Vigna mungo

Vigna mungo, also known as black gram, urad bean, urid bean, matimah, matikolai, mash kalai, maas/kalo daal, uzhunnu parippu, ulundu parippu, minapa pappu, uddu, or black matpe, is a bean grown in South Asia. Like its relative, the mung bean, it has been reclassified from the Phaseolus to the Vigna genus. The product sold as black gram is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called white lentil. It should not be confused with the much smaller true black lentil (Lens culinaris).

Black gram originated in South Asia, where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India. It is very widely used in Indian cuisine. In India the black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in the southern part of India and the northern part of Bangladesh and Nepal. In Bangladesh and Nepal it is known as mash daal. It is a popular daal (legume) side dish in South Asia that goes with curry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, Myanmar and Africa mainly by Indian immigrants during the Indian indenture system.

Description
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six cm long. The plant grows 30–100 cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6 cm seed pods. While the urad dal was, along with the mung bean, originally placed in Phaseolus, it has since been transferred to Vigna.

Cooking
Vigna mungo is popular in Northern India, largely used to make dal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into dal; prepared like this it has an unusual mucilaginous texture.

Its usage is quite common in Dogra Cuisine of Jammu and Lower Himachal region. The key ingredient of Dal Maddhra or Maah Da Maddhra dish served in Dogri Dhaam of Jammu is Vigna mungo lentil. Similarly, another dish Teliya Maah popular in Jammu & Kangra uses this lentil. Traditionally, Vigna Mungo Lentil is used for preparing Dogra style Khichdi during Panj Bhikham and Makar Sankranti festival in Jammu and Lower Himachal. Besides, fermented Vigna Mungo paste is also used to prepare Lakhnapuri Bhalle or Lakhanpuri Laddu ( a popular street food of Jammu region).

In Uttarakhand Cuisine, Vigna mungo is used for preparing traditional dish called Chainsu or Chaisu.

In North Indian cuisine, it is used as an ingredient of Dal makhani, which is a Modern restaurant style adaptation of Traditional Sabut Urad Dal of Northern India.

In Bengal, it is used in kalai ruti, biulir dal. In Rajasthan, It is one of the ingredients of Panchmel dal which is usually consumed with bati.

It is also extensively used in South Indian culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in making idli and dosa batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter. Vada or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making papadum, in which white lentils are usually used.

In the Telugu states, it is eaten as a sweet in the form of laddoos called Sunnundallu or Minapa Sunnundallu.

Nutrition
Its nutrition numbers when raw differ from when cooked. When raw it contains high levels of protein (25 g/100 g), potassium (983 mg/100 g), calcium (138 mg/100 g), iron (7.57 mg/100 g), niacin (1.447 mg/100 g), thiamine (0.273 mg/100 g), and riboflavin (0.254 mg/100 g). Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India. Black gram is also very high in folate (628 μg/100 g raw, 216 μg/100 g cooked).

Use in medieval crucible construction
In medieval India, this bean was used in a technique to facilitate making crucibles impermeable.

Names
Vigna mungo is known by various names across South and Southeast Asia. Its name in most languages of India derives from Proto-Dravidian *uẓ-untu-, borrowed into Sanskrit as uḍida:
 * Caribbean Hindustani/Fiji Hindi: उरदी दाल (urdi dal)
 * Gujarati: અળદ (aḷad), અડદ (aḍad)
 * Hindi: उड़द दाल (uṛad dāl), उरद दाल (urad dāl)
 * Kannada: ಉದ್ದು (uddu), ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ (uddina bēḷe)
 * Marathi/Konkani: उडीद (uḍid)
 * Malayalam: ഉഴുന്ന് (uẓhunnu)
 * Tamil: உளுந்து (uḷuntu/ulundu), உளுத்தம் பாருப்பு (ulutham paruppu)
 * Telugu: మినుములు (minumulu) and ఉద్ది పాప్పు (uddi pappu) in Rayalaseema dialect
 * Tulu: ಉರ್ದು ಸಲೈ (urdu salāyi)

Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit masa (माष) :

Other names include:
 * Dogri: 𑠢𑠬𑠪𑠹 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠬𑠥 / माह् दी दाल (maah di daal)
 * Assamese: মাটিমাহ (matimah), মাটিকলাই (matikolai)
 * Bengali: মাসকালাই ডাল (mashkalai ḍal)
 * Nepali: कालो डाल (kalo daal ), मास (mās)
 * Punjabi : ਮਾਂਹ / ਮਾਸ਼ ਦੀ ਦਾਲ (mānha/māsh di dāl)
 * Urdu: ماش کی دال (māsh ki dāl)
 * Odia: ବିରି ଡାଲି (biri ḍāli)
 * Sinhala : උඳු (undu)
 * Myanmar: မတ်ပဲ (matpe)
 * Vietnamese: (đậu muồng ăn)
 * Thai: ถั่วดำ (thua dam)

Varieties
Pant Urd 31 (PU-31) Lam Black Gram 884 (LBG 884) Trombay Urd (TU 40) Mutant varieties:CO-1 and Sarla. Spring season varieties:Prabha and AKU-4. First urad bean variety developed in – T9(1948).
 * Pant U-13
 * JU-2
 * Type-9
 * Barkha
 * Gwalior-2