Volunteer (capital punishment)

In capital punishment, a volunteer is a prisoner who wishes to be sentenced to death. Often, volunteers will waive all appeals in an attempt to expedite the sentence. In the United States, execution volunteers constitute approximately 10% of prisoners on death row. Volunteers can sometimes bypass legal procedures which are designed to designate the death penalty for the most serious offenders. Other prisoners have killed in prison with the desire of receiving the death sentence. Opponents of execution volunteering cited the prevalence of mental illness among volunteers comparing it to a form of suicide. Execution volunteering has received considerably less attention and effort at legal reform than those who were exonerated after execution.

History
Since the 1976 reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States, there have been at least 150 documented cases of execution volunteers. The first documented case since 1976 was of Gary Gilmore in 1977 who "withdrew his rights of appeal from Utah’s legal system and requested that the courts enforce his death sentence as soon as possible". A notable, recurring pathology of criminal requesting execution is serial killers, including Westley Allan Dodd and Michael Bruce Ross.

In 1996, Robert South decided to waive his right to appeal due to a benign tumor which "significantly disrupted his sleep cycle, made him extremely sensitive to noise, and caused frequent and severe headaches". He had also suffered from chronic post-traumatic stress disorder.

Robert Comer was executed in 2007, after making pleas for his execution since around 2000. Comer testified to his capital murder charge in 2002 to add incentive, and after his spree that included murder, kidnapping, and rape, he was also known for numerous crimes and infractions during his time in prison.

In 2013, Robert Gleason was executed after killing two inmates in prison while serving a life sentence for a murder committed in 2007. After killing the first inmate, Gleason said he would not stop killing until he received the death sentence. Similarly, Rocky Beamon was imprisoned for murder in 2005, then killed two child sex offenders in the coming years and also demanded an execution to prevent him from killing again. Beamon ended up dying by suicide in 2020.

In 2016, Scott Dozier voluntarily waived his appeals and wrote a letter to District Judge Jennifer Togliatti asking her to expedite his execution. Dozier committed suicide on January 5, 2019 after repeated stays of execution.

Studies
John Blume of a professor Cornell Law School published an article in the Michigan Law Review which examined the relationship between "volunteering" for execution and suicide. Blume found a strong correlation between volunteering and mental illness. According to Blume "nearly 88% of all death row inmates who have 'volunteered' for execution have struggled with mental illness and/or substance abuse".

Death row phenomenon
Many inmates experience a "death row phenomemon" as a response of a capital punishment sentence, in which traumatic effects are experienced from being placed in death row custody due to the conditions or the impending death sentence. A consequence of the syndrome is that inmates’ changes in health and behavior turn in the direction of volunteering for execution, or offering cooperation with the law at the risk of capital punishment based on the crimes the inmates are facing accountability for.

Inmates executed after successful volunteering

 * Herman Ashworth
 * James Barnes (murderer)
 * Rocky Barton
 * Wilford Berry Jr.
 * Arthur Gary Bishop
 * Jesse Bishop
 * Gerald Bordelon
 * Scott Carpenter
 * Edward Castro
 * Marco Allen Chapman
 * John Christie
 * Terry D. Clark
 * James B. Clark Jr.
 * Carroll Cole
 * Harvey Collins
 * Robert Comer
 * Eric Edgar Cooke
 * Frank J. Coppola
 * Leon Czolgosz
 * Gary Lee Davis
 * David Thomas Dawson
 * Westley Allan Dodd
 * James Homer Elledge
 * James French
 * Gary Gilmore
 * Harvey Glatman
 * Robert Gleason
 * Thomas J. Grasso
 * Guo Longhai
 * Carl Hall
 * Bonnie Heady
 * Hiroaki Hidaka
 * David Mark Hill
 * Paul Jennings Hill
 * Daryl Holton
 * Ralph Hudson
 * Phillip Ingle
 * Shannon Johnson
 * Steven Timothy Judy
 * Sokrat Kirshveng
 * Andrew Lackey
 * Terry Langford
 * Daniel Lee Lopez
 * Daryl Mack
 * Hiroshi Maeue
 * David Mason
 * Robert Lee Massie
 * Eddie Lee Mays
 * Timothy McVeigh
 * Scott Andrew Mink
 * Luis Monge
 * Carey Dean Moore
 * Harry Charles Moore
 * Eliseo Moreno
 * Stephen Morin
 * Leon Moser
 * Christopher Newton
 * Shojiro Nishimoto
 * Kiyoshi Ōkubo
 * Elijah Page
 * Carl Panzram
 * Joseph Mitchell Parsons
 * Steven Brian Pennell
 * Andrew Pixley
 * Kanesan Ratnam
 * James Allen Red Dog
 * Asbury Respus
 * Christina Marie Riggs
 * Michael Bruce Ross
 * Jeremy Vargas Sagastegui
 * John Martin Scripps
 * Nelson Shelton
 * Ronald Gene Simmons
 * Clay King Smith
 * James Edward Smith
 * Arnold Sodeman
 * Joseph "Mad Dog" Taborsky
 * John Albert Taylor
 * John Thanos
 * William Paul Thompson
 * Michael Torrence
 * Charles Walker
 * Keith Wells
 * Alan Willett
 * Hastings Arthur Wise
 * Frederick Charles Wood
 * Douglas Franklin Wright
 * Aileen Wuornos
 * Yukio Yamaji
 * Giuseppe Zangara
 * Keith Zettlemoyer

Inmates not executed after volunteering

 * Roberto Arguelles
 * Rocky Beamon
 * Scott Dozier
 * William 'Billy' Patrick Castillo