Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2006-07-23

Letting Up Despite Great Faults

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Indie/Electronia band from Los Angeles, California. www.lettingup.com

Michael Tapper
Michael Tapper is a famous alum of Harvey Mudd College and is a member of successful indie-rock band We Are Scientists, along with Keith Murray and Chris Cain. He plays Drums.

Letting Up Despite Great Faults

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Indie/Electronia band from Los Angeles, California. www.lettingup.com

7LA

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

7LA Launceston opened on December 13, 1930 broadcasting on 1100AM and later 1098AM. 7LA has had it's fair turn of ownership over the years including AWA, 3KZ, RG Capital and currently MRRW.

Located in the centre of Launceston, it houses 5 radio stations which are owned by MRRW. 7LA, Heart 540/558/900, and SeaFM.

1098 7LA] will convert to 89.3FM later in 2006.


 * Declined - unsourced. MER-C 03:47, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Sir Thomas William Smartt

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Name correction: Name should be Sir Thomas William Smartt (not William Thomas!!)

Newschool of Architecture and Design
Newschool of Architecture and Design

located in downtown San Diego California. Is an Architecture School offering profesional degrees in Architecture, which includes Bachelor of Architecture(B Arch) professional degree and a first professional Master of Architecture(M Arch)degree. Newschool has been Accredited since 1998 by the National Architecture Accrediting Board (NAAB)

Michele Besso

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

He was Einstein's closest friend. Einstein once wrote: " I like him a great deal because of his sharp mind and his simplicity".

Introduction
The Millennium Dreamers, also refered to as the Millennium Dreamer Ambassadors, is a group of 2000 noteworthy young adults who have shown great volunteerism and community service around the begining of the millennium. This young people have made great strides in serving their communities, from the United States and several other countries.

The Contest
In October of 1999, fast food giant McDonalds and entertainment mogul Disney teamed up with the UNESCO or United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, to find 2000 youths from around the world to represent their countries, towns, and states. The contestants were given a form handed out at various schools, volunteer organizations, and even McDonald's resteraunts in order to find the youths who were destined for the prize. The prize was a free trip to Walt Disney World where they can not only have a nice relaxing vacation, but share their stories on volunteering to others who have the same passion, as well as show the world that children can make a difference in the world.Contestants had to write a small essay and get a letter of recomondation from a sponser in order to be accepted.

The Winners
In March of 2000, the 2000 youths selected recieved word of their winnings, thanks to a special ceromony of the unveiling of the winners in front of the United Nations Building in New York City

Such winners ran the gauntlet from a girl who built a safe play arera for her friends in Puerto Rico to a blind girl who coaches Special Olympics outside Philadelphia. Other winners included a girl who made Braille blocks, a boy who started an anti-violence club, and a girl who took in refugees from Kosovo. All the winners ran the age range from 8 years old to 15, all have made some kind of impact on their communty.

The Prize
On May 8, 2000, the 2000 youths made their way to Disney World and were treated to a celeberty style life, from walking on red carpets, recieving medallians, free souviners, and national and international press coverage as well.

The most noted events of the three day long celebration included a free concert by Youngstown,MyTown,Sammie,and Nobody's Angel who were big pop bands of the era. Another noteworthy event was the award ceromony with a speech by Christopher Reeve, known for his role in the Superman movies. Another big event, the Power Of One Symposium, included panel talks from selected Dreamers, as well as famous personalities such as Lavar Burten and Sally Ride. The purpose of the symposium was to spread the word around the world that young people can make a difference in the community.

The Hype
Oprah Winfrey, famous american talk show host, did a special on the Millennium Dreamers, but thats not the only place where the dreamers have shown up at. Local and reginal news stations covered the trips of several dreamers, as well as the Disney Channel,Radio Disney,The Wonderful World Of Disney, and several other television appearances.

Where are they now?
Today, the Dreamers have continued to make an impact on the lives of others, several of them still run their own non profits to this day. Meanwhile, others are making their way to college, while others are entering the work force. ASll these Dreamers share one common goal, to make the world a better place.

Softatics Corporation
Softatics Corporation

A world class software developer company, focusing in mobile devices. Maker of the popular "My Converter Pro" & "xConverter Pro" applications for Pocket PCs.

MEGA SOCIETY DOES EXIST YOU CANNOT DENY THAT

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Mega Society is REAL...and not invalidated by the objection of ignoramus-types.

rishav parmar

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

rishav parmar a indian citizen lived in punjab. he is currently doing b.tech in sant baba bhagh singh institute of engineering & technology,near khiala, p.o. padhiana distt. jalandhar. you can mail him at rishav_parmar@yahoo.com for more information enter subject on google & see the more information

Autrey Mill Middle School

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Autrey Mill Middle School in Alpharetta, Georgia. It teaches grades six through eight and offers classes ranging from Art to Physical Education to Computer Application. It also offers music classes such as band, chorus, and orchestra, as well as academic classes such as math, language arts, science, social studies, and foriegn language. This school opened in 2003 and serves more than 1,020 students and faculty members.

Crystal Taliefero
Crystal Taliefero is a multi-instrumentalist who has performed with Billy Joel, John Mellencamp, Richie Sambora, Elton John, Enrique Inglesias, Natalie Merchant, Meatloaf, Tina Arena, Bruce Springsteen, and Faith Hill. She sings, dances, and plays saxophone, harmonica, guitar, bass, keyboards, and percussion. Her talents can be heard on the Billy Joel albumn "Live at Madison Square Garden".

Camerina Balenciaga

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Moises Constantino Henriques
Born February 1, 1987, Funchal, Portugal. An Australian cricketer currently playing for New South Wales. Moises is an all-rounder who is a right handed batsman and a right arm medium fast bowler.

Moises Henriques was so young when he first came into the New South Wales squad that he could only train in school holidays and often had to catch a taxi to practice. After starring as captain of Australia's Under-19 side - he first made the team as a 16-year-old - with 16 World Cup wickets in Sri Lanka at 10.62 and 150 runs at 37.5, Moises played his second senior game in the final of the 2005-06 ING Cup. As the Blues were heading towards the tightest of victories over South Australia, Moises, the No. 9, refused to fluster and was unbeaten on 5 from 21 balls when Stuart MacGill squirted the winning run.

During the U-19 world cup he was described as "The most complete player on show at the tournament." The eye-catching aspect of Henriques is how technically correct he is with bat and ball.

Moises is the future of Australian cricket along with other young players like Michael Clarke and Shaun Tait he is set for a very bright future in the sport

Trivia: Henriques was born on the same island as Cristiano Ronaldo, the Manchester United and Portuguese forward. He also holds an EU passport so is eligible to play in England.

The NorthUmbrian people

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

The Northumbrians are a people who come from the border of England and Scotland. The Romans conquered southern Britain in 43AD and found the Northumbrian to be so difficult to deal with that they built Hadrian's wall to keep agressive Northumbrians away from the non Northumbrians. This group became known as the borders, as they subsisted on the border of Enland and Scottland. Owing to the harsh environment of alternating famines and clan war fare they became a people who were somewhat paranoid, fierce and found their social identity in fighting with others. Their prediliction for violence and their desparate circumstances made them resiliant and difficult to subdue. This group in particular has found their way as enforcers for the powerful. This group eventually came to America calling themselves the Scotts Irish. There is no such ethnic group as Scotts Irish, no country called Scotts Ireland. People of Borderer descent frequently introduce themselves as, "I am Scotts Irish, I have a bad temper." They are not kidding. To this day across West Virginia, Oklahoma, Indiana, Georgia and other southern and mid western states these people can found. In fact the southern accent is called by linguists the Soctts Irish accent. The midwest and the South is the path that the Borders took when they flooded into the states from Canada into West Virginia finding habitation in the blueridge mountains, the ozarks and many other places that were similar to their original habitat.

Mohammad Namjoo

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Mohammad Namjoo (born in Rasht, 1916) was an Olympic medalist in weightlifting. He was Iran representitive in London 1948, Helsinki 1952 (Silver) and Melbourne 1956 (Bronze). In 1956 he lifted 25kg above his personal record to win the Olympic Bronze medal. A street in Rasht is named after him.

Scroll Quest

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Scroll Quest is a real live treasure hunt in which people can participate through the United States and possibly world. A coin is hidden by one of the Scroll Quest designers somewhere in the continental US and then a scroll is distributed with clues hidden within. These clues point to the exact location of the coin which if solved lead a person directly to it. The coin is then turned in and a prize is awarded to the successful treasure hunter(s).

siberbakkal

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

auction and trade website http://www.siberbakkal.com


 * Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on companies and corporations. Please provide more information on why the organization is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. MER-C 05:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on companies and corporations. Please provide more information on why the organization is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. MER-C 05:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

registered engineer
‘registered engineer’ means any member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology who is eligible to use the title: (a) Chartered Engineer and the designation CEng; (b) Incorporated Engineer and the designation IEng; (c) Engineering Technician and the designation EngTech;or such additional or alternative titles and designations as may be introduced by the national regulatory body administering the register of professional engineers and for which the IET holds appropriate licenses.

The Origin of the Anthonian Philosophy

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

southernside montessori school

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

southernside montessori school is committed to provide an education that will lead a student to be a creative social factor in the buliding up of our society. Being a Filipino school, it inculcates the search for a new knowlegde which is relevant to the realities. It aims to develop the learner to acquire skills which are necessary in the service for national development.

Mastamind
Mastaminds first public release was by appearing on the first Natas album Lifeafterdeath, he has followed up with 4 solo albums and has featured on all Natas albums , although only features on 1 song in Nofthaworld. Mastamind has worked with some of Detroit’s best underground acts such as Lavel and Twiztid, his most famous partnership was with young buck of Gunit fame on his 2003 album street valu.

In 2000 Mastamind was one of the headlining rappers at Insane clown posses annual Hallowicked.

In 2001 Mastamind toured nationwide with fellow detritions Twizted where he made many new fans and gained acclaim and recognition as a solo rapper all over the country.

Currently Mastamind is signed to Krazihouse records and has dropped his latest solo album Hellrazer july 18th 2006.

Mastamind has not held back on Hellrazer as it is filled with Esham Disses and is a Response To the Disses found in Nofthaworld

Albums with natas
Natas Albums 2005 Nofthaworld

2002 Godlike

1999 WWW.Com (Wicket World Wide)

1997 Multikillionaire: The Devil's Contract

1995 Doubelievengod

1994 Blaz4me

1992 Life After Death

Solo Albums
solo Albums

2006 HellRazer

2000 Themindzi

2003 Street Valu

EP

1995 Lickkuiddrano

Damien Brigham

 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Damien is a boy with dreams. He plays the horn. and has a best friend named Carl. visit www.myspace.com/fwblack to see Damien Brigham Episodes

Text of Oratorio LA RESURREZIONE HAENDEL
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

I wish to read the full text of Haendel's Oratorio LA RESURREZIONE

--81.242.153.220 08:24, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Fetal Farming
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

"Fetal farming" is a term that has recently entered the lexicon of opponents to the commercial harvesting of tissue from fetuses. The U.S. Congress has unanimously passed legislation that would outlaw fetal farming.

Robbert Schilder
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Robbert Schilder was born in 18 april 1986 in Amstelveen. After playing for NFC and Amstelveen Heemraad, he has been scouted bij Ajax. In the season 05-06 he played his first match in the main squad of Ajax.

Food Ethics
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Ethics of Food Production and Consumption Michiel Korthals

1. Introduction: the importance of ethical considerations in food choice Modern western consumers are no longer involved in food production, and have less and less knowledge of, and trust in, production processes. Food, however, is and continues to be an intrinsic good for consumers; rice, for example, in some cultures has not only monetary value, but cultural, social and ethical value as well, because it has an intrinsic role to play in individuals experiencing life according to their  ideas of what constitutes a good life (Visser 1986). It is not clear how consumers’ preferences can be communicated to food producers if the gap between consumer preferences and what is actually being done by producers remains in place. After discussing some political and ethical positions that do not align with consumer’s values and responsibilities, I will go into details of current consumer attitudes towards ethics of food, as well as discussing recent  trends, such as the increasing diversification into various food styles and corresponding farming and production styles. Many consumers complain about barriers which prevent them from realizing ethically conscious food choices. As a consequence of many social scientific studies framing the buying, cooking and eating person as both a citizen concerned with ethical issues related to food production, and as a (materialist, profit maximizing) consumer, researchers may neglect the fact that consumers are confronted with various difficulties, such as what and who to believe regarding the information about food and ingredients provided on product label and by the media. In this context, where conflicting and potentially untrustworthy information is being presented, consumers often decide to buy the cheapest food stuffs available. Only recently are these potential barriers to optimal consumer choice being addressed, with remarkable results. However, we can identify barriers from the producer’s side as well: the “productionist paradigm” applied to food production practices during the last sixty years actively militates against the producer taking heed of ethical concerns. <!--	The co-responsibility of consumers with producers regarding their food choices has large implications for food product development, labelling and advertising. It implies that consumers do not have uniform beliefs, which explains why emerging trends and food “movements” such as food, farming and production styles, (for example, fast food, slow food, international food and health food) are attaining  more importance and prominence. This again makes it necessary to discuss procedures to regulate the coexistence of these styles and the criteria of coexistence from an ethics point of view. The final section of the chapter discusses future trends within the food sector, and why the food sector has to learn to live with diversity and social contextualisation through increased consumer involvement and participation in activities through the entire food chain.

2. Current consumer attitudes towards ethics of food: some trends In Western Europe, from the eighties onwards, production and consumption of food has become increasingly politicized. In the fifties, sixties and seventies, one can say that, at least with respect to the ethical values and goals of the food system, there was a large, implicit consensus across various stakeholder communities, including consumers: food was not seen to be a political and ethically controversial issue. Nothing political could happen with food; the only ethical issue that was at stake was food shortages in various parts of the world mostly due to misdistribution of food. Food was essentially seen as “fuel” that could be made available for consumption in larger or smaller quantities, and could be unsafe to eat, but consideration was generally given to other issues. This consensus was a mainly result of the food security problems facing Europe in the first half of the 20th century. One of the first reports on the genetic modification of food products is still written with this paradigmatic background in mind (Polkinghorne report (1994): Ministry of Agriculture: Report of the committee on the Ethics of Genetic Modification and Food Use, London). It is therefore no wonder that the Polkinghorne report only recommends with respect to genetic modification that these food stuffs ‘require notification by those seeking to market a novel food of why a copy gene of human origin had been used rather than an alternative’. Next to the total neglect of the ethical issues that could be addressed with genetically modified  food, it is also remarkable that this report clearly subscribes to a conception of the consumer which was at that time prevalent: consumers are seen as to be protected with respect to food safety, but in other aspects consumer protection, or at least the provision of information needed by consumers needed to make an informed choice, is not seen to be necessary. Food is framed as politically and ideologically neutral, and quality is not an issue. There is a very strict division of responsibilities between companies, governments and consumer organizations: the food industry is responsible for food production and organizing  food choices, the authorities are responsible for  guaranteeing  the safety of the food,  and consumer organizations  lobby for food availability and fair access to the food supply for all. However, since the eighties, food is becoming more and more an item on the political agenda. Food catastrophes like BSE, Dioxin, Foot and Mouth Disease and other food safety incidents cause social crises which extend beyond straightforward matters of food safety. They demonstrate the gap which has developed between the locations where consumers shop for, prepare and consume a meal,  and the distant places where (parts or ingredients of) the final food stuffs are produced. This gap between production and consumption not only determines various  kinds of ethically unacceptable production practices but also contributes to an increasing feeling of consumer alienation, and a lack of trust by consumers, in the motives of various actors in the food sector. Policy measures and marketing strategies have contributed to the new awakening of ethical concerns with respect to food production. These phenomena have influenced the emergence of new ethical issues and intuitions, argumentations or perspectives. Some, (perhaps more cynical) observers would argue that the emergence of food ethics is correlated with the rise of the affluent, middle class consumer, and has become increasingly the focus of societal debate in order to appease the moral unrest of this group of consumers. Ethics is partly constructed by, and a marketing tool for, organisations which promote specific ethical standards or political agendas, or non-government organisations which protest against the activities of particular multinational companies or methods of food production. Of course, the way these ethical orientations have emerged is dependent on how consumers and their values are conceptualized by press, communication and marketing activities (Miller and Rose 1997). However, this comment is made from an outside perspective and has no constructive solutions to the disturbances resulting from living with these ethical issues. Consumer protests have often been limited to some of the usual ethical concerns (for example, animal welfare or fair trade), but at the same time, were sometimes effective. Via boycotts and other protests, consumers have ensured that certain products were taken off the shelves (for example, oranges from Apartheid South Africa) and others were put on the shelf (for example, products produced using fair trade practices; Friedman 1999). An interesting description of consumer ethics trends is given by the Eurobarometer that  is published every three years regarding  the attitudes of European consumers to  technology, including the medical uses and agricultural and food uses of genetic modification (GM). According to the Eurobarometer, consumers differentiate between different types of applications of biotechnology, particularly medical applications in contrast to agri-food applications. They also make a distinction between GM- crops and GM foods, the latter being  the least supported by European consumers. (Exceptionally, the majority of consumers in Spain, Portugal and Finland support GM food). Perceptions regarding the risks for society, and potential usefulness of applications play the most important role in the consumer rejection or acceptance of GM foods and crops. This implies that consumer benefits are the most important factors in determining whether GM crops are accepted or not. Price is not often mentioned as a factor contributing to consumer decision-making. In addition, less than 50% of Europeans report high levels of trust in governments (Eurobarometer 2002). One interesting trend is the requirement of localization of global developments, which implies that local food production and distribution (terroir as it is called in France) has gained importance in both food production and consumer policies (Winter 2004). This trend of preference for food supplied locally food is probably connected with the broader trend of increasing diversification of various food styles and the corresponding farming and production styles. The emergence of GM food, at least in Europe, gave rise to the distinction between GM and non-GM crops, foods and food ingredients,, and resulted in all kinds of regulations relating to their coexistence in the food chain. Coexistence policies already existed between organic and non-organic productions styles, and it can be predicted that more types of styles (like healthy eating) need to be included by coexistence schemes (Kriflik and Yeatman 2005). Another trend within the food sector is the phenomenon of mergers of smaller food companies into larger ones, and the formation of global food chains with the concomitant development of the globalization of markets. Outsourcing, seeking international sources of food ingredients, and implementing control of production processes, even if national legislation in the country of production on, for example, food safety is insufficient, is quite normal for the larger European retailers (Reardon, Codron and Busch 2001). Longer supply chains and connections, the rapid fragmentation of ingredient sourcing (e.g.  herbs from Kenya, conservation stuffs from Canada, soy sauce from India and so on being used in the same product), and increased  processing of ingredients make these chains  increasingly vulnerable to various kinds of contamination  (Lang 2004; Nestle 2002). Last but not least, the technologies applied to food production and conservation are rapidly progressing (Busch 2003), resulting in an increase in novel processed foods, about which consumers are insufficiently informed. In addition, there is increased uncertainty regarding the extent to which  producers respond consumer concerns and preferences.

3. Ethical arguments against, and in favour, of consumer’s responsibilities.

There are at least three positions that militate against consumers having a voice in the food market. On the one hand, we have the position promoted by the Chicago school of economy that postulates that the market should be value free and the consumer always has sufficient information and skills to make appropriate consumption choices. On the other hand there is the alternative position that the consumer must always to be protected against negative or inappropriate choices by the state. In the latter case, the consumer is seen as a passive person with insufficient knowledge to make up his or her own mind, a person often in debt and as a consequence in need of protection from greedy producers (Reisch 2004). The third argument which militates against consumer sovereignty mirrors the first position and stresses the need of governmental interventions in markets. It proposes consumer sovereignty a “dead end street,” as consumers will always be utilitarian maximizers of their own private utility (for example, by buying cheaper foods) and therefore will always follow their own private interests and preferences, which means that the protection of political values like animal welfare and sustainability should only be conducted e by governments (Gaskell 2002). In all of these three cases sharp distinction is made between the citizen and the consumer: in this case, the citizen should be the main actor that influences politics by voting, thus contributing to the political issues that are left over by the markets and consumers. The empirical evidence for these three views of consumers is not very impressive (Korthals 2004). Firstly, markets are never value free, because norms of trust and decency (like keeping to an agreed contract) are always more or less upheld by markets. Secondly, although some consumers (for example, children) are particularly vulnerable, many consumers are able to shape their opinions regarding products, in particular given the rise of new knowledge systems as the internet and widespread education. However, knowledge is always incomplete, both for consumers and for producers and regulators. Thirdly, many consumer NGOs have noted that consumers are collectively mobilising on public interest issues over and beyond their  private, short term interests. This is also demonstrated by recent governmental and industrial interest in consumer concerns regarding food production. So the concept of the rational, profit maximizing, egoistic economic consumer is losing ground as a description of consumer behaviour and thought, but also as a theoretical construct. Fourthly, the distinction between the consumer, who is buying goods, versus citizens, who are voting for policies, in the field of food consumption is rather problematic. Empirically, there is only one human being that shops and prepares his or her food, and votes or contributes in other ways to the political process. The preferences in shopping cannot be disconnected from political preferences. Moreover, from a conceptual point of view, this distinction between consumer and citizen is not useful in the field of food because the existence of consumer concerns makes it clear that consumers think that the existing political process of regulating and enabling food production is insufficient to take into account consumer r views on animal welfare and other concerns. As early as 1962, the Kennedy government appealed to the rights of consumers in a rather broad way in the Bill of Consumers Rights (Reisch, 2004), which was incorporated into the EU consumer policy programme. These rights were: the right to safety; the right to be informed; the right to choose, the right to be heard; the right to representation; and the right to adequate and legal protection. After the Rio Convention (1992), in which the overall importance of sustainable production was agreed upon by most nations, and the formation of the European single market, the ethical consumer and diverse consumer concerns come to prominence. However, their concerns are multiple and often ambiguous. In ethics, consumer’s rights can be justified from at least three different perspectives that frame, in different ways, consumer sovereignty. A deontological position, that strongly advocates undeniable sovereignty, can be traced back to the German philosopher Kant. He states: ‘Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why such a large part of humanity, even long after nature has liberated it from foreign control (naturaliter maiorennes), is still happy to remain infantile during its entire life, making it so easy for others to act as its keeper. It is so easy to be infantile. If I have a book that is wisdom for me, a therapist or preacher who serves as my conscience, a doctor who prescribes my diet, then I do not need to worry about these myself. I do not need to think, as long as I am willing to pay.’ (Immanuel Kant, Was heisst Aufklärung, 1785) As consumption choices are included in ones autonomy, consumers should determine their own food (diet); as a consequence, the markets should follow these consumer preferences. In fact, this argument is one of the strongest arguments against the conceptual distinction between consumer and citizen, because it makes it clear that, in the market the autonomy of consumer, not producers, should prevail. As is clear from Kant’s quotation, he presupposes that an adult is educated, has capabilities, and gets (reliable) information on the diets with which he or she wants to comply. Moreover, it presupposes also that production systems and markets deliver the goods and services such an autonomous person prefers. However, consumer sovereignty can be justified from a utilitarian perspective also, although in a different way, as is clear from John Stuart Mill’s, statement on freedom: The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it. Each is the proper guardian of his own health, whether bodily, or mental or spiritual. (John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1863) Again, from this perspective, the autonomous person should be enabled to strive for his own good through education, regulation, reliable information and responsive markets. However, from a utilitarian perspective, one is justified in balancing the overall costs of letting consumers choose and of letting experts on healthy food decide what actually constitutes healthy food and nutrition there is not an inherent principle of consumer sovereignty which applies here. The third perspective that I want to discuss here into more detail is the pragmatist perspective, because it pays a lot of attention to the fact that these ethical principles apply to what are essentially social developments (Korthals 2004). Food is produced, prepared and consumed (and enjoyed, I hope) in social contexts. Food sovereignty can only be upheld when this is taken into account. Without social regulations, and encouragements, no one can exercise rights of autonomy. Consumer sovereignty can only have meaning in the context of markets, production sectors, governance, policy, and civil society. As a result of food having cultural and social functions, collectives in the sphere of civil societies, be it cultural or quasi-political, (such as NGO’s or consumer organisations,) have an important role to play in shaping and exercising ones food choices. This implies that purely economic competition (through purchasing power) on markets should not be the only consideration with respect to the continuation or not of certain types of food or agricultures. With the production and marketing of food, competition for profits does not always means that the best win, because there can be so many costs that are not paid for, like environmental, health, animal welfare, loss of employment and livelihood, disrespect for human rights (food sovereignty). For food production and marketing not everything is allowed, and private sins do not always lead to public virtues, as the fierce proponents of free market believe.

4. Ethics of consumer concerns Consumers of food products have concerns that differentiate according to at least three levels, which accordingly result in thee types of concern (Korthals, 2001). Consumers have substantive concerns about certain ethically questionable structural traits of the food chain, such lack of animal welfare. Secondly, they complain about the lack of trustworthy information, or even partisan or distorted information, and lack of objectivity on the part of information sources. They also complain about lack of involvement with the food chain, and an increasing gap between the food chain and consumers, which treats them as complete outsiders and does involve them in decisions made about the food supply The most common substantive consumer concerns that are mentioned by European consumers focus on seven ethical issues. These include the safety of food (e.g., the use of hormones and antibiotics in animal feed), the quality of the food, the healthiness of the food, issues relating to  animal welfare (with criteria like the five freedoms or transport of animals and slaughtering, import/export of animals and animal products, and local versus trans-local production), the impact of food production on the  quality of the landscape, the environmental effects of food production, and the fair treatment of farmers (implying good working conditions both in the developed and developing world). These values are subject to lots of detailed specifications, depending on the circumstances (Korthals 2001). All of these values can be specified as innumerable items and the concrete tasks and contexts associated with the different items are also innumerable; animal welfare can mean intact horns on farm animals, absence of lesions and injuries, good conditions to maintain the condition of feet and limb and so forth. Good working conditions can mean that men and women get equal pay, that men and women have opportunities for child care provision, etc. A second set of concerns focuses on the reliability of the information provided by producers and regulators, but also deals with the relevance of the information as making a contribution balanced ethical decisions in food choices. This set of concerns also covers the issue of pluralism of preferences and value orientations: the information should not / cannot necessarily be neutral, but at least it should take into account of consumer differences in information needs (for example, consumers with preference for organic meat products look for different information about the food chain and want different advice compared consumers with other preferences, for example, low fat products). The large range of food claims is, in particular, very confusing (as well as being potentially misleading in many cases). Martijn Katan (2004), a well known food scientist complains: “However, the Food and Drug Administration's oversight over health claims has eroded, and the United States now allows "qualified health claims" for which there is hardly any evidence, as long as a disclaimer is included. In the European Union the safety of novel foods is thoroughly regulated but health claims are not—EU legislation for nutrition claims is complex, fragmented, and poorly enforced. Paradoxically, current EU regulations prohibit claims that a food ingredient prevents a disease even when the claim is true—for example, that folic acid prevents neural tube defects.” (p.181) A third type of consumer concern covers the widespread feeling of alienation from the food chain, and consumer assessment of efforts being applied to bridge the gap between producers and consumers. Issues of involvement and participation are connected with these concerns. A large minority of consumers do not feel at ease with this gap and believe to overcome it by having more voice in the food chain, e.g. by forms of participation in food policy (Rowe and Frewer 2005; Rowe, this volume).

Representation and misrepresentation With respect to all these concerns it should be borne in mind that consumers differ in their ethical orientations, attitudes and purchasing behaviours. There are different types of consumers, and their choice between potentially conflicting values differs accordingly. Different weighing models and types of information are used for making choices. The same applies to producers: their value orientations and attitudes differ enormously across Europe. Attempts to re-establish trust should at least take into account the pluralism of consumers vis-à-vis their different ethical orientations, viewpoints, and way of balancing their preferred values. I want to make a plea for considering an evil in the food and agricultural sector that is very much entwined with hunger, but has also some features of its own: lack of pluralism and representation. Ethically, hunger is a phenomenon that is rather easy to identify: the food is simply not equally distributed and fairly divided across population groups, which means that the principles of equality and fairness are distorted resulting in a global situation where obesity is endemic in some population groups, whereas others are undernourished or even starving. Although many different interpretations of these principles can be identified, the issue of food misdistribution and nutritional inequalities tends to be viewed consensually as something which must be dealt with within the food chain. However, lack of pluralism and representation is a lot more difficult to identify. It could mean something like misrepresentation, which in the food sector would mean that not all food styles are represented on the market and in research: some styles have no voice and some have more voice. This implies that the right on food choice of collectives or individuals is not respected. Lack of pluralism is undeniably connected with the concept of food quality. This multi- interpretable concept is defined by different cultures in various ways. Quality of food is for a Moslem different for a Hindu or a Jewish person, to name only the largest and broadest life style groups. There are also differences between different European nations and cultures (Rozin et al, 1999). The question of what type of food to choose, and why, is at first instance (prima facie) amenable to the decision of the individual citizen/consumer. As Kant says, it is so easy to let someone else decide, and ethically seen there is no justification to let someone else be your keeper in choosing your food (on the basis of paternalism). However, in fact, consumers strive for communalities, and understanding the three types of consumer concerns offers a first step into discerning what these communalities are. So, food choices are not only individual choices and autonomy has some collective aspects

5. Discussion of dilemmas and barriers that prevent the food sector restructuring itself according to ethically acceptable measures

5.1. Dilemmas that block ethically conscious consumers’ food choice Recent Eurobarometers have made it clear that many consumers have experienced difficulties in finding the food that they want or identifying the food that they prefer. Often, there is a lack of labelling (Eurobarometer opinion survey 2005), or irrelevant things are labelled. Consumers also identify barriers to ethical food choices such as the availability and the lack of trustworthy  information. As barriers to ethical food choices, consumer dilemmas can be categorized in two ways. First, I will list dilemma’s originating with the individual, and subsequently take into account more increasingly inclusive g social circles; then I will summarize  dilemmas connected with the various functions consumers perform in consuming food. Individual dilemmas •	The individual consumer: do you choose products produced by the dieting industry, like weight watchers and “Atkins” products,  or by the fast food industry, like McDonalds? •	When eating with friends and relatives: do you eat  your recommended or preferred diet alone, or are you social and do you adapt to their preferences? (see also chapter by Ueland, this volume)? •	In the context of local food purchasing : do you buy cheap food stuffs from cheaper larger retail outlets and potentially destroy the local retail economy,  or spend a little more money  in  the local vegetable shop, butcher, and bakery (if these are available)? Do you take into account the the long term effects of these purchases? •	Can you buy what is produced locally? Can you get information about local production? •	Can the consumer buy favourite products  produced in other (possibly distant) areas? Should consumers choose between selecting products on the basis of low food miles versus quality and taste? •	 Can the consumer buy from  markets and small shops and do they  realize that such retail outlets  are not encouraged by regulations? Country level: should the consumer  buy cheap food stuffs from abroad and not support the food production industry of their own country? Should the consumer buy expensive foodstuffs from abroad (for example, those produced using ecological production methods  bananas), or cheaper foods from their  own country? •	European level: idem •	Global level: North-South divide and buying from poor farmers: is the food safe? Can the consumer trust that their purchases indeed help the poor? Can consumers  trust the vendor? •	Global level: should consumers eat meat and  fish and contribute to the deterioration of nature, the farming of which has a negative environmental impact in terms of the food pyramid? •	Future generations: do consumers consider them or not in deciding upon the use of non-renewable resources in food production?

Consumer dilemmas relating to preparing, cooking and eating food •	When preparing foods: Should cook without using pre-packaged and non-frozen food. What if there are no shops providing alternative products accessible by consumers? •	When buying meat and meat products: Should the consumer choose between locally produced meat, organically produced meat or free range meat? •	When buying fruit: should consumers buy from organic or ecological shop  “traceable” products which may be mislabelled regarding country of origin and production method •	Should consumers purchase cheap food or that which is produced ethically but may be more expensive ( short term profit for the consumer versus long term profit for society and the environment ) •	Do consumers choose for one or more of these enormous amounts of labels, e.g. meat from pigs with or without teeth, with or without teeth, with or without tails, or do you believe the critics that argue that these labels can’t be trusted? •	Do consumers get more confidence in labelling because of intensive regulation and monitoring of the labelling companies, or do they lose sight and trust because of these complicated regulations? •	Do consumers trust the health claims of light food or do they believe critics these health claims are only partially valid and often neglect unhealthy ingredients (like acids) of the products? (Böcker and Hanf, 2002; Brinkmann, 2004; Kriflik and Yeatman, 2005; Schroderand. McEachem, 2004)

5. 2. The productionist paradigm of the food sector frames problems in an ethically unacceptable way

The productionist paradigm that still permeates the whole food sector (including regulatory activities) emphasises the importance of high levels of food production, together with a limited conception of food safety, which can be summarised as food free from biological and chemical contaminants. Food-related diseases, such obesity, cardiovascular diseases and intestinal cancers (in particular caused by red meat), are neglected within this paradigm. Moreover, food portions, and the amount of calories and of salt, saturated fat and sugar in foods, haven increased in recent years (Nielsen and Popkin 2003). WHO has published various reports on the connection between food intake and these diseases (FAO/WHO 2003). There are strong positive associations between consumption of foods high in fat and sugar (associated with the products of the fast food industry), weight gain and insulin resistance, which increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (Pereira and Cutler et. al., 2005). The food industry has mostly reacted very angrily in response to these reports and findings and has attacked organisations critical of its products, and threatened them with juridical and other sanctions (Nestle 2002; Shell 2002). In particular large American companies apparently do not feel responsible for the diseases and environmental costs related to processed food. However, the advertising budgets for unhealthy food are enormous. A case in point is the high level of advertising promoting processed foods aimed at children which is broadcast during television schedules aimed at this same population group. Moreover, the direct and indirect costs to the individual and the economy associated with food-related diseases have escalated over recent decades, as have environmental costs and the damage done to human rights, i.e. the destruction of livelihood of poor farmers in the South (Thiele 2004). It seems as if only reluctantly, under great social pressure, the food industry is willing to start to tackle the problem of obesity in more affluent countries. Many companies are hampered by the old productionist paradigm that frames consumer protection in terms of safe food free from biological and chemical contaminants, and which formulates food innovation as a technology push process, in which there is no room for the voice of the consumer.

6. Implications for food product development: representativeness, transparency (labelling), fair taxation and pricing

As was made clear in the first sections of this chapter, the existing situation within the food sector is far from ethically acceptable. Consumers are frequently confronted with unreliable and biased information, and with supplies of food that are largely unhealthy, animal and environmentally unfriendly, disrespectful of human rights and so forth. Although these ethically unacceptable activities cannot be attributed to the practices of large companies alone, the latter still have a large stake in continuation of the existing ethically unacceptable situation. A case in point, food advertisements aimed at  children are worth annually  US$12,7 billions, and do not promote  fruits and vegetable consumption  but do promote consumption of  fatty and sugary food stuffs (Nestle 2002). Widespread obesity is the result (Critser 2003) In this section, I will discuss four issues that can make the food production sector more ethically acceptable: the need for diversification of production and food styles, the need for greater transparency focused towards the consumer (ethical traceability), the need for taxation of unhealthy food stuffs, and the need for sufficient prices. The need for greater and more representative diversification towards a multi-tier food system (intensive, extensive, organic, GM, non-GM, health food, fun food, etc) is directly justifiable from the concept of respect for the cultural diversity of food choices. Before World War 2, food was seen in most countries and cultures to be an important factor applied both to self suffiency of states as to the self-identity of a culture. Historically, the short period after World War 2 stands alone as the time in which food wasn’t framed in terms of cultural and emotional identity, although this does not appear to be the case in the present time. As a consequence of the increasing politicisation and culturalisation of food, food is again seen by many as an ethical, social and cultural commodity. In correspondence with the pluralism of cultures, we encounter in addition to the dominant food style, fast food, increased societal emphasis on different varieties of food, farming and production styles, such as Slow Food, international food, and health food, alternative food (urban community) net works. For example, organic food is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the United States. In response to its’ rapid growth, the United States Department of Agriculture implemented the National Organic Program (NOP) in October of 2001 (2003). The NOP set the standard to which all food sold in the United States as “organic” must be produced. In European countries we can see the same picture emerging. Coexistence of different systems (pluralism) requires procedures to regulate the peaceful coexistence of these diverse styles. Although the debate on the formulation of criteria of coexistence from an ethics point of view is still in its infancy, some comments can be made at this stage. First, very generally, the recognition of food choices and their representative and collective organisations is in line with the deontological, utilitarian and pragmatist arguments given earlier. Secondly, coexistence should take into account the representativeness of a food style, not its monetary value or market share. Although these last two criteria are to betaken into account, there are other means to find out what styles are representing food choices, like consultations and deliberations. Transparency is still in its infancy in the food production sector. For example, many subsidies in Europe and USA are not open to societal scrutiny and not made public. What is made public until now (e.g. in UK) shows that large companies get a substantial part of the EU-subsidies (the sugar company Tate and Lyle gets in 2004 192 million Euro in subsidy). Moreover, the name of companies that are fined because of lack of hygiene or because they didn’t live up to certification rules, are not published; the inspection reports of the European Food Standard Agencies are not open to the public. It is important that the implementation of traceability systems should ensure the transparent provision of information regarding  the origin of ingredients included in food products  Under current legislation this is still rather vague, and does not include the traceability of ingredients provided by fringe suppliers (for example, within the  animal feed chain) and waste companies (Lees 2003). Traceability is mostly organized as a recall system for risk management purposes and not as an information system that keeps the consumer informed about ethical concerns. Traceability systems are only framed as a safety tool, not as a way to promote ethical food choices. This is a problem particularly because the longer the chain, the greater the waste will be. For example, longer food chains mean that more packaging of food ingredients will be used, and, as a consequence, the production system will be less sustainable. This is not considered in the current traceability framework. Ethical traceability schemas that do not reflect management concerns but consumer’ interests are required. Taxation of unhealthy food ingredients (for example, polysaturated fats, salt and sugar) is a third requirement that could make the food system more ethically acceptable (American Public Health Association 2002). As a result of the increasing costs of food-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and obesity, which are to some extent the result of the consumption of unhealthy food ingredients, the food sector has to take its responsibility and pay for these externalized costs. Some say that there are no unhealthy or healthy food stuffs, or that other factors also contribute to these diseases. It seems that the arguments for and against what constitutes healthy eating is dependent on the circumstances and the product to be sold. Of course, a whole range of factors determining obesity (for example, overnutrition in combination with a sedentary lifestyle) but it is easily observable that everywhere where McDonalds (and processed food) are dominant, obesity is an increasing problem (see also the chapter by Mela, this volume). Although industry is against a tax on fatty foods, it does appear to accept responsibility for poor consumer health through inappropriate nutrition, as is clear from the final outcome of the Trans Fat Lawsuits, where McDonalds settled with a payment of 8.5 million USD to the American Heart Association. (One wonders why other nations didn’t receive compensation, see www.bantransfat.com). The idea of a tax on (saturated) fat needs further elaboration and experimentation, e.g. in the direction of taxing only certain foodstuffs (like chips or burgers), but given the societal costs of the associated diseases and the potential effects of higher prices deterring consumption it is also ethically justifiable because it implies a modest type of protection of vulnerable (young and un-informed) consumers. This could also justify subsidizing healthy food choices (for example, fresh fruits and vegetables, although this seems more difficult because of the wide variety in health requirements of consumers. The need for sufficient prices is a fourth ethical requirement, whereby the term sufficient should express the ethical requirements discussed earlier. It is established that when food prices decrease below a certain threshold, animal welfare and other ethical values will be damaged. Although availability of food for all is an ethical requirement, this requirement must be balanced with others that undoubtedly will cost some money and effort. Increasingly cheaper prices of chicken in Europe are paid for by the inhumane management and housing systems of broiler chickens. Increasingly low food prices can often only produced because producer pay employee’s salaries which are too low or insufficient to provide a living wage, landscapes are destroyed or other non-monetarised values are compromised. It is, of course, not an easy task to determine what constitutes a sufficient and fair price for commodities and foods, and the topic merits further study and debate; however, the trend of making foodstuffs (in particular those which are unhealthy, like fast foods) still cheaper, is endangering the implementation of values like animal welfare, environmental protection and the quality of the landscape. Producers and consumers, who are demanding for cheaper food stuffs, are doing a dubious job: they are not only moral hazards (Reisch, 2004), but compromising the well being of poor farmers, inarticulate animals, silent landscapes and their own long term interests (Appleby and Cutler et. al.,  2003).

7. Future trends: diversification of food, farming and styles; more food wars. The food sector has to learn to live with diversity and social contextualisation through consumer involvement and participation in the food chain. Particularly in Europe, the landscape will become more diversified, with increased involvement of consumers, in particular when the complex connection between food consumption in one place and certain type of production in another place will become clearer to them. For example, health messages from nutritionists to eat more fish because of the healthy omega 3 fatty acid, will undoubtedly give rise to more concerns with the rapid decline of fish resources, as well as the presence of certain toxins in fish products (See also the chapter by de Jonge et al, this volume). The food sector will be confronted with more political conflicts over food, in particular associated with the trend of outsourcing, using controversial technologies, environmental impact of some production methods, and the increasing gap between poor and rich people. Given the uneasiness and even fear that many feel when confronted with technological globalization, where the food industry represents one of the most globalized players, food industry will feel the impact. Moreover, coexistence schemes, and steps to rebuild trust will be necessary. These are only possible as a consequence of developing transparent and integrated ways of involving consumers in fundamental decisions concerning research, management and food styles. Of course, many consumers do not have the time or interest to be engaged in the food sector and they will try to follow at distance by trusting their more involved consumer colleagues. But an increasingly large minority is interested in activities in the food sector, and has strong opinions on what is happening with their food, which they will want to voice.

8. Implications for research and development The food sector, in all its aspects, is one of the most controversial areas for research; both from a biological as from a social science or ethical perspective, problems continually arise. Experiments with different types of producer ethics and their systematic evaluation are necessary, as is also the case with coexistence schemes, and various mechanisms for deliberation and participation of consumers. Evaluation of ethical schemes, from consumer, producer, and governmental points of view will be needed, as will be the measures to rebuild relationships, trust and involvement. It is not known which types of participation are effective with respect to the various targets of ethical involvement. In addition, in the case of producers and regulators, it would be good to develop and apply better methods of inquiry regarding the ethical preferences of consumers with respect to food, labelling, and packaging. Within the food sector itself, the new situation of diversification, consumer participation, and ethical justification, may be a period of immense creativity and entrepreneurship. Trying to satisfy ethical requirements maybe difficult, but not impossible, and in the long term will pay for itself. A hundred and fifty years ago, many entrepreneurs were confronted with the situation that the large majority of Western nations did not find it ethically acceptable for human slave labour to be used in food production. Companies reacted by responding positively to new regulations outlawing slave labour, abolished these unethical practices, and prospered. At the present time, ethical requirements have been focusing, on new issues, in response to the novel situations evoked by globalisation and lack of consumer trust in the activities of different actors in the agrifood sector. Again, food companies are faced with new ethical challenges which demand ”re-engineering” of the food chain (Trienekens and Hvolby 2001). The worst thing that can happen is that the challenges are dismissed and consumers’ trust is not regained (Brinkmann, 2004).

9. Conclusion For a long time, the ethics of food was only concerned with food security and consequently with distribution and misdistribution, assessed against the criteria of fair distribution. However, since the food wars (on e.g. genetically modified food) and the food scares which have occurred in the Western world over the last three decades, the whole social, cultural and political structure has been changed radically, and providing new challenges not only to the food industry and policy makers but also to food ethicists and the discipline of food ethics. Nowadays, with the gap between consumers and producers increasing consumer alienation, it seems clear that the lack of food is not the only morally unacceptable issue, but that the lack of representation of the voices of the consumers in the food chain is also an ethical concern. Consumers voice concerns regarding at least three types of issues: substantive issues, (such as animal welfare), sustainability (environment, justice towards future generations) and landscape (aesthetic values, the use if the countryside as a recreational resource), information issues, (such as  reliable labelling and branding, and transparent traceability systems) and procedural issues, (such as meaningful consumer involvement and participation, or some kind of reliable  consumer representation regarding activities within  the food chain). Moreover, these concerns are voiced in a pluralist way, which means that diversification of food production is necessary, accompanied by policies of coexistence of the various food, farming and production styles. A large minority of consumers do not want to be protected, but do want to be heard, and as long as the food sector is willing to change towards consumer  pull, and indeed acknowledges  the disadvantages of being a push sector, it is necessary to experiment and evaluate new types of societal participation. Participation is often promoted as a panacea for all societal ills, but here it is argued that to become important and effective, it should offer more than give information and be representative and a form of reciprocal communication. It is a special task to find out what the role of NGO’s in the debate about ethics and food should be, as they should contribute to the balance of countervailing powers in the food sector.

Acknowledgment The author has no interest whatsoever in food production companies; the ethics of production and consumption of food should be conducted without any prior commitment in increasing or decreasing production, and only with reasonable ethical principles and values in mind.

--> large section commented out - see source for text

Affero General Public License
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

The Affero General Public License (or AGPL) is a free software license derived from the General Public License with an addition section to cover use over a computer network. It was written by Affero to allow the rights granted by the GPL to cover interaction with the copyrighted work over a network, such as the Internet, which the current version of the GPL (version 2) does not.

Colloquially the additional section requires that the complete source code be made available to any network user of the AGPLed work, typically a web application. For the legally precise description see the external link at the end of the article.

Relationship with the GPL
The AGPL was written with the approval of the Free Software Foundation, the organisation behind the GPL. However, the additional requirements of the license make it incompatible with the GPL version 2. This means that components covered by each license cannot be combined into a single work. The AGPL is intended to be upward compatible with the GPL version 3.

Erase the Virus
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Alan Baghumian
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Benedict Winter 1993-
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Born 14th April 1993 at Exeter, Devon, Member of The Monarchist League. Interests: Horse Riding and reading

A Leader is Born
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Dr. Fuad Hameed Rai, born in the year 1967, in the city of Lahore the heart of Pakistan, had his nursery education in Glasgow UK where his father had gone to do his Master of Letters in Politics and later studied at Aitchison College ( Also known as Chief's College) for ten years. Dr. Fuad was good both at studies as well as sports. He was captain of his Houses Junior Football team. He stood second in the Secondary School Certificate exam in among all the students of Aitchison College. He later passed his higher Secondary School Certificate exam from Government College Lahore. During this time because of his academic excellence he was also awarded Hijra Scholarship. He also stood First in the Pakistan Day Essay Competetion in Government College Lahore.

Later he joined one of the best Medical Colleges of Pakistan, The Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore and was awarded a gold medal for standing first in one of the three major subjects of the first professional exam by the then President Of Pakistan H.E Ghulam Ishaq Khan. He passed his MBBS exam with flying colours and joined the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Lahore. Soon he passed his Fellowship entery exam and moved to the Institute of Public Health where he taught Public Health Practise/ Hospital Administration and epidemiology for three years as a Lecturer. During this time he also did a course in Hospital Waste Management sponsored by the British Council and faciliatated by the department of Toxicology, University of Bristol UK. During his stay at the Institute of Public Health he also passed the Membership exam of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the speciality of Community medicine/ Public Health.

In 1998 Dr. Fuad Hameed Rai joined Royal Government Of Netherland funded project on "Hospital Waste Management" (the first of its kind project in the history of Pakistan) as a Training Manager. Due to his extra ordinary management, creative and academic capabilities he was hired as the Medical Superintendent of Shalamar Teaching Hospital (a three hundred and fifty bedded hospital) Lahore. Under his dynamic leadership the hospital progressed at leaps and bounds and m,any new hospital departments were established with the help of philinthropists. He served as a medical Superintendent opf thje Hospital for three years to later take up the assinment of the Managing/Project director of the Hospital Waste Management (Garuntee)Limited Company which he managed till Feburary 2004. During this time he authored many training manuals and created a lot of communication materials, He also lobbyed with Health Minister, Environment Minister, Judges, Lawyers, Civil servants, media and other opinion leaders to seek there support to implement proper hospital and clinical waste management services in Pakistan in order to prevent the Infectious disease burden.

He was nominated by the Health Minister Dr.Tahir Ali Javaid to the Core group on Hepatitis Awareness. He was also nominated to a Commision on Solid Waste Management consitituted by a division bench of The Lahore High Court. Dr. Fuad can be truly called the Father of Clinical/Infectious Waste Management in Pakistan.

In 2000, Dr. Fuad also did his Masters in Business Management. He also completed his Social Enterprise Management Programme (Spread over approximately one year) in 2004 from Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) and conducted jointly by LUMS and McGill university Canada.

In 2004 he took up an assignment with Himont Pharamaceuticals sa Manager Special Projects and formed to companies Himont International and Himont Integrated Medical Support Systems. He was then appointed as the Chief Operating Officer. Under these companies he established state of the art Clinical Laboratories and in this regard signed a contract with Beckman Coulter in Switzerland for provision of Clinical lab services. He also establishe a chain of twelve Pharmacies in four cities of Pakistan which also had lab samples collections centers in them.

In 2006 Dr. Fuad took up an assignment to establish a state of the art two hundred bedded tertiary care hospital in Islamabad.

Dr. Rai has written several articles ranging from Nuclear Power to Disaster Preparedness and Management to Social Sciences. Presently he is also an Executive Board Member of the "Maternity and Child Welfare Association Of Pakistan" and Honourary Medical Advisor to the Medicare Trust. His picture was aired on the National Pakistani Television Network's National Anthem for more than twenty two years.

Jose Joaquin de Olmedo
Jose Joaquin de Olmedo was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador in march 20, 1780. He made his studies in Quito and followed his career of jurisprudence at the San Marcos University in Lima.

He returned to Ecuador and was named member of Cortes españolas in Cádiz, Spain. He flew to Spain after a absolutistic regime and he returned to Guayaquil. He was named president of the Government Junta.

He was against the annexion of Ecuador to Gran Colombia proposed by Simón Bolívar.

He modified his position and defended the independence. The leaders of the 9th of october of 1820 placed him as head of the insurrection, defending the maxim "God, home country, Freedom and Victory".

He created a constitution for Guayaquil, reorganized the army and colaborated with Sucre for the triumph at the Pichincha battlefield.

He wrote "La victoria de Junín o Canto a Bolívar" (The victory of Junín o Chant to Bolívar), a epic poem of 1824.

Among his poems there are "Al General Flores, vencedor en Miñarica" (To General Flores, winner of Miñarica).

He headed the revolution of march 1845.

He died in Guayaquil the 19 of february of 1847.

Porcelaine (French scent hound)
Appearance;The white fur sheen is the reason behind its naming of the Porcelaine. The pink skin is covered in spots showing through the white fur. Orange, circular larger spots are often displayed around the rest of the body and in particular the ears. These hounds are very statuesque and fast, yet retain their elegance. They have long folded ears, high arched toes and a tapering tail which is carried at a slight curve. They are also known as the singing hounds. Temperment; The Porcelaine hound is ideally suited to county life where they can show off their natural enthusiastic and energetic capabilitys. They require a firm handing and training as they are a pack hound and have a strong, mindful mentality. Size; Height for dogs-22-23 inches Height for bitches; 21-22 inches weight; 55-62 pounds Life span; 12-14 years. Use; Used for hunting rabbits, small deer and even boar. (Can supply photos) Sources; The complete book of dogs by A.J.and H.A.BARKER (page166)Bison books ISBN 0-86124-029-4 Dogs of the world- an illustrated encyclopedia by Catherine G. Sutton, member of the Kennel club of great Britain and a judge at crufts. (pages 168,206)W.H.Allen & co.Books. ISBN 0 491 03481 4 The dog-David Alderton(page 89)Macdonald Books and Quill publishing. IBSN 0-356-10443-5. Also featured in current D.K book of dogs. Submitted by owner and breeder of Porcelaine.

Right Guard
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Right guard is brand that is sold by procter and gamble under the Gillette labe.

Chelmsford High School
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Chelmsford High School (CHS) is located in North Chelmsford, Massachusetts. The school has been around since the late 1970's. With more than 1000 students, it is one of the best schools in the area.

The school is known for having excellent sports teams. Especially their football team.

The school mascot, as with many other high schools, is the Lion.

The school colors are maroon and white.

When the students can, there is a show that is broadcast through out the school. News Zone is fully the product of the students in the school. There are times where it will come out every week or not at all during a semester. 208.245.160.2 14:46, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Declined - unsourced. MER-C 02:42, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Mickey to Donald:Magical Adventure 3
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Mickey to Donald:Magical Adventure 3 is a japan only release game for the Famicom(SNES),The game features Mickey and Donald on a quest to rescue Huey,Dewey and Louie from the evil King Pete,they aslo get new costumes along the way,this game was re-release on Gameboy advance,US aslo release this game on Gameboy Advance but never release on SNES.

Story

On fine day,Mickey and Donald was chating when Dewey throws the ball at Donald,Donald quickly got mad and yelling at them,while mickey tries to calm Donald down,but the result making both of them angry,the nephews(Huey,Dewey,Louie)was hiding in the attic find a wonderorus book,but when they tried to open it,a frighting voice calls out to them:My conquer of storybook land is complete,next is the outside world,you have stand right into my trap,you will be my first victums,a hand pop out of the book and capture the nephews,later Mickey and Donald was looking for the nephews when pluto rushs in and stand on the opened book,suddenly,a fairy guardian appears and telling them that they nephews were kidnapped so Mickey and Donald go inside the book to rescue Donald's nephews.

Costumes

Armor

Mickey's armor outfit can't float on water and the shieid can block most attacks,Donald's can float on water and block attacks from any directions but the hammer can only carries forward.

Climber

climb trees and slide down vines.

Magician and Genie lamp

Mickey's the magician outfit,Donald's the Genie lamp,magicians shoot magic faster than the genie one but the genie can hold the magic and the magician can't.

222.167.184.78 15:38, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Declined - unsourced. MER-C 02:43, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Family Troubles (Our Gang short)
Family Troubles is a one-reel comedy short subject and is an episode of the Our Gang series. It was released to theatres on April 3, 1943, produced by Loew's Incorporated for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and directed by Herbert Glazer.

The film casts Janet Burston in the lead role and co-stars Billy "Froggy" Laughlin, Robert Blake, Billie "Buckwheat" Thomas, Mickey Laughlin (Froggy's younger brother, who is given the nickname of "Happy"), Dickie Hall (as a kid who witnesses the gang helping Janet leave home) and teenager Beverly Hudson as Janet's sister Aurelia. Adult actors include Sarah Padden and Harry C. Bradley as Mr. and Mrs. Tom Jones, Barbara Bedford and Byron Shores as Janet's parents Mary and Jasper, and Elspeth Dudgeon as Aunt Aurelia (who Janet's sister was named after).

Plot
Janet feels that her parents don't love her anymore, as her sister, Aurelia, is always being doted upon. When her parents made her sister the definite center of attention (her sister sang a song and their father played the guitar) during her aunt's visit, it was the last straw. Filled with anger and despair, Janet decides to run away from home. The gang volunteers to help Janet become "adapted" by another couple and choose Mr. and Mrs. Jones as potential candidates.

However, the Joneses immediately discover that Janet is a runaway and decide to teach her and the gang a lesson. They agree to adopt her, but make her life twice as miserable by making her scrub the floors (Janet bawls, "Why did I ever leave home?"). When Mrs. Jones begins to call Janet's family to return her home, Janet and the gang run away again to live in their hideout (which is a nearby cave). They soon discover that living in the cave is no easier, so they bring Janet back home.

Janet's family now realize how fortunate they are to have her. Her mother apologizes for being neglectful and unfeeling towards her and assures that it will never happen again. With everything happy, Froggy says "'All's well that ends well,' I always say." Janet's father corrects him, saying that his phrase was originally made by Shakespeare. "He did? Shucks!" answers a disappointed Froggy.

Trivia
The song that Janet's sister sings for her aunt is entitled "She May Have Seen Better Days." It was written by James Thornton, published in 1894, and was a hit in 1896 for George J. Gaskin.

Trivia
The song that Janet's sister sings for her aunt is entitled "She May Have Seen Better Days." It was written by James Thornton, published in 1894, and was a hit in 1896 for George J. Gaskin.

Bojan Brnovic
He is a professional football player from Podgorica (Montenegro). He was born on February 10th 1979. His 11 months younger brother Nenad is also football player (currently in Partizan, Belgrade). Bojan plays for Debreceni, champions of Hungary. Before DVSC he played for Zabjelo, Zeta, Partizan (he came as second best goalscorer of the First Yugoslav League), and was on loan in Obilic. He spent two seasons in Partizan (from 2003. to 2005.) but as a third choice striker. He moved to Debreceni on July 18th 2005. and scored 13 goals, helping DVSC to lift their second title in row. Has a tattoo of black panther on his right shoulder. Besides younger brother, he also has two younger sisters - Bojana and Tina.

del boudreau
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Del is a supa l33t gamer who likes warhammer,gaming and other stuff....hes a anime psycho and self procaimed "youngblood alchemist"

Leeds Guide Ltd
Leeds Guide Ltd are a small publishing house based in Leeds city centre since 1997. Primarily concerned with printing paid-for entertainment and lifestyle titles, Leeds Guide Ltd are responsible for producing the fortnightly listings and lifestyle title The Leeds Guide, Harrogate based title Plush and several annual titles detailing information on bars, restaurants, retailers and activities within the region.

House Subcommitee on Legislative Oversight
The House Subcommitte on Legislative Oversight was special subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, responsible for the oversight of federal regulatory agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission. During the 86th Congress the subcommittee was chaired by Representative Oren Harris, D-Arkansas, and is famous for its hearings regarding the quiz show scandal of the 1950s as demonstrated in the Robert Redford film "Quiz Show."

Cytoxan
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Cytoxan is the brand name for cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapeutic agent.

Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan
Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir on July 25, 2001 for the second time. Universally respected in Azad Kashmir for his adherence to principles, his courage, competence, and above all, his dedication to the development of Azad Kashmir.

He was born into an eminent political family of Kerala, Nikayal in Kotli district on June 1, 1934, he is the son of Sardar Fateh Mohammad Khan Karelvi whose name is synonymous with one of the first major uprisings against the repressive Dogra,regime in 1931. He, it was who led the popular agitation against an arbitrary tax on salt imposed by the Maharaja's regime. Three years later in 1934, running as a candidate for the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, he was elected to the Jammu and Kashmir Legislature,

He, it was who led the popular agitation against an arbitrary tax on salt imposed by the Maharaja's regime. Three years later in 1934, running as a candidate for the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, he was elected to the Jammu and Kashmir Legislature, the Praja Sabah, from his home constituency of Mendhra-Poonch, an office he successfully held through the elections of 1938 and 1944. Later, he also served as a member of the State Council during 1969-70. He is remembered today as one of the pioneers of the struggle of the people of Jammu and Kashmir for their rights under the tyrannical and alien rule of the Dogras.

Growing up and receiving his early schooling in his native village of Karela, now in District Kotli and in Poonch city, Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan came to Rawalpindi's famous Gordon College from where he, graduated in 1956 before going on to the University Law College in Lahore to obtain a law degree in 1958.

He returned to Kotli to start a law practice and also formally joined the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, an association he has maintained with the consistency that has come to be recognized as the hallmark of his politics. He also successfully ran for membership of the local council, a position he occupied for eight years and during this period was also elected as President of Bar Association Kotli. In 1970, he was elected to the first Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.

It is a sign of his personal popularity that he has been returned to office from his constituency in every election held in Azad Kashmir in the last 30 years, barring the years when he was President of Azad Kashmir.

Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan was inducted into the Azad Jammu and Kashmir cabinet as Minister of Revenue, Forests and Finance i 1972 and retained that portfolio for the next three years. He served as acting President of the Jammu and Kashmir Mislim Conference in the 1976-78 period 'and was elected President in 1978, a position he held until 1988.

In 1985, he was elected Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and retained that office for the next five years. He remained leader of the opposition in the Assembly during the next two years, before he was elected President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir for a five years term in 1991.

Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan as Prime Minister, a proven record of 'clean administration and public accountability. He is considered a tough but fair administrator, moderate as a politician and skillful as a negotiator, talents that stood him good stead.

He has announced his retirement from politics in runup to the 11 June 2006 elections held in Azad Kashmir.

George McClelland Whitesides
George McClelland Whitesides is an American scientist at Harvard University. He is the Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Professor at Harvard University.

Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Whitesides attended Harvard University, majoring in chemistry. He then did his PhD at the California Institute of Technology, under the guidance of noted chemist Dr. J.D. Roberts.

Whitesides is the recipient of many notable awards, including the National Medal of Science, the Welch Award, the Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the Dan David Prize.

His research group at Harvard University spans a range of topics, including microfluidics, fluidic optics, nanotechnology, complexity and emergence, functional self-assembly, cell biology and the origins of life.

Draven Valentine and The Emo Boy Stories
Draven Valentine is the pen name of a young Scottish writer who has been making waves on fictionpress.com in recent years with the widely popular "Emo Boy Stories", a series of short stories which center around Matt Harris, his band Anavrin and his girlfriend, Angel.

Known for her plot twists and constant mocking of figures such as Courtney Love, Draven Valentine is one of the most talented unpublished writers in the Western world.

Aimed at the teen market, The Emo Boy Stories cover everything from religion to sexuality, family and addiction. Draven Valentine began out growing her pre-puberty audience through 2005 with much loved characters like Matt relapsing back into heroin abuse, infedility and hate crimes all taking place.

Draven Valentine is a confident but wary writer, with a dedicated online following. Renowned for mentioning a wide range of bands in her series, the effect Draven Valentine has had on the musical tastes of her readers cannot be underestimated.

Definitely someone to watch!

Her stories can be found at: www.fictionpress.com/~dravenvalentine

Shatkona
The Shatkona or "6-points star" is a Hindu symbol that represents the union of both the male and feminine form. More specifically it is supposed to represent Purusha (the supreme being), and Prakriti (mother nature, or causal matter). Often times this is represented as Shiva-Shakti.

The Shatkona looks exactly like the "Star of David" in Semetic lore. Whether there is a correlation between the two is an interesting topic that could/should be researched.

Kirby Ikin
Kirby Ikin is the Managing Director of Asia Pacific Aerospace Consultants (APAC), located in Sydney, Australia.

He is also the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Space Society.

RMG Connect
RMG Connect is a global communication and relationship management agency, a part of JWT and WPP Group. Based in New York, RMG Connect spans across the globe in 18 markets: The US and Canada (New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Minneapolis, Vancouver, and Toronto), UK, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Germany, South Africa, the Middle East, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and India.

Charleston Town Center mall
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Parasubiculum
The parasubiculum is a retrohippocampal isocortical structure, and a major component of the subicular complex. It receives numerous subcortical and cortical inputs, and sends major projections to the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex (Amaral & Witter, 1995). It is postulated to play an integral role in spatial navigation, including place cells (Chrobak & Buzsaki, 1994; Taube, 1995).

Charleston Town Center Mall
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Charleston Town Center Mall is located in downtown Charleston, WV. The store is home to several large department stores including: Kaufman's, JcPenny, and Sears. The mall's center courtincludes a three story atrium including a food court. The mall is one of the state's largest malls and also one of the largest urban/downtown malls in the country. Several retailers in the mall include: American Eagle, Abercrombie & Fitch, Aeropostale, Steve and Barry's Sportwear, PacSun, Christopher Banks, New York & Company, Express, Talbots, and many others.

Richard Yañez (author, 1967-    )
Born and raised in El Paso, Texas, Richard Yañez is the author of El Paso del Norte: Stories on the Border, a finalist for the Texas Institute of Letters first book award. His work is anthologized in Our Working Lives: Short Stories of People and Work, U.S. Latino Literature Today, and Hecho en Tejas: An Anthology of Texas-Mexican Literature. He facilitates diverse writing workshops for community organizations and public schools through the PaPaGaYo Literary Center. He is a founding member of Con Tinta, a coalition of Chicano/Latino writer-activists. Having received a Master's of Fine Arts from Arizona State University, he earned teaching fellowships at Colorado College, the Center for Women's InterCultural Leadership at Saint Mary's College (IN), and served as a Visiting Writer at New Mexico State University. Presently, he is an associate editor for Momotombo Press and an assistant professor at El Paso Community College. He is married to the Chicana poet, Carolina Monsivais. They live in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.

Kinnigoli
The meaning of the word Kinnigoli is a “ small banyan tree”. Situated on the Mulky-Moodabidri state highway, it is a beautiful place, strategically located. It is 8k.m. interior to Mulki, 4k.m. to Kateel and 18k.m. to Moodabidri. It is linked to Kateel-Bajpe-Mangalore; Pakshikere-Haleangady-Surathkal; Moodabidri-Karkal; Belman-Manchakal-Udupi and to Mulki, the national high-way. The adjacent parishes are Kirem, Niddodi, Kateel, Pakshikere and Mulki. During the last one or two decades Kinnigoli has made tremendous progress, both economically and culturally and Kinnigoli has become a hub of activity. It has bus convenience to all around every five minutes. Also the Weekly market on Thursdays attracts large number of people from surrounding towns and villages.

The Adi Granths
The Adi Granths are an English Blues/Rock band. They originated from the North East of England. The band consists of 3 members, Brown, Richard - Drums, Harrison, Nathan - Bass Guitar and Skeen, Peter - Vocals and Lead Guitar. There music can be found on www.myspace.com/theadigranths. They are currently working on there debut album, which is yet to have a finalised release date.

To date they have composed such tracks as "Gimme some direction", "To be", "On and on", and the critically aclaimed "Absolute"

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on musical artists. Please provide more information on why this musical artist is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Graeme Bartlett 01:46, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * style="text-align:center;" | This is an archived discussion. Please do not modify it. 
 * }
 * }

COMETA Report France
There exists in the current world view about the UFO phenomenon an undertone that it is either real, and that it is being covered up, or that it is a hoax and that it is perpetuated by the lunatic fringe. Both of these points of view are inappropriate in a free society. Either there are Extra-terrestrials visting us or there are not. If there are then there is at least a Defense Interest to be investigated. One of the few sources of competant journalistic and scientific review of this issue that has entered the public realm is the COMETA Report into the matter published in france.

Senor Vivo and the Coca Lord
Senor Vivo and the Coca Lord is the second book in Louis de Bernieres' Latin American Trilogy, following The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts and preceding The Troublesome Offspring of Cardninal Guzman.

The story centres around Senor Dionisio Vivo, a lecturer in philosophy in the town of Ipasueno. Vivo becomes (in)famous for his letters to a local paper, and the novel follows the consequences of these letters, particularly on Vivo's relationship with Anica. At times the novel is desperately sad, but this is balanced well by moments of humour, particularly concerning the town of Cochadebajo de los Gatos, the town of cats that townspeople are forced to move to and colonise in The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts.

The book, as with all of Louis de Bernieres' novels, has many sub plots and synchronous stories which overlap at points throughout, meaning it is never possible to guess what will happen next.

Rajeev Jain, WICA - Director of Photography, Cinematographer - Rajiv Jain

 * Declined. We can not accept copyrighted content taken from web sites or printed sources. Note that copyright protection is granted to all works automatically, whether it is asserted or not. Unless stated otherwise, assume that most content on the internet is copyrighted and not suitable for Wikipedia. Please write in your own words, and in continuous prose. Zetawoof(&zeta;) 21:50, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

a-piece-of-strange.jpg
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Summary
http://www.abcdrduson.com/images/pochette/cunnyn-apiece.jpg

Hafnarfjörður
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Hafnarfjörður is a port town located on the south-west coast of Iceland, about 10 km south of Reykjavík. It is the third most populous town in Iceland, after Reykjavík and Kópavogur, with a population on 1st December 2005 of 22,451.

The town is the site of an annual Viking festival where Viking culture enthusiasts from around the world display reconstructions of Viking garb, handcraft, swordfighting etc.

Tourists with a New Age mindset enjoy a guided tour of the habitats of elves and other hidden people in the town area.

Locally the town is famed in Iceland for being the butt of generic jokes, such as the joke about the women of the town carrying ladders to the supermarket to check if the prices have gone higher.

Hafnarfjörður is now arguably considered to be the rock n' roll capital of Iceland (a title that once belonged to Keflavík). Popular Icelandic bands such as Botnleðja, Sign, Úlpa, Lada Sport and Jakobínarína all trace their origins to the town of Hafnarfjörður.

Hafnarfjörður is the home town of the famous Icelandic pop singer Björgvin Halldórsson and the actor Stefán Karl Stefánsson.

Local industry
Just two kilometers outside of Hafnarfjörður is an aluminium smelter, run by Alcan. Alcan has applied for an extension for the smelter, which will make it the fourth largest smelter in Europe. The local governing body has sold Alcan land for the extension, Alcan has received permission for the extension from the government and a deal has been struck for selling energy to the smelter, even though the neighbouring area is the only place around Hafnarfjörður with available domestic building area for Hafnarfjörður. Local elections were held in May 2006, and the people of Hafnarfjörður will vote on the future of the extension for the smelter in 2006.

The smelter was originally built in 1969, and it has improved it cleaning process since then, especially regarding fluoride. The effect that the extension will have on the environment and the local residents is though a huge concern for the people of Hafnarfjörður.

History
Hafnarfjörður takes its name (meaning harbour fjord) from the area's excellent natural harbour. The town is first named in the medieval "Book of Settlements", and the earliest reports of voyages to Hafnarfjörður date from the end of the 14th century. Englishmen began trading in Hafnarfjörður in the 15th century, but German merchants followed in their wake and eventually drove the English out. After that, Hanseatic traders prevailed in town until 1602, based at Hvaleyri. At this point, the Danish monarchy established a Danish trade monopoly in Iceland which lasted until late in the 18th century. During this period, Hafnarfjörður was the nation's busiest trade centre.

In 1793 Bjarni Sívertsen settled here and became influential in local business and international trade, setting up a major commercial fishing operation. His enterprise and initiative signalled the start of impressive commerce in the town. Ever since, he has been called "the father of Hafnarfjörður" and nicknamed "Sir Bjarni." Around 1870 dramatic changes took place in Icelandic fishing. Residents followed the growing trend in Iceland of using decked boats rather than row-boats. This led to even more employment and rapid growth, and Hafnarfjörður attained official municipal status in 1908.

After World War II, more advanced trawlers and numerous motorised ships were added to the fleet. The town's first stern trawler appeared in 1973. Today, Hafnarfjörður is one of the nation's largest fishing centres and the site of Iceland's first fish wholesalers' auction market. Through the years, Hafnarfjörður's dynamic local economy has been strongly linked to fishing, although freight transport has recently become the major harbour activity. And now, the town is Iceland's second-ranked import and export harbour.

Bright days
Each year in May, the Bright Days festival is held. The events include short movies and concerts, and usually concludes on a day memorating the sailors of Iceland.

Viking festival
Each year on the summer solstice a viking festival is held in Hafnarfjörður. A local pub and resturant, Fjörukráin, started the festival and maintains it to this day.

Elves
Hafnarfjörður is known as one of the most popular residences for elves in Iceland. The town is built on lava and around huge boulders, which are believed to be homes for elves. A popular mythology is that it is very hard, and almost impossible, to destroy these homes. Tours around Hafnarfjörður to visit the most popular elven homes are available, and even though belief in elves has diminished in recent years, these are very popular amongst both Icelanders and tourists.

Swimming pools
Hafnfjörður has three swimming pools, despite its low population. This is common amongst any town in Iceland, due to the geothermal energy. In 2005, the total number of visits to these swimming pools was 350.085, averaging to 16 visits per resident.

Miscellaneous information
Hafnarfjörður was first mentioned around the year 1400, although the town is mentioned in the book of Landnámabók.

The first Lutheran church in Iceland was raised at Háigrandi, opposite Óseyri, just outside of the small boat harbour in the year of 1533.

Favourable harbour conditions made Hafnarfjörður a popular commercial harbour early on, and it was the main harbour for German merchants in the 15th century and during the early part of the commercial monopoly in the 16th century.

The first road between Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður was finished in 1898.

The first hydrological power plant in Iceland was built in Hafnarfjörður in 1904.

The first Icelandic trawler, Coot, was stationed in Hafnarfjörður between 1905 and 1908. Its kettle stands by the roundabout on the junction of Reykjavíkurvegur, Strandgata and Vesturgata.

The first mayor was Páll Einarsson. He later became the mayor of Reykjavík.

A harbour for large commercial ships was raised in 1912.

The first car arrived in Hafnarfjörður in 1913. The Bookless-brothers owned the car, which was an Austin Martin.

Out of 6000 voting imigrant in Iceland almsot 3000 live in Hafanrfjörður, therefore it has Icelands largest immigrant population.

Ulumini
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Legendary status: Conall Ryan South house put up an acedemic year because he is a genius.

Roger
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Photographer, farmer, merchandizer and jack of all trades. A resident of Williston, ND.

Hilaire/ on XM radio 155
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

—--12.109.26.194 21:36, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Someone there at GMA please tell Hilaire we do love the XM show/news/caller's etc. BUT! PLEASE!!! tell Hilaire we can do WITHOUT all her slups of spit and other mouth noises she makes.For some reason she slups her spit or like she has a mouth full of spit all the time she is speacking. We do hear it LOUD & CLEAR out here, YUCK! The sad thing is she may not even know she's doing this. Thanks

Nicholas Perrot
Nicholas Perrot (1644 - 1717), explorer, diplomat, and fur trader, was one of the first white men in the upper Mississippi Valley. Born in France, he came to "New France" around 1660 with Jesuits and had the opportunity to visit Indian tribes and learn their languages. He formed a fur trading company around 1667 and undertook expeditions to various tribes and land in and around present-day Wisconsin. He was sometimes the first white man seen by the native peoples and was generally well received.

In 1670 he was an intepreter for Daumont de Saint-Lusson, a French commissary assigned to "the country of the Ottawas, Amikwas, Illinois, and other Indian natives to be discovered in the direction of Lake Superior or Freshwater Sea". He continued to travel around these areas and engage in fur trading, giving the natives such items as cooking kettles and hatchets (to replace stone tools). In 1671 he married Madeleine Viennot. He was given a land grant on the river Saint-Michel, and the 1681 census showed him having six children.

He continued to be involved in Indian affairs. In 1684 he succeeded in bringing the warriors of several nations to Niagara to meet with the Governor' army, where a peace was signed. In the spring of 1685 he was appointed commandant in chief of Bais De Puants (present day Green Bay, Wisconsin) and the neighboring regions when war broke out between the Fox tribe and the Sioux and Chippewa tribes. He worked hard to bring about peace, and was successful, at least for a time. After this, Perrot traveled to the northern waters of the Mississippi River, in the territory of the Sioux, where he built Fort Saint-Antoine.

In the spring of 1687 he was in the region of Detroit, and while taking part in an expedition fire broke out at the Jesuit mission, where 40,000 livres worth of his furs were destroyed. Perrot was financially ruined. He returned to Montreal where in the spring of 1688 he served as an interpreter for the treaty between Governor and Onondaga chief Otreouti, who promised the neutrality of the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Oneidas. In 1689 he built Fort Saint-Pierre at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, and established peace among area tribes. In subsequent years he was involved in the discovery of lead mines brought to his attention by Miami chiefs.

In 1695 Perrot brought the Miami, Sauk, Menominee, and Potawatomi and Fox chiefs to Montreal at the governor's request, regarding war with the Iroquois. Perrot returned west where his concern was to maintain unity and peace among them in their efforts against the Iroquois. However there was danger, and on two occasions he was almost sent to be burned at the stake with the Mascouters and the Miami tribe.

Perrot then settled on his land grant at Becancour. The Indian chiefs whom he had known saw him for the last time in 1701 at a peace treaty signed in Montreal. He still served as interpreter, but this period of his life was marked by financial difficulties and harassment from creditors. He asked the authorities for a compensation he said was due to him, and a pension in consideration of services long provided, but was not satisfied. He was involved in court cases involving lawsuits filed by and against him.

Nicolas Perrot died on the 13th of August 1717 at about the age of 74 and was buried the next day in the church at Becancour. Nine of his eleven children outlived him. His wife died in 1724.

Perrot was often unappreciated even during his lifetime. He was France's best representative among Indians in the western territories of French North America in the late 1600's. He was able to learn languages and customs of native tribes and earn their esteem and confidence.

The Perrot State Park near Trempealeau, Wisconsin is named after him. It is located in a place he used as headquarters around 1685 and 1686.

Harmonischer Gottes-Dienst
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

Harmonischer Gottes-Dienst is a cantate collection published by Georg Philipp Telemann during 1726.

I don't have much information about this for the moment, but I think it is important enough to be made as a stub!

Thalatta! Thalatta!
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

'''Thalatta! Thalatta!''' ("The Ocean! The Ocean!"). The shouting of joy when the 10.000 Greek's reached the Black sea (Armenia) after participating in Cyrus the Younger's failed march against Persian Empire in the year 401 BC according to Xenophon's tales in the The Anabasis.

Wikilinks

 * Anabasis (Xenophon)
 * Cyrus the Younger
 * Ten Thousand (Greek)

Ryszard Riedel
Ryszard Henryk Riedel (7.09.1956 in Chorzów in Poland - 30.07.1994 in Chorzów) - singer in Polish Blues-Rock band called Dżem. He was also an author of music and lyrics.

He joined Dżem in December 1973. He was known for his specific voice and for taking a lot of drugs. He was called "The last hippis of our times". He was fired from Dżem in May '94 beacuse of drugs and he died because of problems with heart.

BSc (Econ)
BSc (Econ) stands for Bachelor of Economic and Social Science. It is used by University of Wales, Aberystwyth and the London School of Economics amongst others.

See also MSc (Econ)

MSc (Econ)
MSc (Econ) stands for Master of Economic and Social Science. It is used by University of Wales, Aberystwyth and the London School of Economics amongst others.

See also BSc (Econ)

Track Listing
1. Intro 2. Mad Man In The Attic 3. War Machine 4. Brothers of the Tomb 5. POV 2000 6. The Living Dead 7. Nomad 8. SATAN 9. Cold World 10.Do Or Die 11.Dog Dead

Line Up
Pau Di'Anno - Vocals Paulo Turin - Guitars Chico Dehira - Guitars Felipe Andreoli - Bass Aquiles Priester - Drums

Other information
Produced by Di'Anno and Turin Recorded at Creative Studios, Sao Paulo, Brazil Keyboards on Intro and Living Dead by Fabrizio Di Sarno

Steve Jurvetson
vanity page 67.181.45.197 22:53, 22 July 2006 (UTC) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Steve_Jurvetson

Not notable, looks more like business advertising than a encyclopedic article

terence

 * The proposed article previously in this section has been declined and removed from this page, since it appears to be an attack page. See the speedy deletion criteria A6 and/or guidelines on biographies.  Zetawoof(&zeta;) 00:53, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Russian and Turkish Baths
From the Roman Baths of Caracalla to the sumptuous marble pools and steam rooms of the Ottoman Turks, the ancients new instinctively that bathing and sweating are good for you. Not only does sweat carry off toxins from the system, but the process produce's a sense of sweet, overwhelming relaxation. To this day, that makes bathhouses among the favorite places for Russian's to sweat away their afternoons. Since 1892 The Tenth Street Baths between First Ave and Avenue A in the East Village of New York has been the place for Russians and Americans alike to sweat the day away. Generations of Celebrities have passed through its doors over the years, Frank Sinatra, John Belushi, Bill Murray, and more recently the likes of John F. Kennedy Jr., Darrel Hannah, Robert De Niro, Veronica Webb and L.L. Cool J. Now after 100 years as one of the most literally "hottest" spots in New York, The Russian and Turkish Baths has come to Miami. The Russian and Turkish Baths, 5445 Collins Ave at the Castle Beach Club is the place where the Old World blends with the new. The baths on Collins Avenue are an experience, an unexpected paradise, and you're liable to take off a few pounds with the routine. What does the day look like? You might start the day (12:00p.m-12:00p.m.) in "The Cave"- a cave like setting where you can relax in the Salt Water Jacuzzi as the heated natural ocean salt water pounds at your body, massaging every part of you, from a well 95 feet below the ground. Try a few minutes under the ocean waterfall and you will feel like you've been instantly swept away thousands of miles from civilization to your own personal island. You will notice at the Bath's that the mood is more than relaxed, it's almost zen. Guys will be stretching, girls are assuming yoga positions, or even meditating. A couple might be frolicking in the Jaccuzi, or engrossed in conversation in the Steamroom. "Dunk!" one woman instructs a newcomer as she comes out of the Steam Room and gets into the ice-cold pool nearby. Another ten people are hanging out in the Russian Room, filling up buckets-and before passing out-dumping it over their heads. "Feels Good", says a lady named Paula, who barbecues herself once a week here. "I've been to spas that are much more elegant, " says Paula's friend, an aerobics teacher, 'but here there's a lot of tile and the steam room is all stone and it's like walking into the 1900's." No one seems self-conscious, lounging or walking in almost naked bliss, whether their body resembles Jackie Gleason or an Olympic Russian Gymnast, no one seems to care, and the feeling of total freedom from worrying about appearances is the big attraction. The goal at the baths is to get in touch with your real self; to be free and un-burdened and in the process to truly enjoy yourself. Here at the Baths you will be free to do just that! Now that you are free, there are so many options from here: Try the Turkish Steam Room, built in the same manner as centuries ago, once in, you will be surrounded by the same marble walls and columns that the ancient Turks used to bathe in. Maybe the wet steam room with eucalyptus is the thing you need to get rid of your head cold. The aroma bath will tingle every cell of your body. Try our gym for a great workout or play tennis after you loosen up. After an hour or two, head to one-of- the- many massage rooms for a Swedish massage or shiatsu. Here the Russian strongman or woman, will pound, squeeze, un-wind and de-tense muscles you didn't even know you had. If you can't take the pounding, one of the more easy-going massage experts, will more gently ease, kneed and work out your kinks. After your massage, you can nosh on bagels and cream cheese, eggs, salads, or take-a-stab at one of the Russian traditional meals. Maybe after all that shvitzing: a huge bottle of seltzer, or fresh carrot juice is the thing you'll want most. At the "restaurant" you can gain back some of that weight you lost, while enjoying cable TV and lounging around in one of the robes supplied to you when you enter. After eating, you might want to take a short nap, at the baths there is even a relaxation room where a very comfortable "Log Bed" awaits you.

Now that you're relaxed, and out of bed, lets get down to the real business, and head on down to "The Russian Room" where a huge cavernous chamber awaits you. There on two tiers of benches, surrounding a huge rock-walled furnace where women and men alike will be immersed in a most wonderful 3-part routine called The Schvitz. Here's how it goes: First you go into the bath-a very hot, very steamy, stone furnaced "radiant heat" room. When the heat starts to get unbearable, take one of the dozens of buckets around the room, fill it with ice cold water, and like the Russians hundreds of years before you have done, dump it over your head. Now don't be self-conscious because as you will soon notice, everyone is dousing themselves with buckets of water. In that sheer moment as the ice cold water pours over you, comes one of the most enjoyable moments you will ever experience. It is sheer delight. Now for the third part, lie down on the uppermost bench, and the platza specialist will scrub you (actually beat you) with a broom made of fresh oak leaves, sopping with olive oil soap. The oak leaves contain a natural astringent, which will open your pours, remove toxins, and actually take off layers of dead skin. The sensation is so relaxing that one client described the platza as "Jewish acupuncture". Now, for the real men or woman: outside the Russian Room is an ice-cold bath, equal to the coldest region's of the Russian Front. Now, the trick here is to dunk yourself in as fast as you can. Once in the water, the transfer of your body from hot to cold will be the most exhilarating feeling you will ever have. Once dunked, you will probably feel like a car that just passed through a car wash, so here there is another rest area where bathers relax between stints in the sauna. There is a sign overhead that says, "There are no places like this anywhere within thousands of miles from here, so this must be the right place", at this point, you will nod your head and certainly agree! The late John Belushi and others used the baths in New York to steam away the after effects of too many drugs and booze. Actress Tia Carrere likens the place to a depressurizing time zone. "I walk through the door and my biorhythms instantly slow down, she says. It reminds me of the kind of place where Cleopatra would have gone." "The Dead Sea mud treatment is great for the skin." Rap impresario Russell Simmons views the baths as the perfect place for unwinding and impressing his model of the moment, he insists it's the ideal place to conduct business. You got two guys sitting there half-naked on the rock; you're talking, you're bonding, you're solidifying your relationship. It's a good place for making deals, especially if you're good with the heat and the other guy is getting his brains fried." Either way, it doesn't matter, whether you're rich or poor, fat or small, actor or struggling waiter, whether making a deal, or you're there to get the most reasonably priced massage of your lifetime. It just doesn't matter! What a way to rejuvenate! "There's no competition, like when you go to the gym, says Margaret, a 28-year old viola player who has been coming once-a-week for the last year. "At the gym, you see everybody trying to build up his or her bodies. Here, we just are the way we are- big, fat, tall, short, tiny, large breasted or flat-chested. You don't have to pretend," she says. "There's no need to defend against the beauties or the beasts." So don't be self-conscious, Take a one-day vacation and treat your body and soul to the deal of a lifetime. At only $25.00 dollars a day, it's a wonderful opportunity to do yourself a world of good. Stay by us! And for those of you who would like to stay longer we have luxurious ocean front townhouse vacation rentals which are only a step away from the Atlantic Ocean and a giant pool!

Spyros Loues
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

A current Wikipedia article on Spyros Loues may be found under an alternate spelling of his name here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridon_Louis

AM 1320 WCVG Covington, KY/Cincinnati, OH
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.

WCVG-AM 1320 is a radio station licensed to Covington, KY and serving the Cincinnati, OH market. WCVG operates with 500 watts during daytime hours and 430 watts during nighttime hours from its tower site behind the Latonia Shopping Center in Covington, KY. WCVG's daytime signal is directional, and resembles a "figure-8" pattern that covers the Cincinnati market inside the I-275 loop. WCVG's nighttime pattern points to the south and west and does not cover much of the Ohio portion of the market. The northern Kentucky counties still have a listenable nighttime signal.

As of July 16, 2006, the station had flipped to a Regional Mexican format under Davidson Media Group.

WCVG started life in 1965 as WCLU, owned by WCLU Broadcasting Company headed by former Kansas City radio executine Irving Schwartz. WCLU was a daytime-only station that played "Modern Country" music and that went by the "Big CLU Country" nickname. The station also ran auto racing, Notre Dame football, and Cleveland Browns football. In 1981, WCLU switched to a rock and roll format. The city's former AM Top 40 station, WSAI, had flipped to country in 1978. WCLU had a decidedly "New Wave" sound until about 1983, when the station became "Cincinnati's Hit Playin' AM" and was dubbed "CLU-132." It was a moniker that sounded very similar to the city's FM Top 40 powerhouse station WKRQ, or "Q-102." In 1985, announcers on the station stopped calling it "CLU-132" and went with the easier to say and remember, "AM 1320 WCLU." In April 1987, Schwartz sold the station to Richard L. Plessinger, who also owned WJOJ-FM in Milford, Ohio. Plessinger immediately moved the station from Covington to the WJOJ studios in Milford. WCLU's call letters were changed to WCVG and the format became "Kwick-Sell Classifieds." During this format, the station played Soft Adult Contemporary music from the WJOJ library, and ran free on-air classified ads at specified times. The station also received permission from the Federal Communications Commission to operate with nighttime service during this time. In late 1987, WCVG flipped to a contemporary country format. That didn't last long as WCVG became the country's first "All Elvis" station in late 1987. According to a web site operated by former WCVG General Manager Rod Williams (http://members.tripod.com/~rodwilliams/), WCVG discontinued the "All Elvis" format on August 1, 1988. On that date, WCVG became an affiliate of the Business Radio Network with 24 hours of business news and talk. WCVG later became a County/Sports Talk mix format as "Sports-Country 1320" in 1992, with an emphasis on northern Kentucky high school and Cincinnati professional sports talk. In 1993, WCVG started a long run as the city's "Urban Gospel" station under LMA agreements with groups such as Kingdom Life Ministries. That ended in April 2006, when Plessinger flipped the station to Classic Country. A deal was made in July 2006 to sell the station to Davidson Media Group, an operator of Latino and Inspirational stations. Davidson flipped WCVG to Regional Mexican as "La Ley 1320" on July 16, 2006 under an LMA. An application to sell WCVG has been filed with the FCC.

Visions of Reality with Elizabeth Joyce
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: ; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * This request for creation has been reviewed. The result is below.