that was absorbed by Wukong on August 20.
 * Tropical Depression 13W formed near Hainan on August 23 and soon made landfall in Guandong.

Main Page content
 * Hurricane Mitch appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on August 16.
 * Entries from List of Delaware hurricanes, Fiji Meteorological Service, Tropical Storm Helene (2000), Atlantic hurricane reanalysis and Hurricane Kyle (2002) appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during August.
 * Hurricane Katrina appeared on the Main Page in the On this Day column on August 29.

New articles and improvements wanted
 * Landfall (meteorology) and Rapid deepening should be expanded.
 * Direct hit (meteorology) and Cyclogenesis should be created.
 * 2006 storm articles should be updated in light of the Tropical Cyclone Reports.

Member of the month The August member of the month is Nilfanion. The WikiProject awards this to him for his contributions in many diverse sections of the project. Nilfanion joined the Wikiproject in April and provides track maps for the project and has produced a featured picture. He has developed the tropical cyclone Commons Category scheme in the process. In addition he has produced a number of quality articles and is active in assessment.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include Cyclone Thelma, Typhoon Ewiniar (2006), Tropical Storm Otto (2004), Cyclone Heta (2003), Hurricane John (2006), Hurricane Kyle (2002), Hurricane Ioke and Hurricane Ernesto (2006).
 * New non-storm articles include List of Delaware hurricanes, Fiji Meteorological Service and Atlantic hurricane reanalysis.
 * New featured articles, lists and pictures: 2003 Pacific hurricane season, List of Delaware hurricanes and Global tropical cyclone tracks.

Storm article statistics

Tropical cyclone imagery

When uploading an image of a tropical cyclone please
 * 1) Download the highest resolution image possible to your computer, not a thumbnail.
 * 2) If the image is free, upload it to Commons. In general, only upload to en.wikipedia if it is a Fair Use image. Wherever you upload, follow the instructions.
 * 3) Preferably, include a link to the source image, not just the source site.
 * 4) If you upload to Commons, add relevant Categories to the image, see the Commons category scheme. Make sure at least one category you add is the storm's category.

The following is a good image description: 



Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #6
Number 6, November 5, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. The WikiProject has its own IRC channel. "THIS IS THE LAST PUBLIC ADVISORY ISSUED ON THIS USER UNLESS REGENERATION OCCURS"

Storm of the month Typhoon Xangsane, known as Typhoon Milenyo in the Philippines was a destructive typhoon that affected the Philippines and Indochina. The storm caused severe flooding and landslides in the regions it affected and was responsible for at least 279 deaths and $747 million (USD) in damage, mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam. Xangsane formed to the east of the Philippines and rapidly intensified, striking Samar Island as a Category 4 typhoon. It weakened over the Philippines, but again reached Category 4 strength in the South China Sea. After its landfall in Vietnam, the typhoon dissipated, with its remnant crossing Indochina and entering the Bay of Bengal.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * Hurricane Isaac, which formed in September, hit Newfoundland with minimal effects on October 2. It was the only Atlantic storm in October.
 * One hurricane, Hurricane Paul, formed in the eastern Pacific and hit Mexico. There were also two tropical storms, Norman and Olivia, and two tropical depressions in the basin.
 * In addition to Typhoon Xangsane, two further typhoons and two tropical storms developed in the west Pacific. Typhoon Soulik and Tropical Storms Bebinca and Rumbia both stayed clear of land, whilst Typhoon Cimaron hit the Philippines killing at least 19 people there, before it dissipated in the South China Sea.
 * The North Indian Ocean saw one storm, Cyclonic Storm Ogni form in the Bay of Bengal.
 * The 2006-2007 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season got underway, with Tropical Cyclone Xavier forming to the west of Fiji. There were two further tropical depressions in the South Pacific and a tropical disturbance in the South Indian Ocean.

New articles and improvements wanted
 * Articles are wanted for Hurricane Flossy (1956), Tropical Storm Debbie (1965) and Tropical Storm Beryl (1994).
 * The articles on the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, such as those on the NHC, JMA and CPHC, all need work.
 * Likewise the articles on meteorologists such as Lixion Avila are poor.

Member of the month The October Member of the Month is Coredesat. Coredesat joined the WikiProject in March and has contributed to many diverse areas within the project. He has written two featured articles on Atlantic storms and a number of good articles on current typhoons. However, the article he is most proud of is a disambiguation page, a sorely neglected portion of the project.

Main Page content
 * Global tropical cyclone tracks appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Picture on October 3.
 * Entries from Hurricane Alberto (2000), Typhoon Xangsane (2006), Tropical Storm Bertha (2002) and Hurricane Bob (1985) appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during October.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include: Hurricane Alberto (2000), Tropical Depression Nine (2003), Hurricane Paul (2006) and Tropical Storm Peter (2003).
 * A non-storm article was made on Pacific hurricane.
 * New featured content: List of Delaware hurricanes, 2004 Atlantic hurricane season and 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.
 * Significantly improved articles include: Hurricane Erika (2003) (A), Hurricane Linda (1997) (GA), Hurricane Ophelia (2005) (GA), Subtropical Storm Nicole (2004) (GA) and Hurricane Danny (2003).

Storm article statistics

Tropical cyclone scales

The various agencies which report on tropical cyclones use a variety of different scales to measure the storms strength. The most familiar of these is the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and this is the de facto standard in the project and should be used everywhere. However, as it is only official in the Atlantic and East Pacific, other local scales should be used when discussing storms in other regions and given primacy over the Saffir-Simpson Scale. The Saffir-Simpson scale is based on 1-minute averages, but other scales are generally based upon 10-minute averages, which are approximately 15% lower.

This table provides a useful-at-a-glance comparison of the various scales currently in use. Further complications arise due to the fact different agencies obtain different estimates for the same storm at the same time, so be careful to use the most appropriate source agency.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #7
Number 7, December 22, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. This shortened late issue covers just global tropical cyclone activity in November, to prevent the next newsletter from being too large.

Tropical cyclone activity
 * One hurricane, Hurricane Sergio, formed in the eastern Pacific. Sergio was the longest lasting November Pacific hurricane recorded. Two other tropical cyclones, Tropical Storm Rosa and a tropical depression formed in the basin. None of the systems affected land.
 * An unusual extratropical cyclone developed in the northern central Pacific, resembling a subtropical cyclone at its peak.
 * A total of three typhoons formed in the western Pacific, and all the storms followed a similar track across the Philippines. Typhoon Cimaron formed at the end of October and lasted into November, killing 19 people. Typhoon Chebi existed during the middle of the month and was the weakest of the three causing minor damages. The most devastating storm of the month, Typhoon Durian hit the Philippines on November 30, killing at least 720 people in the island nation.
 * Two named cyclones developed in the Southern Hemisphere, Tropical Cyclone Yani in the South Pacific and Moderate Tropical Storm Anita in the Southwest Indian Ocean. Two unnamed depression also formed in the South Pacific. None of these storms affected land.

Editorial

The lateness of this edition is due to me being on an wikibreak and no-one taking up the slack. My wikibreak was the result of a lightning strike damaging my internet connection and frying my router, and the time taken for the replacement to arrive. As this issue is almost 3 weeks later than planned, only the monthly cyclone activity for November has been included. The next letter will be produced for January 7, 2006 and will be larger than normal to cover both month's Wikipedia news and December's tropical activity. There will be no Member or Storm of the month in January, to reduce the length; and the newsletter will return to normal in February.--Nilfanion (talk) 21:59, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #8
Number 8, January 7, 2007 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. The WikiProject has its own IRC channel.

Tropical cyclone activity
 * Three tropical cyclones existed in the West Pacific during December. Typhoon Durian (Reming) was the deadliest and strongest of the three, killing over 800 people, in the Philippines and Vietnam and peaking at Category 4 strength. Typhoon Utor lasted formed on December 7 and lasted for 7 days, passing over the Philippines and causing severe floods in Malaysia. The final storm of the year, Tropical Storm Trami, lasted for three days and did not affect land.
 * The Southern Hemisphere saw a number of storms develop during December. The most significant was Cyclone Bondo, which hit Madagascar on December 23. Cyclone Anita dissipated early in the month, having formed in November and Cyclone Clovis developed on December 30 before reaching its peak in January. All of these storms were in the Southwest Indian Ocean, the only other cyclone was Cyclone Isobel that formed on December 31 to the north of Western Australia.

The Portal Portal:Tropical cyclones is designed as the entry point to the WikiProject's work and is recognised as a Featured Portal. The structure emulates that of Wikipedia's Main page and needs updating in a similar manner. The following are the key sections that need editorial attention:
 * Selected article: This is one of the articles of the project, rotated on a weekly basis. These are selected from the better-quality articles and discussed at Portal talk:Tropical cyclones/Selected article.
 * Selected picture: This is chosen from the pictures used in the articles and is rotated monthly. It is selected in a similar manner to the article on Portal talk:Tropical cyclones/Selected picture.
 * Did you know: This is rotated as new articles are created and contains an interesting fact from a few of the new articles.
 * Active tropical cyclones: The currently active tropical cyclones are listed here, and are linked to appropriately.
 * Tropical cyclone news: Recent events in Tropical cyclone activity, such as formation, landfalls and dissipation of storms.
 * Anniversaries: This significant anniversaries for each day in the last week. Unlike the others it refreshes automatically, but should be updated if a new significant event occurs.
 * Things you can do: Unlike the other sections which are reader orientated, this is aimed at editors to give suggestions of articles to work on.

Please keep all of these sections up-to-date and refresh them as new tropical cyclones develop and articles are created. Also please keep the suggestions to editors current and fresh.

New articles and improvements wanted

These tasks are those listed at Portal:Tropical cyclones/Things you can do:

 Requests: Original-content tropical cyclone articles: Papua New Guinea National Weather Service, Herbert S. Saffir, Hurricane Ginny (1963)  Copyedit: Rapid deepening  Wikify:  Merge: See here  Cleanup: Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Wilma, Cyclone Leon-Eline  Expand: Indianola Hurricane of 1886, Hurricane Carla, Hurricane Gilbert, Typhoon Nina (1975), 1970 Bhola cyclone, Typhoon Tip </li> <li>Stubs: Intertropical Convergence Zone, Kamikaze (typhoon), Typhoon Paka, Harry Cane of 1667, Hurricane Edna, Hurricane Janet More...</li> <li>Update: Tropical Storm Beryl (2006) </li> </li> </ul>

Main Page content
 * Entries from 9 project articles, including Tropical cyclone observation, Bill Proenza, Hurricane Tanya (1995) and Hurricane Erin (2001) appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during the past two months.
 * 1970 Bhola cyclone and Cyclone Tracy appeared on the Main Page in the On this Day column on November 13 and December 24, respectively.

New articles
 * November
 * Storm Articles included: Typhoon Muifa (2004), Hurricane Helene (2006), Hurricane Allison (1995) and Cyclone Heta.
 * Non-storm articles included: Effects of Hurricane Isabel in New Jersey, South Pacific convergence zone and 1969 Pacific hurricane season.
 * December
 * Storm Articles included: Hurricane Tanya (1995), Tropical Storm Dean (1995) and Tropical Storm Beryl (2000)
 * Non-storm articles included: Storm (novel), Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre, List of fictional tropical cyclones and Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center.

Improved articles
 * Featured articles: Hurricane Edith (1971), Hurricane Fabian, Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina, Tropical Storm Bill (2003), 1995 Pacific hurricane season, Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina, Hurricane Erika (2003), Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004) and Tropical Storm Edouard (2002).
 * Featured lists: List of Baja California hurricanes and List of retired Pacific hurricane names.
 * Two articles were promoted to A-Class: Tropical cyclone and Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Delaware.
 * There were a total of 32 new good articles including: Tropical cyclogenesis, Atlantic hurricane reanalysis, Hurricane Keith, Hurricane Fico, Tropical Storm Dean (2001) and Tropical Storm Arlene (2005).

Storm article statistics

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #9
Number 9, February 4, 2007 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. "The NHC is the official basin for the Atlantic." 

Storm of the month Cyclone Clovis was named late on December 31 near to Tromelin Island. Clovis strengthened as it moved to the southwest reaching its peak the same day with 60 knot winds (according to Météo-France). The JTWC intensified Clovis more slowly, and assessed that it reached its peak with 65 knot winds on January 2, as it was nearing the Madagascar coast. The JTWC maintained this strength until it made landfall on the island on January 3. The resulting floods damaged a number of structures in Mananjary and about 1,500 people had to be evacuated. 

Other tropical cyclone activity The only activity during January was in the Southern Hemisphere, with a total of 5 cyclones existing throughout the month.
 * Dora, the second cyclone the Southwest Indian Ocean formed late in January well to the east of Réunion; and reached tropical cyclone strength at the start of February.
 * The two storms in the South Pacific, Zita and Arthur followed very similar tracks to the east of the Dateline. The JTWC estimated that Zita reached its peak on January 23 and Arthur briefly had hurricane force winds two days later.
 * Cyclone Isobel formed between Indonesia and Australia late in December and headed south, making landfall in Western Australia on January 3 as a minimal Tropical Cyclone.

New articles and improvements wanted
 * Articles are wanted for each of the tropical cyclone breakpoints (see this list).
 * An article is wanted for Tropical Storm Debbie (1965).
 * The Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons articles need splitting into the 3 component basins.
 * This sandbox for Typhoon Durian badly needs completion, please help.
 * Large chunks of the project's imagery needs proper categorization.
 * The number of stubs has markedly increased in the past few months, please improve them.

Member of the month The January member of the month is Chacor, formerly known as NSLE. Chacor joined the project in November 2005, and has contributed to a wide variety of articles across the project. Recently he has generally focussed on the West Pacific and did most of the work on the first Good article in that basin: Typhoon Ewiniar (2006). He has also started the much needed process of splitting the Southern Hemisphere seasonal articles. Finally, Chacor is probably the user who maintains the quality of the most visible part of the project, the current activity.

Main Page content
 * Hurricane Juan appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on January 29.
 * Entries from 3 articles: 2000 Sri Lanka Cyclone, Hurricane Ignacio (2003) and Hurricane Bob (1979) appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during June.

New and improved articles
 * The WikiProject has its first Featured topic on Retired Pacific hurricanes.
 * New Featured articles: Hurricane Ismael, Hurricane Juan and the Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Delaware and Maryland and Washington D.C..
 * New Good articles: 2000 Sri Lanka Cyclone, Hurricane Iwa, Hurricane Alice, Hurricane Kenna and 1936 Atlantic hurricane season.
 * New articles include: Hurricane Ignacio (2003), Hurricane Cindy (1963), Hurricane Isaac (2006) and Chris Landsea.

Storm article statistics

A quick note: When you create a new article please list it in the appropriate section on the project's page and add a fact from the article to the Portal. Thanks.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #10
Number 10, March 4, 2007 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list.

Storm of the month Cyclone Favio developed well to the east of northern Madagascar on February 12 and moved to the southwest as it developed. The storm did not significantly intensify until February 19 when it was just off the soutern coast of Madagascar, but rapidly intenstified soon after to its peak with 185 km/h (115 mph) winds. Favio turned to the northwest and hit Mozambique worsening the floods already occuring in the country. Favio claimed at least 4 lives and destroyed thousands of homes.

Other tropical cyclone activity There were a total of 6 tropical cyclones in the southern hemisphere during February. Five of these, including Favio, were in the South West Indian Ocean.
 * The only other storm in the Australian region was Cyclone Nelson which formed at the end of January in the Gulf of Carpentaria before it hit Queensland.
 * Cyclone Dora was active in January and reached its peak as an annular cyclone on February 3 with 185 km/h (115 mph) winds.
 * Cyclone Gamede was an unusally large storm that prompted the highest level of cyclone warning on Réunion and brought strong winds to the island on February 27, causing a bridge to collapse.
 * Neither Enok towards the start of the month or Humba near its end, had any impact on land.

Member of the month The February member of the month is Miss Madeline. Miss Madeline is responsible for many of the projects featured lists such as List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes and List of California hurricanes. She has also put serious work into many of our Pacific hurricane articles since she joined the project as one of its founding members. Recently she has worked on 1996 Pacific hurricane season, bringing it from a stub-class article to a Good article candidate.

New and improved articles
 * New featured content: Hurricane Erika (1997), Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Maryland and Washington, D.C., Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, 2000 Sri Lanka Cyclone, Hurricane Isabel and List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900).
 * New Good articles include Hurricane Pauline, Hurricane Isis (1998), 1939 Pacific typhoon season, Typhoon Tip and 1983 Atlantic hurricane season.
 * New articles include Hurricane Isis (1998), Hurricane Debby (1982), Hurricane Adolph (2001), Hurricane Alberto (1982) and Tropical Depression One (1992).

Main Page content
 * Entries from 6 articles: Hurricane Flossy (1956), Hurricane Able (1951), Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, Effects of Hurricane Wilma in the Bahamas, Tropical Depression One (1992) and Tropical cyclone basins appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during February.

New articles and improvements wanted
 * Articles are wanted on Pacific typhoon, North Indian cyclone, diffluence, Outflow (meteorology) and Central dense overcast.
 * Improvements are wanted to Subtropical cyclone, Japan Meteorological Agency, Intertropical Convergence Zone, 1919 Florida Keys Hurricane Hurricane Ivan and Hurricane Andrew.

Storm article statistics

Comments wanted on project talk Many discussions that potentially have far reaching impact for the whole project are carried out on the project's talk page. However, only a fraction of our active contributors actually engage in those discussions. If you add the project page to your Watchlist and keep an eye on discussions there to monitor upcoming changes, even if you don't participate in those discussions it would help both yourself and the project as a whole. For instance, at the moment the primary infobox templates such as Infobox hurricane are in the process of being deprecated and replaced by new versions which do the role more effectively.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #11
Number 11, April 1, 2007 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list.

''Please visit this page and bookmark any suggestions of interest to you. This will help improve monitoring of the WikiProject's articles.''

Storm of the month Hurricane Will developed from a tropical wave to the east of the Caribbean Sea and intensified. It crossed over Jamaica and re-emerged over water a few days later. The storm intensified into a hurricane and an eye began to develop. Will became a major hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall on the vulnerable Gulf Coast of the United States soon after. To date, Hurricane Will has claimed over 350 lives and is directly responsible for about $5 billion of damages; of which an unknown amount was insured. Despite the damage, it is not expected that the name will be retired by WMO.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * After threatening the Eastern Seaboard for some time, Hurricane Hink has turned away and the NHC has cancelled all warnings associated with the storm.
 * The 2007 Pacific typhoon season began with Tropical Storm Kong-rey forming on March 31.
 * There were a total of 7 cyclones in the southern hemisphere: Becky in the South Pacific, Indlala and Jaya in the Southwestern Indian Ocean and Odette, George, Jacob and Kara in the Australian region. Indlala killed at least 80 and left over 100,000 homeless; whilst Cyclone George was the worst storm to affect Port Hedland in over 30 years.

Member of the month The April member of the month is HurricaneIrene. Irene began contributing to tropical cyclone articles on Wikipedia in August 2005, but ran out of steam and left after barely 2 weeks. However, Irene's influence on the project has been wide-reaching. Her efforts led directly to two articles attaining featured status and her legacy inspired many of our most active editors to write a plethora of good articles on a wide range of storms.

New and improved articles
 * The was one new featured article: Hurricane Kenna
 * New Good articles include: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, Hurricane Florence (1988), Tropical cyclone observation and 1996 Pacific hurricane season.
 * New storm articles include: Hurricane Lili (1990), Tropical Storm Alberto (1988), Cyclone George and Typhoon Durian.
 * New non-storm articles include: Tropical cyclone naming, list of cyclones in Western Australia, Hurricane evacuation route and Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting.

Main Page content
 * Hurricane Iniki appeared on the Main Page as Today's featured article on March 15.
 * Entries from 2 articles: Hurricane Katrina (1981) and Hurricane Guillermo (1997) appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during March.

Storm article statistics The Main Page

The WikiProject has a narrow scope, so it is not surprising that our articles are not frequently selected for Today's featured article. Most destructive cyclones are likely to be mentioned on the In the news column. We have no real control over that, but we should submit suggestions when appropriate.

However, we can do a more lot more to place our content in the other major section of the main page: The Did you know column. In the past month we created over 30 articles. Of these only 2 were even submitted as suggestions for DYK. We can do much better, please submit DYK entries for new articles when you do the initial assessment.

Image:Rita wind.jpg
Hello WeatherVane, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Rita wind.jpg) was found at the following location: User:WeatherVane/Sandbox. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 07:24, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #12
Number 12, January 10, 2008 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. This edition of the newsletter, after an extended hiatus, covers December 2007 and the first ten days of January 2008.

''Please visit this page and bookmark any suggestions of interest to you. This will help improve monitoring of the WikiProject's articles.''

Storm of the month Tropical Storm Olga was a rare Atlantic December tropical cyclone. The fifteenth named storm of the season, it developed near Puerto Rico on December 11, and quickly struck the Dominican Republic. There, it brought heavy rainfall and severe damage, and caused more than 40 deaths. Casualties were also reported in Puerto Rico and Haiti. The storm greatly weakened as it crossed Hispaniola, degenerating into a remnant low pressure area in the Caribbean Sea on December 13. The remnants of Olga passed near the Yucatán Peninsula before turning northward and bringing rainfall to Florida.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * Three named tropical cyclones occurred in the South-West Indian Ocean, the strongest of which being Moderate Tropical Storm Celina
 * Two named tropical cyclones occurred in the Australian region, including Tropical Cyclone Helen which struck Australia
 * Two named tropical cyclones occurred in the South Pacific ocean, including Tropical Cyclone Elisa which is currently active. Cyclone Daman was the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide during the time period, reaching a pressure of 925 hPa before impacting Fiji.

Member of the month The December member of the month is Mitchazenia. Mitchazenia has been a project member since 2006. He has created several tropical cyclone related articles, including the good article Subtropical Storm One (1982). Mitchazenia significantly contributed to 1983 Atlantic hurricane season, which is currently a featured article candidate.

New and improved articles
 * There were four new pieces of Featured content : 2003 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Danny (1997), Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan, and List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980-present)
 * New Good articles include:
 * New storm articles include: Cyclone Inigo, Hurricane Ava (1973), Hurricane Marco (1996)
 * New non-storm articles include: Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America, Maximum sustained wind, List of North Carolina hurricanes (pre-1900)

Main Page content
 * Tropical Storm Allison appeared on the Main Page as Today's featured article on December 19.
 * Entries from 2 articles: Hurricane Rick (1997) and 2006 Central Pacific cyclone appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during December and early January.

Storm article statistics Categories and more The project has gone under somewhat of a revamping. We have a new, more realistic goal. The members list has been dropped from 89 to 34. This newsletter is to inform users of a change in policy with categories. Previously, an Atlantic and Pacific storm article would have both Category:Atlantic hurricanes and Category:Category 3 tropical cyclones. However, the two were combined, resulting in Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes. The same is done with Pacific hurricanes. Tropical storm articles are dealt with either Category:Eastern Pacific tropical storms or Category:Atlantic tropical storms.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #13
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:40, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #14
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 05:02, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #15
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:41, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #16
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:57, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #17
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:46, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #18
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:36, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #19
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:33, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #20
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 05:14, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #21
♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:58, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #22
Number 22, November 2, 2008 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. This newsletter covers all of October 2008.

''Please visit this page and bookmark any suggestions of interest to you. This will help improve monitoring of the WikiProject's articles.''

Storm of the month

Deep Depression ARB 02 caused the 2008 Yemen floods. On October 19 the IMD noted that an area of low pressure which located to the south east of Salalah, Oman had intensifed in to a tropical depression and was assigned the number ARB 02. On October 21 IMD updated the system to a Deep Depression while it lay 700 km south of Salalah, Oman near the east coast of Somalia. It lost its strength while crossing the Gulf of Aden due to entry of dry air and land interaction as it passed close to the northeastern coast of Somalia. It later was downgraded to a Depression, named TC 03B by the JTWC. On October 24 it made landfall on the south-eastern coast of Yemen, leaving at least 26 civilians and six soldiers dead while trapping hundreds of people due to flooding and torrential rainfalls. The latest figure of casualties is of 184 persons dead and 100 others missing, mostly from the region of Hadhramawt, where the storm made landfall. A total of 733 houses were destroyed in the governorates of Hadhramaut and Al Mahrah, while 22,000 people were displaced. The Yemeni Government declared the two aforementioned governorates as disaster zones.

Other tropical cyclone activity


 * Atlantic Ocean– In the Atlantic, four tropical cyclones formed this October. Tropical Storm Marco formed in the Bay of Campeche on October 6. It made landfall on October 8 and is one of the smallest Atlantic tropical cyclones since 1988. Tropical Storm Nana formed October 12 in the middle of the open Atlantic. It had no impact anywhere and dissipated October 14. Hurricane Omar formed October 13 and dissipated October 18. Eventually peaking as a Category 4 hurricane, Omar passed through the Lesser Antilles twice, including once near peak intensity. Fortunately, it caused only one indirect death. Tropical Depression Sixteen formed on October 16 and dissipated two days later after making landfall. It killed 16 to 20 people in Central America.


 * Eastern Pacific Ocean– In the eastern north Pacific, three tropical cyclones formed this October. Hurricane Norbert formed October 3 and dissipated October 12. The strongest storm thus far this season, Norbert is the first hurricane to strike the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula since 1968. Eight deaths have been blamed on the hurricane.. Tropical Storm Odile formed October 8 and paralleled the coast of Mexico before dissipating on October 12. Tropical Depression Seventeen-E formed on October 23 and dissipated the next day without impacting land.


 * Western Pacific Ocean– In the western north Pacific, two tropical cyclones formed. Tropical Storm Bavi formed October 18 in the open Pacific. It never came near land and dissipated three days later. Tropical Depression Twenty Two-W formed on October 13 in the Gulf of Tonkin and made landfall on October 15. It dissipated inland the next day.


 * North Indian– In the northern Indian Ocean, two cyclones formed. Besides Deep Depression ARB 02, which caused flooding that killed 184 people in Yemen, Cyclonic Storm Rashmi formed October 25 and made landfall three days later. It killed two people.


 * South-West Indian – The 2008-09 South West Indian Ocean Season got off to an early start with two pre season zones of disturbed weather. The first zone of disturbed weather formed on October 6 and did not develop any further. Whilst the second zone of disturbed weather formed on October 16 and developed in to Moderate Tropical Storm Asma.

Member of the month The October member of the month is Hurricanehink. Since joining the project near its inception, Hurricanehink has been involved in bringing forty two articles, eighteen lists and six topics to featured status. Just this month, Hurricanehink was mentioned in the Signpost Dispatch. Hurricanehink has also been the regular distributor for this newsletter.

New members
 * Izmir2
 * Emarsee
 * HairyPerry
 * Dylan620
 * Yellow Evan

New and improved articles
 * There were new pieces of Featured content : Timeline of the 2007 Pacific hurricane season, Tropical Storm Hanna (2002), Timeline of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season
 * New Good articles include: Hurricane Hernan (2008), Effects of Tropical Storm Allison in Texas, Hurricane Joyce (2000), Hurricane Elida (2008), Tropical Storm Lester (2004), Tropical Storm Arlene (1959), Tropical Storm Rosa (2006), Cyclone Daman, Hurricane Donna, Hurricane Rosa (1994), 1994 Pacific hurricane season, Hurricane Fern (1971)
 * New storm articles include: Tropical Storm Dora (2005), Tropical Storm Karina (2008), Hurricane Norbert (2008), Cyclone Cliff, Tropical Storm Arlene (1959), Tropical Storm Rosa (2006), Hurricane Otis (2005), Tropical Storm Kika (2008), Cyclone Elisa (2008), Tropical Storm Lidia (2005), Tropical Depression Fifteen (2007), Tropical Depression Seven (2002)
 * New non-storm articles include: 1966 Pacific hurricane season, 1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Timeline of the 2003 Pacific hurricane season, 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Main Page content
 * Entries from articles: Tropical Storm Lester (2004), Hurricane Rosa (1994), Tropical Storm Kirsten (1966), 1854 Atlantic hurricane season appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during October.
 * Meteorological History of Hurricane Wilma appeared as Today's Featured Article on October 26.
 * 2008 Yemen floods, caused by Deep Depression ARB 02, appeared on the Main Page in the In the News section.

Storm article statistics Project News A discussion concerning sandboxes for next year's articles has begun. Please consider working on sandboxes so they will be ready to publish. As tropical cyclones can form at any time in the western Pacific and northern Indian Oceans, these two season's should be made ready for cyclones by December. Ideally, due to the possibility of pre-season storms, the eastern Pacific and Atlantic seasons should also be ready by then, but they should at least be ready by the northern-Hemisphere antipeak in late February and early March. Seasons for the years 2010 to 2015 should be given the name "Post-2009 {ocean name} {cyclone term} seasons", as in "Post 2009 Atlantic hurricane seasons".

A category for tropical cyclone articles of very-low importance has been introduced. Although discussion is still ongoing, a rating of very-low-importance will generally be given to weak cyclones that do not have impact or set any sort of record.

Editorial This month, our usual editor, Hurricanehink, has been on a semi-wikibreak until further notice. I am filling in as editor and distributor on an interim basis. The newsletter will continue as normal during that time. Thank you. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 00:49, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 01:26, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #23
–Juliancolton <sup style="color:#666660;">Tropical <sup style="color:#666660;">Cyclone  02:58, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #24
Jason Rees (talk) 01:09, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #25
Jason Rees (talk) 01:28, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Tropical cyclone WikiProject newsletter #26
Number 23, June 7 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. This newsletter covers all of April and May 2009.

''Please visit this page and bookmark any suggestions of interest to you. This will help improve monitoring of the WikiProject's articles.''

Storm of the month Cyclone Aila was the second tropical cyclone to form within the Northern Indian Ocean during 2009. The disturbance that was to become Cyclone Aila formed on 21 May 2009 about 950 km to the south of Kolkata, in India. Over the next couple of days the disturbance slowly developed before a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center early on 23 May 2009 and being designated as a depression by RSMC New Delhi. , 330 people have been killed by Aila and at least 8,208 more are missing, while about 1 million are homeless. Health officials in Bangladesh confirmed a deadly outbreak on diarrhea on 29 May, with more than 7,000 people being infected and four dying. In Bangladesh, an estimated 20 million people were at risk of post-disaster diseases due to Aila. Damage totaled $40.7 million (USD).

Other tropical cyclone activity Tropical Depression One was the first tropical cyclone to develop during the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. The depression formed on May 28, out of a disorganized area of low pressure off the coast of North Carolina. However after attaining its peak strength the depression began to weaken due to increasing wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures with the final advisory being issued on May 29.
 * North Atlantic
 * 2009 Pacific typhoon season - In the two month period, there were four tropical cyclones, all within a short time period and small area. Tropical Depression Crising moved through the Philippines but didn't develop. Typhoon Kujira formed over the Philippines, causing 29 deaths and almost $30 million in damage, before becoming the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane. While Kujira was active, a tropical depression formed and dissipated over the open ocean, while Typhoon Chan-hom developed and organized in the South China Sea, eventually crossing Luzon and causing 60 deaths and heavy damage.
 * North Indian - Aside from Aila, Cyclone Bijli formed in April, making landfall on Bangladesh and killing 7 people.
 * South Indian– Cyclone Jade was the final Cyclone to form. Jade formed on April 5th from a tropical disturbance it quickly intensifed and bcame a category one tropical cyclone on the SSHS before making its first of three landfalls on Madagascar. Jade then dissipated on April 11 after causing fifteen deaths.
 * Australian Region - Cyclone Kirrly formed on April 25 in the Arafura Sea to the north of Australia within 5 degrees of the equator which is an unusual area of formation. It quickly reached its peak before making landfall on eastern Indonesia.
 * South Pacific - As the last newsletter was published Tropical Cyclone Lin was just devloping as Tropical depression 14F. Lin eventually went on to affect Fiji and Tonga causing at least $1000 worth of damage. Tropical Disturbance 15F also formed this month within the Solomon Islands. It moved eventually moved into the Australian Region but was not monitored by TCWC Brisbane as anything higher than an area of low pressure.

Member of the month The member of the month is Jason Rees, who joined Wikipedia in 2007, and has written nine tropical cyclone GA's. Jason primarily focuses on Southern Hemisphere storms, as well as the Western Pacific. He has plans for featured topics for several seasons, but for now, he is a regular member of the project who adds his input in discussions on the talk page. We thank Jason for his work, and we look forward to more articles!

New members
 * User:Kyle1278
 * User:Bbabybear02
 * User:Darren23

New and improved articles
 * There were no new pieces of Featured content
 * New Good articles include: 1973 Pacific hurricane season, Hurricane Kiko (1989), Tropical Storm Carlos (2003)
 * New storm articles include: Hurricane Dalilia (1989), Typhoon Wipha (2007)
 * New non-storm articles include: 1972 Hurricane Agnes tornado outbreak, Meteorological history of Hurricane Luis, Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana, Timeline of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season

Main Page content
 * Hurricane Ismael was Today's Featured Article on April 25
 * Facts from the 1924 Cuba hurricane, Hurricane Lily (1971), Hurricane Tara (1961), and Hurricane Cora (1978) appeared in the Did You Know? section of the Main Page during April and May.
 * Typhoon Chan-hom (2009) and Cyclone Aila appeared on the Main Page in the In the News section.

Storm article statistics Project News There is debate as usual with regards to notability, as well as the status of the project in general, but nothing new is going on.

During the last week, some editors have organized a page &mdash; WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Viewed stats &mdash; that has a listing of monthly page views within the project. It is under construction, although it is complete for all Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones, as well as all Atlantic tropical cyclones from 1979 to the present. Interestingly, the top 6 viewed EPAC articles are all featured, and all of the top 16 in the basin are GA's. Unfortunately, the Atlantic, at least from 1979 to the present, is much worse, despite being viewed much, much more. The top eight-viewed Atlantic articles all are viewed more than 10,000 times per month, for a total of 363889 views per month, but only two of them are featured, and none of the others are GA. As always, any help in the retired storms would be greatly appreciated.

Somewhat tying into the bettering of project articles, the basin article challenge is still ongoing. Hurricanehink is currently in the lead with a GA in 2 basins. Cyclonebiskit is in 2nd, with one GA in the EPAC. The challenge is still open to anyone, and it is not so much a race, rather a challenge just to get a fairly important GA in each basin.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #27
– Juliancolton  &#124; Talk 02:10, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #28
– Juliancolton  &#124; Talk 03:00, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #29
JCbot (talk) 14:16, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

The WikiProject Tropical Cyclones Newsletter #31
Number 31, September 10, 2010 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary, both of the activities of the WikiProject and global tropical cyclone activity. If you wish to change how you receive this newsletter, or no longer wish to receive it, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list. This newsletter covers all of August 2010.

''Please visit this page and bookmark any suggestions of interest to you. This will help improve monitoring of the WikiProject's articles.''

Storm of the month Hurricane Frank is the storm of the Month. Tropical Depression Nine-E formed on August 21 south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It developed into a tropical storm the following morning. On August 23, Frank continued to intensify, but later faced shear and entered a period of weakening. However, on August 24, as shear decreased, it began to reorganize and strengthen again, becoming a hurricane on August 25. Two days later, Frank weakened into a tropical storm. Rapidly weakening overnight, NHC issued that it have been degraded into an remnant low. The area of low pressure associated with Frank was absorbed with another area of disturbed weather which later developed into Tropical Depression Ten-E.

Throughout Central America, Hurricane Frank produced torrential rain that resulted in at least 30 fatalities, most of which took place in Nicaragua and Honduras. In Guatemala alone, damage from the system was estimated to be up to $500 million. In Mexico, six deaths were reported. A total 30 homes were destroyed with 26 others damaged. Two major roads were damaged with another road blocked due to a landslides. Several rivers overflowed their banks as well. Losses from the storms totaled millions of dollars. Water Currents form a nearby volcano were damaged as well.

Other tropical cyclone activity


 * Atlantic Ocean– In the Atlantic Ocean, around three storms and one depression formed. Tropical Depression Four early on August 2. Early the next day, the depression strengthened further into a tropical storm and was named "Colin". Tropical Storm Colin was downgraded to a tropical depression late morning on August 8. Tropical Depression 5 formed on August 10, with no improvement, it dissipated within 24 hours. Tropical Depression Six developed near the Cape Verde Islands on August 21, the first of the series of Cape Verde-type storms. On August 22 the system attained tropical storm status, thus earning the name "Danielle" The next day it attained hurricane status, becoming the second of the season and strengthened further to a Category 2 hurricane. On August 27, Hurricane Danielle strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane, becoming the first major hurricane of the season, and further strengthened to a Category 4 hurricane shortly after.Danielle later weakened to a Category 3, then Category 2 hurricane, and later became a Category 1 Hurricane due to an eyewall replacement cycle, while avoiding land areas. It became extratropical early on August 31 southeast of Newfoundland without having directly impacted land. It was fully absorbed by a larger extratropical low on September 4 over Greenland. On August 25, Tropical Depression 7 formed east of Hurricane Danielle. Later that day it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Earl. On August 29, 2010 Earl strengthened to become the season's third hurricane. Earl then quickly intensified to become the season's second major hurricane on August 30. The hurricane weakened to a Category 3 hurricane after an eyewall replacement cycle before becoming a Category 4 again. Earl made landfall in the Canadian Maritime Provinces, twice in Nova Scotia and once in Prince Edward Island (PEI) at hurricane intensity. On August 30, when gale-force winds and better organization resulted in the development of Tropical Storm Fiona, skipping tropical depression status. It struggled to develop further, however, as it was hindered by high wind shear from the outflow of the much larger and stronger Earl.


 * Eastern Pacific Ocean– Three depressions formed in the Month of August. A tropical depression formed on August 5. slowly intensified, reaching tropical storm status on August 6.  On August 9, it was downgraded into a tropical depression. On August 10th Estelle dissipated. Tropical Depression Eight-E formed on August 20. However, the depression weakened slightly overnight. The depression continued to weaken and the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on August 22. Tropical Depression Nine-E formed on August 21 south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It developed into a tropical storm the following morning. On August 25 it became a hurricane.  Two days later, Frank weakened into a tropical storm. Rapidly weakening overnight, NHC issued that it have been degraded into an remnant low. Throughout Central America, Hurricane Frank produced torrential rain that resulted in at least 30 fatalities, most of which took place in Nicaragua and Honduras. In Guatemala alone, damage from the system was estimated to be up to $500 million. In Mexico, six deaths were reported. A total 30 homes were destroyed with 26 others damaged. Two major roads were damaged with another road blocked due to a landslides. Several rivers overflowed their banks as well. Losses from the storms totaled millions of dollars. Water Currents form a nearby volcano were damaged as well.


 * Western Pacific Ocean– Eight depression formed in the Month of August. Early on August 4, After Domeng, had merged with the low pressure area PAGASA reported that Domeng had intensified into a tropical storm and reached its 10-minute peak sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph). In Luzon, heavy rain produced by the storm led to a few landslides, prompting road closures. Offshore, three people drowned after their boat capsized amidst rough seas produced by Domeng. Later that day PAGASA reported that Domeng had weakened into a tropical depression, before reporting early the next day that after it had passed through the Babuyan Islands, Domeng had weakened into an area of low pressure. Early on August 6, the JTWC reported that a tropical disturbance formed within the monsoon gyre about 800 km (500 mi) southeast of Taipei, Taiwan. During that day the JMA started to monitor the depression before the JTWC designated it as Tropical Depression 05W. The depression was then upgraded into a tropical storm by the JMA and named "Dianmu".  After moving northward for several days, it turned northeastward and struck southern South Korea. Dianmu weakened as it crossed the Korean peninsula and emerged into the Sea of Japan. Heavy rains produced by the storm resulted in one fatality after a cargo ship sank amidst rough seas produced by the storm. This marked the first time in nine years that a rain-related fatality took place in the capital city of Seoul. More than 3,000 homes were destroyed in eastern China after heavy rains from the outer bands of Dianmu struck the region.  The storm made landfall on Japan; exiting the country within five hours. Heavy rains were reported through out the islands. Nearly a week after the two ships sank off the coast of the Philippines, 31 crew members remain missing and are presumed dead after numerous coast guard rescue attempts. Damage from the storm on Jeju Island amounted to 5 billion won ($4.2 million USD). Early on August 17, an area of low pressure formed about 415 km (260 mi), northeast of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. On the evening of August 18, as it crossed Babuyan Islands, the disturbance's low level center (LLC) weakened due to land interaction and high vertical wind shear. It regenerated on August 20 when it was located about 280 km (175 miles), to the west of Dagupan City, Pangasinan. Early on the next day, the LLCC of the disturbance became partially exposed due to a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) that was developing off Luzon at that time. On the afternoon of that day, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the system into a tropical depression. The next day, they further upgraded the depression into a tropical storm and named it "Mindulle". At the same time, the JTWC reported that Tropical Depression 06W has intensified into a tropical storm. Thousands of fishermen were urged to return to port. According to Vietnamese officials, contact was lost with 10 vessels on August 24 and the 137 fishermen on the ships were listed as missing. Rainfall, peaking at 297 mm (11.7 in),[59] led to significant flooding and agricultural losses. A Tropical depression formed on August 26, it survived for three days with no change in strength. it rapidly traveled northwest and dissipated on August 29. On August 28, the JMA upgraded the system to a Tropical Storm and was named "Lionrock". Early of september 1, Lionrock made a Fujiwhara effect with Namtheun, whilst Lionrock maintained it's strength while Namtheun was absorbed. Lionrock made landfall on the east coast of Guangdong Province, China, just north of the city of Shantou. It then started to dissipate and weaken into a tropical storm and moved over Guangzhou, Guangdong's capital. Lionrock soon lost it's intensity as it went over Guangdong. Midday of August 29, the Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the system as a Low Level Circulation Centre had become organized. On the morning of that same day, the JTWC announced that the system had quickly developed into a tropical storm and assigned the designation "08W". Intensification continued, then by midday of August 30, the JMA reported that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm and assigned it the international designation "Kompasu". In addition, PAGASA also announced that the low pressure in the northeast of Batanes had formed and assigned it a local name, "Glenda". At the same time, the JTWC also upgraded Kompasu into a category 1 typhoon. On the next day, Kompasu crossed the island of Kadena and rapidly intensified into a category 2 typhoon equivalent. On September 1, Kompasu was upgraded by JTWC as a category 3 typhoon equivalent, becoming the strongest typhoon of the season. The storm later weakened to a category one typhoon in the Yellow Sea, before veering northeast and making landfall on Ganghwa Island, northwest of Incheon and Seoul, killing at least four people.[61] Kompasu was the strongest tropical storm to hit the Seoul metropolitan area in 15 years. On August 27, an extensive cloud formed in the waters east of Taiwan. On August 28, it developed into a low pressure. At 18:00, near Yaeyama Islands, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the low pressure into a tropical depression. There were two tropical cyclones developing on both sides of 09W (namely Lionrock and Kompasu), and Typhoon Kompasu had a relatively stronger intensity, causing 09W moved southwest to Taiwan Strait. On August 30, it caused heavy rain in northern Taiwan. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau could only issue a tropical depression warning since it had not strengthened to a tropical storm. At 20:00, 09W suddenly intensified into a tropical storm, and was named Namtheun. However, due to the development of another stronger tropical storm Lionrock at South China Sea, the increase of intensity of Namtheun was difficult. In the evening hours of August 31, Namtheun weakened into a tropical depression north of Taiwan Strait. Whilst Lionrock maintained it's strength while Namtheun was absorbed. Late on August 28, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center reported that an area of low pressure system associated with a tropical disturbance had developed about 1,000 mi (1,600 km) to the southwest of Honolulu in Hawaii. Isolated thunderstorms were developing in association with the small low-level circulation. During the next day the disturbance moved towards the west and moved into the western Pacific where the JMA immediately designated it as a tropical depression. The depression was expected to bring inclement weather to Majauro and nearby atolls, although the system significantly weakened before reaching the area.

Member of the month The October member of the month is CrazyC83. Since joining the project near its inception, CrazyC83 has been involved in bringing twenty two articles to Good Article status and one article to Featured Article Status. Not only this, he is been working with the Jason Rees looks like he has gone on a short break with the west, but he still continues with the east.

New members
 * Marcusmax
 * Nascar1996
 * Knowledgekid87
 * Pookeo9
 * Cucurbitaceae
 * Anirudh Emani

New and improved articles
 * Hurricane Edith (1963)
 * Timeline of the 1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season
 * Timeline of the 1989–90 South Pacific cyclone season
 * Timeline of the 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
 * 1776 Pointe-à-Pitre hurricane
 * Typhoon Linda (1997)
 * Tropical Storm Irma (1978)
 * Hurricane Fernanda (1993)
 * Tropical Depression One (1993)
 * Tropical Storm Laura (1971)
 * Tropical Depression Sixteen-E (2004)
 * Cyclone Clare
 * Hurricane Debbie (1969)
 * Hurricane Inga (1969)
 * Typhoon Angela (1989)
 * Hurricane Paine (1986)‎
 * Tropical Storm Alice (1953)

Storm Basics
 * A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
 * While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain, they are also able to produce high waves and damaging storm surge as well as spawning tornadoes.
 * The term "tropical" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in tropical regions of the globe, and their formation in maritime tropical air masses.
 * Many tropical cyclones develop when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable. The background environment is modulated by climatological cycles and patterns such as the Madden-Julian oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.

Storm article statistics

Project News The Newsletter has been properly restarted by Anirudh Emani.

Editorial Member Award This month the editorial member award has been disputed to CrazyC83 & Jason Rees. CrazyC83 has been working mainly with the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season while Jason Rees is working with the 2010 Pacific typhoon season. Jason has also created sandboxes for western Pacific Typhoons and North Indian ocean cyclones, Rashmi and Dianmu are a few good examples of this work. Anirudh Emani (talk) 08:35, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Former Featured Articles
 * Cyclone Tracy – October 18, 2004 TFA
 * Galveston Hurricane of 1900 – April 16, 2005 TFA
 * 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
 * Hurricane Floyd – June 17, 2006 TFA
 * Hurricane Katrina – September 29, 2006 TFA

Former Featured Pictures
 * Image:Cyclone Gafilo.jpeg – August 6, 2006 POD
 * Image:Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg – October 3, 2006 POD
 * Image:Felix from ISS 03 sept 2007 1138Z.jpg – July 18, 2008 POD
 * Image:Hurricane Isabel 18 sept 2003 1555Z.jpg – September 18, 2008 POD
 * Image:Hurricane Isabel eye from ISS (edit 1).jpg – September 18, 2009 POD
 * Image:Hurricane Katrina Eye viewed from Hurricane Hunter.jpg – November 24, 2005 POD
 * Image:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded edit2.jpg – August 29, 2008 POD
 * Image:Searching for bodies, Galveston 1900.ogg – September 8, 2009 POD
 * Image:A big tip in Galveston2.jpg – September 8, 2010 POD
 * Image:Effects of Hurricane Charley from FEMA Photo Library 7.jpg
 * Image:ParmaMelor AMO TMO 2009279 lrg.jpg

Anirudh Emani (talk) 11:06, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

The WikiProject Tropical Cyclones Newsletter#32B
--Anirudh Emani (talk) 10:11, 21 October 2010 (UTC)