Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2007-06-04

John C. Sigler
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John C. Sigler  is the current President of the National Rifle Association (NRA), an American gun-owners' rights organization. He succeeded Sandra Froman in 2007, and is the organization's 59th President since it was founded in 1871.

Sigler was born in 1945, joined the NRA in 1970, and became a life member in 1977. In 1996 he was elected to the NRA board of directors, and since 1997 he has served on the NRA Executive Committee. In 2005 Sigler was elected as the NRA First Vice President, and was named the President at the April 2007 Annual Meetings in Milwaukee.

Sigler served in the US Navy from 1967 to 1971 on the U.S.S. George Bancroft SSB(N) 643 and U.S.S. Hardhead SS 365. He served on the Dover, Delaware Police Department from 1972 to 1991 where he retired as the department's captain. He now works as a lawyer in Maryland and Delaware. Sigler's education includes a degree in criminal justice administration from Wilmington College, a master of arts in business from Central Michigan University, and a juris doctorate with honors from Delaware Law School of Widener University.

overlander.tv
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Overlander.tv is a website featuring travel videos from around the world, that generally feature a local person, asking them why they choose to live where they do.

It was first established by Australian filmmaker, Mark Shea, in 2001 (as ozdocos.com), being the first site in Australia to experiment with online travel video content.

It has been archived at Pandora Australia's National Libraries "Preserving and Accessing Networked Documentary Resources of Australia" and also on the internet archive

Mark has also produced online video content for the Australia's Public Broadcaster, a four part documentary on the changing fortunes of Ararat, a small town in Western Victoria, and a four part documentary on Australia's Last Outback Boxing Troupe

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Changi Airports International
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Changi Airports International is an international airport investor and manager and is one of the first Asian airport investment companies to pursue airport investment opportunities globally and offer consultancy services to foreign airports. The company’s current chief executive officer is Chow Kok Fong. As of 2007, the company has approximately 70 employees.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CAI, formerly known as Changi Airport Managers and Partners, CHAMPS, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) – owner-operator of the highly acclaimed Singapore Changi Airport. CAAS, a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport, represents the government in the negotiation of air services agreements as well as advises on matters related to civil aviation.

As its subsidiary, CAI was formed to pursue investment in foreign airports and offer consultancy services in the entire spectrum of civil aviation. It offers a range of services, which include investment in foreign airports, consultancy services in airport development and management, and also training services to overseas airports in areas such as airport commercial management, operational efficiency and customer service. The aviation management training and upgrading program are conducted through the award-winning training centre, Singapore Aviation Academy (SAA). CAI offers three groups of skill sets.

Airport Planning and Development: This consists of airport planners and engineers as well as airport architects and project managers.

Airport Management and Retail Operations: CAI employs a number of critical staff appointments from the existing airport operations personnel within its parent, the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. The rest are sourced from organizations such as airlines, ground handling entities and other firms who are familiar with the service and management ethos of Changi but most of  these have to undergo a period of training before the can be deployed.

Business Development and Investment: This team helps to formulate basic financial and investment models for CAI to evaluate to form investments overseas

CAI Interests

As a first step towards investing in overseas airports, Singapore Changi Airport took a 7.1% stake in Auckland International Airport in 1999. Singapore Changi Airport acquired a 50% stake in Alterra Partners in a joint venture with the Bechtel Group to pursue overseas privatisation opportunities, primarily in Europe and the Americas. The Alterra Portfolio included investments in London Luton Airport (UK), Juan Santamaria International Airport (Costa Rica), Hato International Airport (Curacao, Netherlands Antilles) and Jorge Chavez International Airport (Lima,Peru). Besides our portfolio of airport assets in South and Central America under the Alterra Joint Venture, CAI has recently taken a 29% investment stake in Nanjing’s Lukou International Airport.

Awards and Accolades

Singapore Changi Airport won its first “Best Airport in the World” accolade in 1988. Terminal 2 opened two years later in November 1990. Today, Singapore Changi Airport has garnered more than more than 250 awards. With 80 airlines serving more than 180 cities in over 50 countries, Changi Airport has established itself as a major aviation hub in the Asia Pacific region. When Terminal 3 begins operations in 2008, Changi Airport will have an annual handling capacity of more than 64 million passengers.

Canadian Fish
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"Redirect to" Literature (card game)

Phonurgic
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Phonurgic - From the List of esoteric subjects in Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum, a word occurring at the end of chapter 60. Refers to the technique or art of working with sound1, 2; the passage in which it is found refers to an "Ear of Dionysus" or tube connecting two distant rooms with an opening to collect sound at one end and transmit it out the other end.

"In one corner I saw an opening like the bell of a trumpet. I heard sounds coming from it.  When I approached, the sounds became more distinct, until I could catch sentences, as clear and precise as if they were being uttered at my side.  An Ear of Dionysus!

Evidently the ear communicated with one of the upper rooms, picking up the conversation of those who stood near its aperture...

...Pressed against the rocaille by the ear, I looked around me and felt that I was underground myself, and it seemed to me that the mouth of that phonurgic channel was but the beginning of a descent into dark tunnels that went to the center of the earth..."(Eco, 1990)3

Untitled
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Elan Benor is only the coolest person ever born. He IS the world.

Chris Vaughan
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Chris Vaughan is very sexy and everyone wants to be with him

Susan Ji Hae Kim
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Susan Ji Hae Kim is the 432nd most awesome person in the world. She is an accomplished flutist and has played at USC's Bing Theatre and at the Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. She is currently a senior at Los Angeles Baptist High school where she played volleyball all four years. She was captain of frosh-soph her sophomore year and skipped junior varsity to play on varsity for both her Junior and Senior years, winning most inspirational player in her senior year. She will attend UC Irvine in the fall of 2007 as an English major and has an unnatural obsession with carrots.

Cadence Orlean
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Cadence Orlean is an independent singer/songwriter in Portland, Oregon.

www.britains-got-talent.co.uk
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go on give it a try

Johan Aberg
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Johan Aberg, swedish songwriter/producer worked with Cher, Christina Augilera, Jessica Simpson, Victoria Beckham.

Faye Wattleton
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Faye Wattleton, born in 1943 as Alyce Faye Wattleton, is the first African-American and youngest President ever elected to Planned Parenthood, 1978 - 1992. She is best known for her contributions to the family planning and reproductive health, as well as the pro-choice movement. Currently, she serves as the President of the Center of the Advancement of Women and serves on the board of trustees at Columbia University.

Play65
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Play65 is an online backgammon website that hosts real-time backgammon games and tournaments. The website is known for its large international community as well as for its advanced affiliate marketing methods.

Background
Play65 was established in 2004 by the Israeli-based skill gaming company SkillEmpire.

Backgammon Software
Play65 internet backgammon software is freeware. Play65 users can play real-time online backgammon games against thousands of players from around the world. Since November 2006, Mac and Linux users can play at Play65 free Java version of the backgammon software.

Community
Translated into 17 languages including English, Arabic, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Play65 has more than 3,000,000 registered players making it one of the biggest backgammon websites on the net.

Controversy
In December 2006, Play65 received a court order from the Israeli Attorney General calling to close all its real money activity to Israeli users, claiming it is seen a sort of illegal gambling. In May 2006, the Attorney General withdrew its demand and allowed SkillEmpire to open Play65 for Israeli users. In a letter addressed to SkillEmpire, the Attorney General had announced that "the fact that the site doesn't take sides nor is a third party allowed to bet on a game, plus the fact that bets are limited to a certain amount and does not allow under aged players to participate, this is not a clear case of organized gambling."

Robin, Un homme digne d'un Dieu
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barzelletta
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The barzelletta is a fixed lyrical form, similar to the French virelai and Italian ballata, and constitutes the core of the Italian frottola tradition. In fact the frottola, in the most specific sense, is a barzelletta, which typically consists of a four-line refrain and a six-line verse. The four lines of the refrain, or ripresa, are supplied with four phrases of musical material (ABCD). The six lines of the verse reuse the music from the refrain, repeating the first two phrases in the first two couplets (ababcd). The rhyme scheme, however, does not correspond with the musical repetitions: Ripresa= abba; Verse=cdcdda. The barzellette (plural) constitute the majority of pieces found in the earliest printed volumes of music from the Venetian printer, Ottaviano Petrucci, and their popular, homophonic style contrasts with the older Franco-Netherlandish chansons. Before the madrigal replaced the barzalletta as the primary genre of secular music in the mid 16th century, the leading composers of these kinds of pieces were the Mantuan frottolists Bartolomeo Tromboncino (d. ca. 1535) and Marco Cara (d. ca. 1530).

Lee Knight
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Lee Anthony Knight (born 8th June 1983) is a British Actor.

In 2006 Knight landed the part of a featured dancer as one of The Durmstrange Boys in Harry Potter & The Goblet of Fire.

Knight has performed in many theatres around London including The London Palladium. He is also an acting member of The Questors Theatre of which Dame Judie Dench is the Patron.

Knight went to Centre Stage School of Performing Arts in Southgate from the age of 17 for two years. He trained there with Claire Hope-Ashitey. They share the same Agent, Carole O'Shea, who also owns and runs the school for young performers.

At the end of 2006 Knight toured South London schools in a play titled 'Them & Us' with Big Fish Theatre Company. The play centred around the problems of homophobic and racial bullying and toured for 3 months also visiting specialist schools for children with behavioural difficulties and young offenders instututions. Knight hopes to continue his work with children later in his professional career. He says 'It was the most challenging work I have ever done'.

In 2003 Knight also did the voice over for a Sex Education CD-ROM which went around schools in the UK. Knight is going to Drama School in 2007 to train as an actor for three years.

His professional photos are taken by M.A.D Photography and Lara Bloom.

Knight lives and works in London.

Untitled
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(suspected copyvio removed)

Esther Freisner
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 * 1) REDIRECT Esther Friesner

Grading Log Home Timbers
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A visual skill to resolve technical and code compliancy issues The characteristics of a timber determines its grade value which defines the allowable stresses that may be imposed on the timber for quality control and assurance sake. The grade applied to each cant (a log which has two or more sides squared off) is based on a visual inspection of the exposed surfaces. There are many factors that can reduce the strength and integrity of a log or cant, so therefore it is important to have the wood properly dried to a 19% average moisture content and milled, and in the case of manufactured log homes—graded during the pre-cutting process (after the cant is planed). The log undergoes continued inspection after subsequent cuts to determine if it is allowed to keep its grade status or be downgraded. The grade categories for wall logs are: 1) beam (this grade meets the highest structural stress standards); 2) header (this grade along with the beam grade are designed for uses where timbers with the highest strength properties are required, such as headers/lintels, beams, joists, etc.); 3) wall (this grade is designed for uses where high bending strength is not required, but where values for compression and elasticity strength are of primary concern, can be used either vertically or horizontally for any walls); 4) utility (this grade is designed for non-habitable buildings and where economy is preferred); 5) non-grade (this grade was established to encompass the timbers that did not meet any above grade standards).



Essential background knowledge for grading log home timbers Visually grading the structural integrity of house logs and timbers requires a familiarity with Wood growth and the structure of a tree. At the core of any tree is a pith, a remnant of the original shoot which gave the tree its height. As the trunk and branches thicken with growth and age, a series of concentric rings surround the pith. These, usually obvious, concentric rings are often referred to as growth rings and are defined by latewood growth which is produced in the summer months and is denser, heavier, and darker than the growth of earlywood which is produced in the spring months. The color of the heartwood comes from resins, minerals and other compounds being deposited in the cells as they are decommissioned from its role as sapwood. The resin-saturated heartwood contributes to the durability and strength of the timber. This feature also has the added benefit of making it almost impervious to rot and termites. All wood is first formed as sapwood, its main function is to aid in storing and distributing its needed nutrients. As the tree increases in age and diameter an inner portion becomes inactive and finally ceases to function—it is then relegated to heartwood status. The cambium is a thin layer of cells that divide to produce both the bark cells and the wood cells. Most of the wood cells hollow out to form the sapwood through which minerals and water travel from the roots to the leaves. Sugars produced in the leaves travel down the phloem also known as the inner bark to feed the cambium and ultimately the roots. Other wood cells store food such as starch which is produced by a process known as Photosynthesis.

There are two main types of trees: 1) the hardwood tree which is distinguishable by its being a flower-bearing broad-leaved tree; and 2) the softwood trees which are cone-bearing conifer trees. The most common log homes are built from coniferous or the softwood species of trees, the reason being that the majority of the wood cells are of one variety, called tracheids, which do not generate pores common and predominant to many hardwood species. So, as a result the wood texture is more uniform. In some coniferous species like the White Pine there is not much visual contrast in the growing seasons so the wood is more uniform in color and texture, its consistency makes it easy to work with, while harder pines present a dense and deep colored contrast.

Natural Timber Characteristics How they influence grading log home timbers

There are many factors that can reduce the strength and integrity of a log or timber, such as slope of grain, Knots, splits, checks, shakes, and saw cuts. Therefore it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the terms and definitions. Mark Elliott, vice chair of the Log Grading Committee for the Log Homes Council and vice president of Coventry Log Homes said, “Properly assessed and utilized timbers can turn what could have been considered defects into desired natural characteristics, that can be appreciated for their own unique beauty. “

Slope of Grain The measure of the angle of the wood grain from a line parallel to the edges of the piece. There are three types of log grains: the straight grain; the spiral grain; and diagonal grain. The diagonal grain is accentuated by such factors as the taper of the tree, crooks, twists, swelling and whether the timber is either quarter or edge sawn. The specific acceptable range for the beam grade timber, for example, is no more than a one inch drop in a 14-inch span.

Knots “A portion of a branch or limb that has been surrounded by a subsequent growth of the wood of the tree. As a knot appears on the cut surface it is merely a section of the entire knot, its shape depends upon the direction of the cut.” —American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. Standard terminology referring to wood. Standard No. D-9-87 [Reapproved 1982]. Philadelphia, PA Knot types are as follows:

Black knot: Also known as an encased knot, the annual growth rings have not grown along with the surrounding wood. It’s found to have bark or pitch pockets separating the dead limb-wood from the stem wood.

Branch knots: Two or more spike knots diverging from a common point at or near the pith. These knots are limited only by size, assuming that they are sound and tight.

Center line knot: Also referred to as a center knot whose center lies at the midline of any lumber face.

Cluster knot: Two or more knots, extending to the pith and that are not part of the same limb, which are grouped together and are defined by the local deviation of wood fibers such that the group creates the deflection rather than an individual knot. Knot clusters are not permitted in beam and header grades of wall logs since no reliable measure can be established. A group of single knots is not a knot cluster. In practical terms, longitudinally oriented stem wood exists between the knots, they are single knots, and not a knot cluster. If one of the knots, usually markedly smaller in diameter and containing fewer growth rings than another larger knot, lies next to the larger, it is more likely a branch from the branch making up the larger knot, and does not constitute a knot cluster.

Corner knot: A knot caused by sawing and is located at the intersection of adjacent surfaces. It is measured using the method (s) of each of the faces it is found on, with the measurement most-closely displaying the true diameter of the branch causing the knot used for grading purposes.

Decayed knot: A knot that, due to advanced decay, is softer than the surrounding wood. These knots are not allowed in beam and header grades of wall logs. Edge knot: A knot located at the edge of the face or whose perimeter falls within one-sixth of the knot width from the edge of the piece of lumber.

Elsewhere knot: A knot that is not a center line, edge, or corner knot.

Encased knot: Also known as a black knot whose rings of annual growth are not inter-grown with those of the surrounding wood.

Firm knot: A knot that is solid across its face, but which contains incipient decay.

Fixed knot: A knot that will hold its place in dry lumber under ordinary conditions, but can be moved under pressure, although not easily pushed out.

Flush knot: A knot that is smoothly cut close to the bole of a full-round house log or sawn round timber. It is specified in header and beam grades of minimally-machined logs.

Group knots: Two or more single knots grouped together, but with fibers of the wood present between the knots.

Hollow knot: An apparently sound knot containing a hole more than 1/4-inch in diameter. Intergrown knot: Also known as a red knot whose rings of annual growth are completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Large knot: A knot larger than 1 1/2-inch in diameter.

Loose knot: A knot that is not held firmly in place by growth or position and that cannot be relied upon to remain in place. In house logs, these are generally graded as “holes.”

Medium knot: A knot between 3/4-inch and 1 1/2-inch in diameter.

Oval knot: A knot cut at from 45° to 90° to the long axis of the branch.

Pin knot: A knot not greater than 1/2-inch in diameter.

Pith Knot: A knot having a pith hole not over 1/4-inch in diameter.

Red knot: Also known as an intergrown knot whose rings of annual growth are completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Round knot: A knot that is cut at approximately 90° to the long axis of the branch.

Single knot: A knot having adjoining wood fibers deflected around it alone and not around another knot.

Small knots: A knot between 1/2-inch and 3/4-inch in diameter.

Sound knot: A knot of good quality which is solid across its face, is as hard as the wood that surrounds it and shows no indication of decay.

Spike knot: A knot cut at 0 to 45° to the long axis of the limb.

Star-checked knot: A knot having radial checks.

Tight knot: A knot so fixed by growth or position that it will firmly retain its place in the piece.

Unsound knot: A knot which is not solid across the face as a result of decay and is not as hard as the surrounding wood.

Watertight knot: A knot having sound and watertight wood completely intergrown with the surrounding wood on one surface or on the entire projection of one end of the knot.

Well-scattered knots: knots that are not in clusters or groups, and each knot is separated from any other by a distance at least equal to the diameter of the smaller of the two.

Well-spaced knots: The sum of the sizes of all knots in any 6-inch of length of a piece must not exceed twice the size of the largest knot permitted. More than one knot of maximum permissible size must not be in same 6-inch of length and the combination of knots must not be serious. Shakes A naturally occurring feature that involves the separation of wood fibers due to mechanical stressors during the growth of the tree or the drying and subsequent shrinkage of the wood prior to or after processing. Shakes indicate an inherent weakness in the cross-section of the stem along the length of the stem. There are two distinctly different types of shakes.

Shake types are as follows: Heart shake: Also known as heart crack and rift crack this shake is recognized by the widest separation of fibers originating at or near the heart or pith of the timber which narrows to a hairline crack as it extends radially toward, but not to, the surface.

Ring shake: Also known as cup shake, this shake occurs in the plane of the growth ring (tangentially) either partially or entirely encircling the pith and occasionally moving radially to a nearby ring. This phenomena occurs in the living tree whose roots are planted in the ground and not limited to the living part of the tree which is the sapwood area.

Checks & Splits Naturally occurring feature that involves the separation of wood fibers due to biological stressors during the growth of the tree or the drying and subsequent shrinkage of the wood prior to or after processing. Splits, also known as through checks, are defined as lengthwise separations of the wood that are parallel to the fiber direction and extending through the piece from one surface to the opposite or adjacent surface, not necessarily through the pith. Splits are not permitted in wall-log category grades. Sawn round timbers are permitted splits if they extend along the length of the piece for a distance no greater than the diameter of the butt. The length of the split should be measured parallel to the line created by the surfaced edge of the sawn timber and perpendicularly from the end (butt or tip) of the timber to the furthest point of the split.

Holes A crevice or void in a log caused by a variety of factors during and after the living years of a tree. These factors include damage by insects, birds or other animals as well as the natural development of a tree. One factor includes the process of the lower limbs dying off, this process can take years of continued growth around the dead limb. Therefore, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, as a result the knot stands a chance of coming loose after the tree is sawn into boards.

Wane A characteristic which occurs when a milled log retains a certain amount of bark on an edge or corner. In beam or header grades wane and other mill produced scars are limited to 1/4 of any face with slightly more allowed for a short distance.

Scars Defects caused by injury to the growing tree is known as catface and include damage by such factors as fire, animal or scraping away of the bark in a localized area. Another type of scarring is called a burl which is an abnormal distortion of the stems growth due to injury or disease in the living tree. Scarring can take place anytime after the tree is harvested as well and can be caused by any penetrating trauma.

Pitch Pockets A hollow area in the stem wood enclosed by distorted wood fibers and filled with oleoresin. They are usually small and do not penetrate deeply so therefore they are not limited in wall logs.



Bark Pockets An isolated area, causing distortion of the surrounding wood grain, largely made up of bark, consistent with the texture of outer bark, these are usually quite shallow and therefore are not limited in wall logs.

Decay ”The decomposition of wood substance caused by the action of wood-destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight, and often in change of texture and color.” —American Society for Testing and Materials D-9. Decay is also known as rot, dry rot, dote and doze and is produced by several types of fungi which feed on cellulose and /or the lignin of the wood cell walls. Decay is limited in grading wood, advanced decay is not allowed in any structural grade of wood. Sapwood Stain Sapstain also referred to by some as mold is caused by a fungus that utilizes the contents of storage cells in the living sapwood for nourishment. The spread of the fungus can occur after an attack of bark beetles that have carried the spores from previously attacked and affected trees. The infected area will take on a bluish to black coloration that will rapidly fade after exposure to sunlight. The wall of the cell structure is not degraded in strength by the sapstain condition, so it is therefore not limited in graded wall logs.

Insect Engravings There is a distinction between the two types of damage done by insects who have left tunneling and boring evidence of their presence in a timber. One type is caused by a variety of insects who attack a dead tree leaving engravings in the sapwood and the heartwood which depending on the amount of damage could affect the integrity of the timber. The other is caused by the insects who have fed on the nutritious inner bark and cambium and in the process have killed the tree. In the latter, their presence has only affected the outer surface of the sapwood so the determination is that this timber remains sound in strength as long as the other timber characteristic assessments have deemed it so.

Warp A distortion of a timber shape due to a bow, crook, twist, or buckle. Beam, header or wall grade logs are limited to less than 1 1/2” in any 5 foot length.

Out of Round The tip and the butt ends have major and minor diameters whose ratios exceed 1.2. This is, of course, only the case with full round and sawn round timbers.

Taper For both wall logs and sawn round timber beams, taper is limited to an amount not to exceed 1/8” diameter change per foot of length for the distance between the tip and 3 feet from the butt of the log. The butt circumference cannot be greater than the circumference +8” at 3 feet from the butt end.

Compression or Cross Breaks A result of crushing pressure applied to wood which causes a constriction of wood cells and fibers as evidenced by visible compaction and breakage.

Pepperdine University School of Law
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The Pepperdine University School of Law is a law school in San Diego, California. Pepperdine Law offers Juris Doctor degrees as well as LL.M. degrees in taxation law, international law, business and corporate law. The school placed 66th among the nation's "Top 100" law schools by the 2008'' U.S. News and World Report rankings.

Administration
The dean of the law school is Kenneth Starr.

Notable alumni

 * Adam Firestone '93 (J.D.), CEO, Firestone Vineyard
 * Rick J. Caruso '83 (J.D.), CEO of Caruso Affiliated; former President of the Los Angeles Police Commission
 * James Hahn '72 (J.D.), former Mayor of Los Angeles, 2001-2005
 * Rod Blagojevich '83 (J.D.), Current Governor of Illinois, 2003-
 * Todd Russell Platts '91 (J.D.), Current U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvannia, 2001-

Puckle
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Puckle (v)- Puckle, or puckling in the wordly form of summoning dragons from the nether world. Such arts are highly practiced in the North American Regions of Canada. Today it is a high sought after art. To acctually Puckle one must posses an enchanted artifact, usually a weapon. After one has possesion of such an item they can begin the ceramoney. First they must use their Magika to power the item, next say the following enchanting words (Passed down from the ancient dragons of Zulthra, the Great Dragon Lord of Herothian) "Oh dragons of old, cast into the nether I summon Thee to do my bidding!" if done succesfully and faithfull the dragon of the chosen elemnt will be summoned.

Michael Dyner
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Michel Dyner, is a brilliant young man that lives in Chepe center. He lives an ordinary live and attends school daily. Mike is in the leather business.

Puckle
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Puckle (v)- Puckle, or puckling in the wordly form of summoning dragons from the nether world. Such arts are highly practiced in the North American Regions of Canada. Today it is a high sought after art. To acctually Puckle one must posses an enchanted artifact, usually a weapon. After one has possesion of such an item they can begin the ceramoney. First they must use their Magika to power the item, next say the following enchanting words (Passed down from the ancient dragons of Zulthra, the Great Dragon Lord of Herothian) "Oh dragons of old, cast into the nether I summon Thee to do my bidding!" if done succesfully and faithfull the dragon of the chosen elemnt will be summoned.

Worldscale
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Worldscale is a unified manner of establishing payment rate for a given oiltankers cargo. Worldscale was established in November 1952 as an average total cost of shipping oil from one port to another by ship. A large table was created. The same scale is used today, although it was merged with the American Tanker Rate Schedule (ATRS) in 1969, and by 2002 the table included the average cost of 320,000 voyages in permutations of from 1 load and 1 discharge port to 5 loads and 10 discharge ports. Worldscale is produced by Worldscale Association (NYC) Inc. for the Americas and by Worldscale Association (London) Ltd. for the rest of the world.

Following are some samples.

In negotiatiating a price to pay, the above table is referred to as WS100 or 100% of Worldscale. The actual price negotiated between shipowner and charterer can range from 40% to 200% and is referred to respectively as WS40 to WS200 depending on how much loss the first is willing to take on that voyage and how much the later is willing to pay.

Header Text
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Alecia Elliott
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Paul Degen
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Paul Degen (* March 24th 1941 in Basel † May 30th 2007 in Basel) was a swiss illustrator, caricaturist, painter and sculptor.

He is mostely known for the cartoons he did for the New York Times and his 34 title illustrations for the magazine The New Yorker in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1992 he was awarded with the "Basel Innovation Prize" for inventing the "Roma birthing wheel".

Life
After his education as a lithograph at the Wassermann Ag in Basel and graduation from the "Kunstschule Basel", Paul Degen continued his education at the graphic design studio of Theo Ballmer and at the Académie Julianin Paris. In the 1960s Paul Degen worked as a freelance graphic designer and illustrator with Herbert Leupin, Celestino Piatti, Fritz Bühler and at the Atelier Eidenbenz in Switzerland. 1970 he moved to New York and worked, besides freelancing as a cartoonist and illustrator for the New York Times, Esquire, Harper's Magazine and The Atlantic Monthly, at the Push Pin Studios with Milton Glaser and Seymour Chwast. After living in Brasil, Peru, Hawaii, Bali and his return to New York at the end of the 1988 Paul Degen moved back to Liestal near Basel in 1990. Paul Degen died on May 30th 2007 in Basel following an operation.

Exhibitions

 * Architecture for Children (1000 boxes), Hudson River Museum, New York
 * 34American Architects Travelling Exhibit - Rom, Venedig, Mailand, Bologna and the USA
 * 1979 - Gallerie Commercio, Zurich
 * 1979/81 - Hotel Engel, Liestal
 * 1981 - Susumo Gallery, Sidney
 * 1985 - Hotel Engel, Liestal
 * 2006 - HP-GARCIA Gallery, Hell´s Kitchen/ New York

Bookillustrationen

 * "The Emperor's New Clothes", Hans Christian Andersen, Random House (1978), ISBN: 0394838408
 * "O thou Improper thou uncommun noun", Clarkson N Potter Inc, NY (1978), ISBN: 0517535114
 * "David Copperfield", Charles Dickens, Franklin Library (1980), ASIN: B000BWRFP0

Craig E Gilmore
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Craig E Gilmore (born November 9, 1973 in Santa Barbara, California) is an artist that got his start in the semi pro basketball leagues of California.

Gilmore attended the then Longwood College, at the time a NCAA Division II school, where he really didn't do much in terms of preparing for a life of basketball. That would come back to haunt him when he never would play a minute in the NBA.

With the NBA no longer an option, Craig E Gilmore turned his attention to his 2nd love, his artwork. Craig Gilmore then founded the Film Shot Studio company that has a list of Who's Who in Hollywood as clients. Some of those clients inlude, NBC Universal, Cartoon Network, Turner Entertainment, and comic books such as Marvel and DC Comics. Craig Gilmore has worked on many Hollywood movies, most recently the upcoming motion picture, The Strangers.

Colin Bruce MacIver
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Colin Bruce MacIver was born in New Jersey on October 27, 1991. Later moved to New York and was raised in the streets of Westport. Struggling to survive in his environment of unfriendly peers he took up rollerblading at the young age of 8. MacIver began competing at the age of 12, and was dubbed a rollerblading child prodigy at the age of 14 by femal rollerblader Fabiola da Silva. Throughout the last 15 years of his life he has picked up 7 Vanderbuilt Crowns and 2 Westport rings. MacIver is still leading the world of rollerblading today.

Sigmund Hering
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Sigmund Hering (1899-1986) was perhaps the most influential trumpet teacher in America during the mid 20th century, and was known worldwide. He served as trumpeter with the Philadelphia Orchestra from 1925-1964. He is the most published trumpet pedagogue in the world.

Born in 1899 in Warsaw, Poland, Hering was 26 years old when Leopold Stokowski asked him to audition for a position as trumpeter with the Philadelphia Orchestra. Hering won the audition, and was a member of the orchestra for thirty years.

He composed over twenty etude, method, and trumpet books, making him one of the most prolific pedagogues in modern brass history. Thomas Erdmann's book, An Annotated Bibliography and Guide to the Published Music of Sigmund Herin, is the first detailed examination of Hering's work.

-PUBLISHED WORKS-

An Annotated Bibliography and Guide to the Published Trumpet Music of Sigmund Hering

Erdmann, Thomas R.

After a short introductory chapter on Sigmund Hering, this work analyzes his published trumpet works, draws conclusions on each text for suitability of use, and creates a guide for trumpet pedagogues for using Hering's 408 trumpet etudes for one trumpet without piano accompaniment. Appendices include: A Brief Look at the Compositional Relationship Between Leon Lester and Sigmund Hering; Brief Biographies of Sigmund Hering's Principal Viennese Instructors; A Complete List of Sources Used to Create the List 'Twentieth Century Topics of Trumpet Pedagogy'; and Definitions of Some Terms Used in that list.

Untitled
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The concept of CIVILIZATION-STATE  has been developed by the  Interuniversity Institute of Geneva (INU) in opposition to the nation-state. (See the site www.inuge.ch). It is based on the work “Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations. Arabo-muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western” of Guy Ankerl. INUPRESS, Geneva, 2000, pp. 346-351, ISBN 2881550045.

The national state is a western concept referring to a national community, most often on a speech community of a shared mother tongue. (See Patrick Griffin: The people with no name: Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s Scots, Irish and the creation of an British Atlanti world.1689-1764. Princeton UP, Princeton, 2001.)

A sphere of civilization relates a population to a shared  writing system. The script itself is bearer of a revealed or other fundamental axiomatic doctrines guiding the collective way of life. A same writing system is used frequently by more than a speech community. The civilization-state is a political entity representing a sphere of civilization. Embracing a population enough numerous and a territory enough large, a sovereign civilization-state guarantees the conditions of the durable maintenance of  this way of life.

China with its ideographic writing is a prototype of the civilization-state

India (Bharat in Sanskrit) also is a civilization-state. The (deva)nagari writing system is the supporter of the Vedic tradition

The Western civilization uses the (Greco-)Roman writing, even if the same word sign has not the same signification across linguistic regions. (In China the situation is the contrary. By analogy we can say that the Arabic numbers play in the West a similar role as the ideograms in China: the signs could be understood across regions, however differently pronounced.)

The Muslim sphere of civilization also is related to a writing system : the Arabic one (and its derivations). The belonging to the holy script of Koran  symbolizes its unity. However, in the contemporary history this civilization doesn’t yet constituted a civilization-state which could it represent worldwide (internationally).

The constitution of civilization-states could be considered as an important step into the direction of a globalization, which is based on consensus and equilibrium, and where the political and cultural integration primes the financial one.

Baby On Fire
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LOL ITS BABY ON FIRE LOLOLOLOLO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxuwXNAv8TA

Ron Loveridge/ Mayor of Riverside
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Honorable Mayor Ronald O. Loveridge got his doctorate from Standford and taught at the University of California, Riverside. He was elected as a councilmember in the city of Riverside in 1979 to 1993. He was elected as the Mayor of Riverside in 1993. He was re-elected in 1997, 2001, and 2005. He lives in the city of Riverside with his wife, Martha.

Eric Michael Hilton
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Eric Michael Hilton is the youngest of the three sons of Conrad Hilton. Eric Michael Hilton has been honored in numeral national awards, and has been reconized as the most valuable citizen in the state of Houston TX. Eric Michael Hilton is currently married to the former Ms. Denmark, Ms. Bibi. They currently have no children. There Godchildrens are Angelina Vancheri and Massimo Vancheri. Eric Michael Hilton currently lives in a private community in Houston TX.

Eric R Anderson
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Is son of the late Barbra Walters. Born in 1977, he studied profusional rocket sciences at Harvard University where he made Barbra proud beacause her son was an "Honor Role" student. He now has dropped rocket science and has taken up a life of acting. He recently mad a small appearence in Teenage Mutant Nija Turtles. He has been seen with celeberites such as Paris Hilton. He now resides in Lake Como, Italy with his new wife of 3 months!.

Michael Anthony Bradley
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Michael Anthony Bradley In 2004, California resident Michael Anthony Bradley created "Google Clique", a software program that he claimed could let spammers defraud Google out of millions of dollars in fraudulent clicks. Authorities said he was arrested while trying to blackmail Google for $150,000 to hand over the program, believed to be the first arrest for click fraud.[7]

Charges were dropped without explanation on November 22, 2006; both the US Attorney's office and Google declined to comment. Business Week suggests that Google was unwilling to cooperate with the prosecution, as it would be forced to publicly disclose its click fraud detection techniques, and as it also makes money from fraudulent clicks.[8]