Utah wine

Utah wine is made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Utah. Wine production in Utah from grapes grown there has increased steadily since 2018, despite stringent government restrictions and regulations regarding alcohol consumption and production in the state. There are no designated American Viticultural Areas in Utah.

History
The first wine grapes were planted in Utah in 1857 when Walter Dodge and John Harris brought wagon loads of grape vines to Washington County from California. Shortly after the arrival of Mormon pioneers arrived and settled in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young, second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) decided that the church should get behind the development of wine production in Utah. Shortly thereafter, a group of Swiss settlers answered the call from church leadership to move to Santa Clara in the southern end of the state and establish a wine mission. Viticulture grew to about 1200 acre under vine. The area began to gain some modest fame for its high quality wines especially among miners and settlers moving through the area on their way to California. By 1866 John Naegle, a German immigrant, was called by the church leadership to move south and take over the burgeoning wine business. Naegle eventually become known as Utah premier winemaker selling his wine under the moniker "Nails Best". Wine eventually became an important cash commodity for residents of Southern Utah and a key commodity used in trading with residents in Salt Lake City for flour and potatoes.

Around the turn of the century, the state saw an increase in lawlessness and alcoholism and so LDS leadership issued new directives removing wine from the sacrament and discouraging its use by the faithful. This, along with the growing engagement of church members with the temperance movement, eventually lead to the slow abandonment of wine-making and consumption which in turn led to the abandonment of even its most outstanding vineyards. Wine production was not revived in Utah until the late 1970's when attempts were made to establish vineyards in north central Utah near the Colorado river basin. Today, viticulture is once again on the rise especially in southern Utah, thanks to the determined efforts of those known collectively as "The New Wine Pioneers".

Vineyards
Beginning in the 1970's some of the first efforts were made to establish vineyards in the Castle Valley, just northeast of Moab in the extreme east/central part of the state. Winemakers planted a few small vineyards near the area of Castle Creek and the Colorado River but never gained a strong foothold in the area mostly due to climate, pests and lack of professional labor to work the vineyards. Despite these struggles, there are still some plantings of pinot noir, merlot, cabernet sauvignon, chenin blanc and chardonnay in the area. Today, most of the vineyards in Utah are located in the south western part of the state in Washington County with "the viticultural pioneers" planting at varying elevations in an effort to find the best microclimates in the region. The first modern commercial vineyards in the county were planted in 2006 at 5,000 feet above sea level on the southeastern edge of Dixie National Forest, with the second major commercial planting coming a decade later in Dammeron Valley. As of 2021, about 100 acres of vineyards are planted at various locations and elevations between 3,000 and 5000 ft above sea level. Most of these are planted in traditional French, Italian and Spanish grape varietals. The largest vineyards continue to be located in the western side of the county in Dammeron Valley, and to the immediate southeast in the Twin Peaks region of the Red Cliffs Reserve area of the Dixie National Forest. Some of the more recent vineyards have been planted farther east along the I-15 corridor in the town of Leeds. This entire region falls into the broader area on the south eastern slopes of Pine Valley Mountain, the tallest mountain peaks in Washington County.

The newest vineyard plantings are continuing the march eastward spreading into the towns of Hildale on the Utah/Arizona border and the small community of Rockville, on the Virgin River, just outside of Zion National Park. In Hildale and Rockville, growers are partnering with developers to use municipally required green belts or open space areas for the planting of vineyards. This collaboration is a win for both grower and developer as it increases the value of the lots offered by the developer while providing vineyards that can be planted without requiring the purchasing of land, which is very expensive in this rapidly growing state. Like their counterparts in the western portion of the county, growers in Hildale are taking advantage of its 4000+' elevation as a way to escape the summer heat. Because of its more open and spacious terrain, Hildale vineyards will experience cooler temperatures on average than vineyards of similar elevations located in the western side of the county. Hildale Weather. Growers in Rockville are taking a slightly different approach to managing southern Utah's hot dry climate by planting on the banks of the Virgin River right at the bottom of Zion Canyon. The regular air movement up and down the canyon, as well as the cooler air that settles down the canyon in the evenings coming down the canyon from higher elevations to the north, make this an interesting microclimate. In addition, planting on the banks of the Virgin River helps cool temperatures in the area through Evaporation. Like their counterparts in Dammeron Valley, growers in Hildale and Rockville are experimenting with ground cover options to find effective ways to control weed growth in their vineyards. Hildale and Rockville are also beginning to experiment with the use of small Baby Dall Sheep https://babydollsheep.net to control ground cover.

Viticulturists are planting some large vineyards in Northern Utah, but due to the colder winters, they are experimenting with hybrid grape varietals and finding some success with these grapes. As of 2023, these remained non-commercial as the owners work to determine which hybrid's will produce the best wines for eventual commercial production. There are some older small commercial vineyards planted at the bottom of Cottonwood Canyon, east of Salt Lake City, on the western slope of the Wasatch Mountains. These growers are having excellent success with seyval blanc.

Utah is an arid and mountainous state with a relatively dry climate making irrigation a requirement for Utah vineyards. Almost all the vineyards in the state are planted in bilateral cordons on traditional single wire or double cross-arm trellises with some vineyards beginning to experiment with cane pruning and with modified high lateral cross-arm trellises to provide greater shade for the fruit. VSP styles are more popular in the north where sunburn is not as much a factor; the higher elevations of the southern vineyards make UV intensity a concern, thus making it less popular in the south. The considerable amount of sunshine makes broader canopies popular with little to no leaf pulling in order to provide more consistent shading for a greater portion of the day.

Most of the vineyards throughout the state are planted in different types of alluvium soils that are made up of sandy loam, decomposed Igneous rock, Navajo sandstone and granite. Because of Southern Utah's volcanic and sandstone geology combined with its arid climate the soils are usually low in natural organic compounds making fertilization a regular practice for vineyards in Utah. Presently there is ongoing experimentation with the impact of adding nitrogen to the soils. Some research indicates that low nitrogen and low water additions (though not too severe) improve the grape quality and the expression of terroir in red grapes while the opposite may be true with white grapes. Likewise, vineyard owners are beginning to experiment with appropriate ground cover to fight weeds common to the region.

Diurnal temperature variations are of particular importance in Utah viticulture and plays a key role in its success. Due to the elevations of the vineyards and their frequent locations adjacent to mountain slopes in canyons or beside rivers, the daily average diurnal is as high as 16.5 °C (30 °F) in a day. In grapes, this variation has the effect of producing high acid 'and high sugar content. This is because a grapes' exposure to sunlight increases the ripening qualities allowing for more sugar production, while the drop in temperature at night preserves the balance of natural acids in the grape. The elevations and the associated UV exposure also cause the grapes to grow thick skins to protect the fruit which in turn creates wines of intense color and robust tannins.

Industry
Despite its infancy, winemakers in Utah have quickly figured out how to produce fine wines from 100% Utah grapes. They are utilizing many of the most popular winemaking techniques including native and non-native yeast fermentation, carbonic maceration, oak barrel aging and many others. The red wines are robust, colorful and aromatic but differ from other southwestern wines in that they do not present the gypsum flavors frequently found in wine regions such as Arizona and Temecula California. Winemakers are discovering that varietals such as Merlot, Tempranillo, Sangiovese, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Malbec and Carignan are well suited to this area. Merlot grown in the Washington County seems to hold significant potential as it has recently been rated higher than some prestigious Napa California producers in American wine competitions. In 2021, Utah's most experienced winemaker was selling Utah Cabernet Sauvignon, at $100 per bottle, representing the first time in the states history that 100% Utah wine entered that extremely prestigious class of ultra-premium wines. Other varietals that are advancing quickly are Tempranillo which is being produced by almost all the wineries in the area and Pinot Noir which may well become the darling of the Dammeron Valley. Due to the elevation of its vineyards, Utah red wines are intense and dark and winemakers must work to soften the natural tannins produced here. One approach to this challenge is to separate free-run and press run wines and blend back as appropriate. Growers in the western side of Washington County, especially in Dammeron Valley, are experimenting with Pinot Noir and are beginning to have excellent results with this finicky grape varietal. Producers are finding that it grows quite vigorously, and so they are experimenting with different styles of wine produced from this grape to see what seems to suit the region best.

In the area of white wine production, winemakers are finding success with Chardonnay, Malvasia, Verdejo, Semillion and Muscat. The significant diurnal of the vineyards makes it possible to produce high alcohol/high acid white wines giving these varietals excellent mouthfeel and fruit components while allowing a crispness often preferred by white wine drinkers. Tests on barreled aged chardonnay are underway and several producers are making rosé and Ramato style wines from their vineyards.

Utah wineries have recently joined together to kick off the states first wine trail known simply as theUtah Wine Trail. The creation of a wine trail, common in many wine producing states, tends to lend credence to Utah's claim that, though admittedly a late arrival to the party, now it too, should be counted among the wine producing regions of the USA.

Academia
In recent years Utah State University (USU) has begun to take an interest in grape growing in the state and has begun dedicating resources to learn some of the basic information needed to understand best practices in vineyard management that are unique to Utah. Very little research has been done to date on the circumstances faced by Utah viticulture, but growers have begun to apply pressure to the Agriculture departments and extension offices of local universities for help in this area. USU has been the first academic institution in the state to begin to do some basic research into viticulture. In 2023 the university has applied for grant funding to begin studying effective irrigation practices. The university is working to establish baselines of water use and its effects on the vines and the fruit. It is generally hoped that grapes can replace some of the alfalfa plantings common throughout the state in order to diversify agriculture and reduce water use, while producing a higher value crop.