West Wetlands Park

The West Wetlands Park is a public city park in the northwest edge of Yuma, Arizona. It is located along the Colorado River within the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area. The park opened in December of 2002 on 110 acres of city-owned land. It was partially constructed by community volunteers. The West Wetlands Park is currently managed by a non-profit organization, the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area Corporation, and is maintained by the City of Yuma Parks and Recreation Department.

1910–1989
From 1910 to 1970 the area that would become West Wetlands Park was used as the City of Yuma's landfill. After the landfill was closed, the deserted area became a center for the homeless community and also a site of criminal activity. Periodically, fires burned native vegetation along the river allowing invasive species to overtake the habitat. Local residents saw the area as a hazard, and they were cut off from the resources of the river.

Beginning in the 1980's, there was an interest by Yuma citizens to convert the previous landfill into a riverfront park. Arizona State Parks worked with the City of Yuma to develop a master plan which initially stalled due to lack of funding.

1990–1999
In early 1990, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that covering the whole site with 6 to 8 feet of clean fill was required for reuse.

The Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area estimated that $10 million would be required to design a master plan which would include securing the funds for the clean-up and construction.

Over a three-year period, the Heritage Area was able to garner several million dollars' worth of grants, which were used to advance the planning of the park, and in September 1999 the master plan was complete when the Heritage Area sponsored a community planning effort to finalize the design of West Wetlands. A part of "Phase 1" occurred a month later when the Yuma Crossing hosted a volunteer day, where 700 volunteers planted 450 trees at the Millennium Tree Grove.

2000–2006
In 2001, an additional $500,000 was secured by Congressman Ed Pastor through the Bureau of Reclamation, for the pilot re-vegetation project. The first phase of the park development opened in December 2002. The pond was dug out in the first phase of the project and was completed, filled, and opened in late 2003 with the additional Reclamation grant funds. The pond has a bowl design and is approximately 15 feet deep.

In 2005, Arizona Public Service (APS) partnered with the City of Yuma to develop a solar garden as a solar demonstration area. The solar garden consists of twenty-four photo-voltaic energy panels that produce 3,600 watts of power that is directed to the City of Yuma electrical grid and provides power in the park. Approximately twenty homes can be powered with this energy. The output of a single tracker is displayed in the armada in front of the solar garden. They rotate 80 degrees from the East in the morning to the West in the afternoon. After dark, they utilize a very small amount from the grid to move the panels to face the East. The solar garden is owned and maintained by APS.

The Army of the West statue, also known as the Mormon statue, was created by R.C. Merrill. The statue was erected and funded entirely with private funds along with a commitment for ongoing maintenance in 2006. Many Mormons of the Yuma community collaborated in the making of the nine foot bronze statue. 2nd Lt. Philemon Merrill and others participated in the 1900-mile march from Council Bluffs, Iowa to San Diego, California, which included crossing the Colorado River on January 9 and 10 of 1846. The statue was erected to honor the crossing and the contributions of those military organizations that led to the expansion of the west.

2007–present
In 2007, the Stewart Vincent Wolfe Creative Playground was created by the combined effort of Yuman volunteers in honor of Stewart Vincent Wolfe's memory. Wolfe and his family were regular visitors at the park. Ron Martin, a close friend of Wolfe, donated $100,000 towards construction of the playground in honor of Wolfe. The development of playground started with a total of 8,000 Yuma volunteers, who raised further funds to contribute to the construction of the playground. The creative inspiration for the artistic design of the playground was inspired by elementary school students.

For the rest of 2007, the initial plan for West Wetlands from 1999 was updated by the Heritage Area and the City of Yuma.

In 2009, using economic stimulus funds provided by the federal government, the paved walking trail was extended from the playground area to the southwest entrance to the park. The trail parallels the main road through the park and is equipped with lighting, increasing accessibility to the western portions of the park into the evening and providing bikers and joggers with a paved surface from one end of the park to the other.

In 2014, a new beach was opened in the park, to mark the 100th anniversary of Yuma. Situated along the Colorado River, it is aptly called Centennial Beach.

On December 28, 2014 the Stewart Vincent Wolfe Creative Playground was destroyed by a fire, which appeared intentional according to the local police department. The park's reconstruction started in September 2015, and re-opened 3 months later, on December 19. Due to a high level of community support, the playground was further expanded during the reconstruction process. In August of 2018, a teen suspect was arrested and charged with arson after admitting to starting the fire, almost 4 years after the incident.

Activities and special events
The City of Yuma Parks and Recreation operates several multi-use trails within the park. Other activities in the park include fishing in the pond and the Colorado River for a variety of fish such as catfish, bluegill, carp, rainbow trout, red-ear sunfish, mullet, and largemouth bass. Other activities that take place in or on the river include tubing canoeing, kayaking, motor boating, jet skiing, and swimming. The park has a boat launch ramp to facilitate putting craft into the water. On the pond, enthusiasts sail model sailboats.

For children, West Wetlands has two playgrounds, the biggest and most visited being the Stewart Vincent Wolfe Creative Playground. The playground area in the Stewart Vincent Wolfe playground, consists of a tire swing, 4 regular swings, 1 adaptive swing for children with disabilities, a climbing wall, 6 slides, a train, a jet, monkey bars, multiple entrances, and more. The playground is surrounded by Pebble Flex ground which is soft for children that may trip or fall. It also makes it easier for wheelchair navigation. There is an area within the playground designed for younger children. It includes one entrance, 3 baby/bucket swings, and smaller swings. It is convenient for those families that have children of multiple ages. There are benches around multiple spots in the playground. There is also a play area that has faux rocks and a metal tractor scoop toy, both which children can climb on.

Special events at the park include:
 * Walkathons/marathons Various 10k and 5k runs, Color Runs, the March of Dimes, the Diabetes Walk, Toro Loco and others.
 * Colorado River Balloon Festival
 * Two Rivers Renaissance Fair
 * Movies in the park
 * Blue Grass in the Park
 * Jazz on the Green
 * Catfish Rodeo
 * Annual Float-down Regatta

Invasive plants
The Yuma West Wetlands Park was inhabited by several types of invasive plant species, such as the salt cedar tree (Tamarix ramosissima), giant reed (Arundo donax), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris), and common mullein (Verbascum thapsus).

The salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) tree is particularly dangerous to the ecology of the West Wetlands Park due to the salt that is secreted through its leaves which increases the salinity of the surface soil. Salt deposits created by the salt cedar kill native vegetation and animal species. It grows very successfully along riparian zones and tends to completely replace all native vegetation in these areas. Salt cedar communities support fewer native bird populations. It absorbs water at an exponential rate; across the entirety of the Colorado River System, it is responsible for a daily absorption of 200 gallons of water.

Giant reed (Arundo donax), also known as wild cane is an invasive species that has greatly compromised the lower Colorado River riparian zone. The United States Department of Agriculture describes it as a perennial grass that grows from nine to thirty feet in height. Successful establishment of giant reed within a riparian area results in a decline of the native plant species. It does not provide shelter or food for the native wildlife species, so large areas invaded by giant reed have little or no wildlife living amongst it. It dominates the river bank and does not provide the necessary shading for river edge habitats, resulting in warmer water and a lower diversity of aquatic animals. The giant reed along with the salt cedar, have greatly devastated and degraded the lower Colorado River riparian.

Russian olive, buffelgrass, and common mullein are not as destructive as salt cedar tree, but these invasive plants aggressively expand and reproduce at rapid rates to destroy or push out native species.

Native plants
The native plant species located at the West Wetlands Park are the cattail (Typha latifolia), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), coyote willow (Salix exigua), four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), quail bush (Atriplex lentiformis), and seep-willow (Baccharis salicifolia). Trees include cottonwood (Populus fremontii) Goodding's willow (Salix gooddingii), honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. torreyana = v. Prosopis glandulosa), and screwbean mesquite (Prosopis pubescens).

Mammals
The park hosts several native mammals, including: beaver, cottontail rabbit, round-tailed ground squirrel and Botta's pocket gopher.

Birds
Burrowing owl

In 2006, the City of Yuma received funds for the "Yuma West Wetlands Burrowing Owl Habitat" project. The project constructed a viewing platform to allow for public observation and established 20 artificial burrows for relocation of displaced owls. There is a sign at either end of the habitat directing visitors to the location of the viewing platform. The habitat is a series of PVC pipes protruding from the ground nestled amongst large sage bushes. The western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) is the only known owl that spends the majority of its life underground, including raising their young. As opposed to most owls which are mainly nocturnal, burrowing owls are active during the day as well. Due to the significant time spent underground, construction projects have been detrimental to the owls and their habitats to the extent of being "Endangered in Canada, Threatened in Mexico, and a Species of Special Concern in Florida and much of the Western US". "Burrowing owls are not able to dig their own burrows, but create homes in existing underground spaces. Deserted squirrel burrows, kangaroo rat mounds, coyote, fox, skunk and badger dens provide homes for the owls". "They are covered in brown spotted feathers and have long legs. They also sport distinctive white "eyebrows" above bright yellow eyes".

Hummingbirds

The West Wetlands Park also contains a hummingbird garden that was named after former Yuma district Congressman, Ed Pastor, in appreciation of his great efforts in supporting the restoration and funding of the riverfront parks projects. There are two signs giving different information about the hummingbird garden. The first sign has four maps of North and South America showing the different migration patterns of the four common hummingbirds found in the garden. The next sign describes the specific plants as well as the perennial flowers planted year round that have specific colour spectrum that attract the four hummingbirds opposed to other pollinating insects. It also describes that these hummingbirds prefer dense foliage, trees, shrubs, and vines which allow for easy perching. Arizona is home to 18 hummingbird species, and the West Wetlands Park is home to four of them in the hummingbird garden, including: Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna), the black-chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), Costa's hummingbird (Calypte costae) and the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus).

Other birds
With the continued work done to restore the wetlands to a native environment, the bird population has doubled and its diversity is up by 75%. Among the endangered and threatened species that have been sighted are: Yuma clapper rail (Rallus longirostris), southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) and western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus).

The flagship species, the white-faced ibis, has been seen returning, nesting and feeding in the West Wetlands. Some of the other sightings include the great and snowy egrets, and the long-billed Savannah sparrows. These are a few of the species that have returned to nest, feed and stop off on their migratory journey. Other birds seen during the winter are: hooded and common mergansers (if there is enough water), green heron, sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks, belted kingfisher, black and Say's phoebes. Some expected and seasonal residents include the warblers, all the western warblers can be seen during the summer: The Wilson's warbler, the yellow warbler, the yellow-rumped warbler, the orange-crowned warbler, the hermit warbler, the black-throated gray warblers, and the yellow-breasted chat. The western kingbird, western wood pewee, olive-sided flycatcher, gray flycatcher, ash-throated flycatcher, may also be seen in the summer.

Year-round residents are: The greater roadrunner, the Gambel's quail, the ladder-backed woodpecker, the Gila woodpecker, the crissal thrasher, the great-tailed grackle, the verdin, the black-tailed gnat-catcher, the common yellow-throat sparrow, and the song sparrow.

Winter visitors include: The osprey, the blue-gray gnat-catcher, and the Lincoln's sparrow.

Rare and unusual birds that have been seen in the area include: The northern parula (fall 2012), the red-naped and red-breasted hybrid sapsucker (fall 2012), the eastern phoebe (fall 2012), and the summer tanager (November 2012).

Reptiles
On the east side of the Yuma West Wetlands, large western diamondbacked rattlesnake have been spotted.

Insects
Butterflies

The butterfly habitat is west of the hummingbird garden. This habitat is filled with mostly yellow and orange flowering bushes and trees scattered throughout. The following butterflies are common:

The giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes), the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), the queen butterfly (Danaus gilippus), the western pygmy blue butterfly (Brephidium exilis) or (Brephidium exile), the orange sulphur butterfly (Colias), the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui), the fiery skipper butterfly (Hylephila phyleus), the funereal duskywing butterfly (Erynnis funeralis), and the snout butterfly (Libytheinae).

Habitats
The natural and man-made habitats that can be found at West Wetlands park are the Hummingbird Garden, Burrowing Owls, Butterfly Garden, Willow Fly Catcher Nesting Habitat, Millennium Grove, Beaver Pond, Lower Bench, and Cactus garden.

Habitat restoration
Out of the 110 acres of the West Wetlands Park, approximately 30 percent is restored riparian habitat, known as the "Lower Bench". Prior to restoring the lower bench the area was deteriorated and overrun with trash and opportunist vegetation, in particular salt cedar and giant reeds.

Large expanses of non-native species were bulldozed from the area, as others were manually hoed out. Brush hogs, masticators, and chemical herbicides are used to keep the invasive species under control. Consistent maintenance is needed to eradicate the constantly growing giant reed.

Geology and hydrology
The Yuma Area Office of the Geology and Groundwater Team of the Bureau of Reclamation, Yuma Area Office, in partnership with the US Geological Survey, completed geological investigations of the West Wetlands Park in 1970 and 1971. This investigation resulted from the Arizona v. California water dispute.

Geologic boring, via the "Piezometer Yuma Area Logs" show that the underneath area of the West Wetlands Park was approximately 12 to 17 feet of "garbage" from the previous landfill site. Below the garbage there is about 80 feet of river deposited silt, sand and clay, which is consistent with the sediments found commonly in areas that are near deltaic and riparian environments. At about 100 feet depth, the top of the coarse-gravel zone is encountered, which is the most important water-producing aquifer in the Yuma area.