Vostok (rocket family)

Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.

On March 18, 1980, a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at Plesetsk during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similar – but avoided – accident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in hydrogen peroxide filters allowed the breakdown of the H2O2, thus causing the resultant explosion.

Variants
The major versions of the rocket were:


 * Luna 8K72 – used to launch the early Luna spacecraft
 * Vostok-L 8K72 – Variant of the Luna, used to launch prototype Vostok spacecraft
 * Vostok-K 8K72K – a refined version of the above. This was the version actually used for human spaceflight
 * Vostok-2 8A92 – used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites throughout the 1960s
 * Vostok-2M 8A92M – modified version for launching Meteor weather satellites into higher orbits.
 * Soyuz/Vostok 11A110 – hybrid of Soyuz and Vostok rockets used as an interim for two launches

Vostok 8K72K

 * First Stage — Block B, V, G, D (four strap-on boosters)
 * Gross mass: 43,300 kg
 * Empty mass: 3,710 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 4 x 99,000 kgf (971 kN) = 3.88 MN
 * Isp: 313 isp
 * Burn time: 118 s
 * Isp(sl): 256 isp
 * Diameter: 2.68 m
 * Span: 8.35 m
 * Length: 19.00 m
 * Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
 * Engines: 1 x RD-107-8D74-1959 per booster = 4
 * Second Stage — Block A (core stage)
 * Gross mass: 100,400 kg
 * Empty mass: 6,800 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 912 kN
 * Isp: 315 isp
 * Burn time: 301 s
 * Isp(sl): 248 isp
 * Diameter: 2.99 m
 * Length: 28.00 m
 * Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
 * Engine: 1 x RD-108-8D75-1959
 * Third Stage — Block E
 * Gross mass: 7,775 kg
 * Empty mass: 1,440 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 54.5 kN
 * Isp: 326 isp
 * Burn time: 365 s
 * Diameter: 2.56 m
 * Span: 2.56 m
 * Length: 2.84 m
 * Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
 * Engine: 1 x RD-0109