White-necked jacobin

The white-necked jacobin (Florisuga mellivora) is a medium-size hummingbird that ranges from Mexico south through Central America and northern South America into Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. It is also found in Trinidad & Tobago.

Other common names are great jacobin and collared hummingbird.

Taxonomy
In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the white-necked jacobin in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "white-belly'd huming bird". Edwards based his etching on a specimen owned by the Duke of Richmond that had been collected in Suriname. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the white-necked jacobin with the other hummingbirds in the genus Trochilus. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Trochilus mellivorus and cited Edwards' work. The specific epithet combines the Latin mel meaning "honey" and -vorus meaning "eating". The type locality is Suriname. The white-necked jacobin is now placed in the genus Florisuga that was introduced in 1850 by Charles Bonaparte.

These two subspecies are recognised. F. m. flabellifera has sometimes been called F. m. tobagensis.


 * F. m. mellivora Linnaeus (1758)
 * F. m. flabellifera Gould (1846)

Description
The white-necked jacobin is 11 to 12 cm long. Males weigh 7.4 to 9 g and females 6 to 9.2 g. The male is unmistakable with its dark blue head and chest and white belly and tail; the tail feathers have black tips. A white band on the nape separates the blue head from the bright green back and long uppertail coverts. Females are highly variable, and may resemble adult or immature males. The majority of females have green upperparts, a blue-green throat and breast with white "scales", a white belly, and a mostly green tail with a blue end. Immature males vary from female-like, but with more white in the tail, to male-like with more black there. Immature females also vary but usually have less white in the tail and are somewhat bronzy on the throat and chest.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of white-necked jacobin, F. m. mellivora, is found from southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca, Mexico, through southern Belize, northern Guatemala, eastern Honduras and Nicaragua, eastern and western Costa Rica, and Panama into South America. In that continent it is found in much of Colombia and Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, most of Venezuela, the Guianas, the northwestern half of Brazil, and the island of Trinidad. F. m. flabellifera is found only on the island of Tobago. The nominate has been recorded as a vagrant in Argentina and on the islands of Aruba and Curaçao.

The white-necked jacobin inhabits the canopy and edges of humid forest and also semi-open landscapes such as tall secondary forest, gallery forest, and coffee and cacao plantations. It is usually seen high in trees but comes lower at edges and in clearings. In elevation it usually ranges from sea level to about 900 m but has also rarely been seen as high as 1500 m.

Movement
The white-necked jacobin's movement pattern is not well understood. It apparently moves seasonally as flower abundance changes, but details are lacking.

Feeding
The white-necked jacobin feeds on nectar at the flowers of tall trees, epiphytes, shrubs, and Heliconia plants. Several may feed in one tree and are aggressive to each other, but they are otherwise seldom territorial. Both sexes hawk small insects, mostly by hovering, darting, or sallying from perches.

Breeding
The white-necked jacobin breeds in the dry to early wet seasons, which vary across their range. The nest is a shallow cup of plant down and cobweb placed on the upper surface of a leaf where another leaf provides a "roof". It is typically 1 to 3 m above ground and sometimes near a stream. Males display and chase in the canopy and along edges during the breeding season. Females use a fluttering flight to distract predators.

Vocalization
The white-necked jacobin is not highly vocal. Its song is "a long series of high-pitched single notes, repeated at rate of c. 0.7–1 note/second 'tseee....tseee....tseee....tseee....'." Calls include "a short 'tsik',...a longer, high-pitched 'sweet', and a descending 'swee-swee-swee-swee' in antagonistic interactions."

Status
The IUCN has assessed the white-necked jacobin as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range, but its population has not been quantified and its trend is unknown. It is deemed uncommon to common in most of its range. It occurs in many protected areas and appears able to use human-altered landscapes such as tree plantations.

Additional reading

 * Birds of Venezuela by Hilty, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
 * A guide to the birds of Costa Rica by Stiles and Skutch ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
 * A guide to the birds of Costa Rica by Stiles and Skutch ISBN 0-8014-9600-4