Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/A4

1501 – 1520

 * 1) Andreas II (JE | ) -- See H970: Hungary
 * 2) Andreas (JE | ) A legendary Jewish pope. According to an old Spanish document discovered among some penitential liturgies by Eliezer Ashkenazi...
 * 3) Andreas Beltran (JE | ) -- See B614: Beltran
 * 4) Johannes Andreas (JE | ) of Xativa; a convert to Christianity in the sixteenth century; his Jewish name is unknown. In his conversionist zeal he addressed...
 * 5) Andreas Lucuas (JE | ) -- See C949: Cyrene
 * 6) Richard Andree (JE | ) German ethnographer and geographer; since 1890 editor of "Globus"; born 1835 at Brunswick. In 1881 he produced "Zur Volkskunde...
 * 7) Andrew (JE | ) 1. Commonly known as Saint Andrew; one of the twelve apostles of Jesus; brother of Simon Peter. Both Andrew and Peter were...
 * 8) Androgynos (Hermaphrodite) (JE | ) Rabbinical literature knows both the mythical and the real hermaphrodite: the former in the Haggadah, the latter in the Halakah...
 * 9) Andronicus Comnenus (JE | ) Byzantine emperor; born in 1113; assassinated at Constantinople in 1185; reigned in 1183-85. He wrote a book against the Jews...
 * 10) Andronicus, son of Meshullam JE (JE | ) Lived in the second century B.C. According to Josephus ("Ant." xiii. 3, &#167; 4), he was the representative of the Jews in...
 * 11) Anecdotes (JE | ) One of the many links that help to bind Jews together throughout the world is the number of Anecdotes dealing with Jewish...
 * 12) Aner (JE | ) One of the three Amorite lords of the hill-country of western Palestine confederate with Abram (Gen. xiv. 13). When a fugitive...
 * 13) Abraham Angel (JE | ) A Turkish Talmudist and author who flourished at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He published "Pittuche &#7716...
 * 14) Baruch Angel (JE | ) A Talmudic author and principal of the Talmudic colleges of Salonica and Smyrna in the first half of the seventeenth century...
 * 15) Angel ben Hayyim (JE | ) A Turkish commentator on the Bible; lived at Salonica in the last half of the eighteenth century. He wrote "&#39;E&#7827;...
 * 16) Hayyim Vidal ben Shabbethai Angel (JE | ) Turkish rabbi and preacher, who flourished at Salonica about the middle of the eighteenth century. He wrote: "Sippur ha-&#7716...
 * 17) Meir ben Abraham Angel, of Belgrade (JE | ) A renowned preacher who lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and died in Safed (Palestine) after having traveled...
 * 18) Moses Angel (JE | ) Headmaster of the London Jews&#39; Free School; born April 29, 1819, and died at London, in 1898. He received his early training...
 * 19) Shemaiah Angel JE (JE | ) Banker and philanthropist of Damascus; died in 1874. He was a great benefactor to his brethren in Syria and to the inhabitants...
 * 20) Angelo di Manuele (JE | ) See Manuele.

1521 – 1540

 * 1) Angelology REF:JE >> Ophite Diagrams REF:JE JE Angelology is that branch of theology which treats of angels. Angels (from &#945;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#333;&#962; = messenger...
 * 2) Angelus (JE | ) A Jewish merchant in Rome in the thirteenth century, who, with other merchants&#8212; Sabbatinus, Museus, Salamon, and Consiliolus&#8212...
 * 3) Anger (JE | ) A violent passion aroused by some wrong experienced; vengeance is sought upon the one who committed or caused it. It includes...
 * 4) Anglo-Israelism (JE | ) A theory which identifies the Anglo-Saxon race with the Lost Ten Tribes. Its adherents, who claim that the promises given...
 * 5) Anglo-Jewish Association (JE | ) An organization formed by Jews of the British empire having for its objects the promotion of social, moral, and intellectual...
 * 6) Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition (JE | ) An exposition held at the Royal Albert Hall, London, England, during April, May, and June, 1887, in which were collected and...
 * 7) The Anglo-Jewish Magazine (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 8) Angoul& (JE | ) Town in the department of Charente, France, where, about 1240, a controversy took place between Nathan ben Joseph Official...
 * 9) Angro-mainyush (JE | ) -- See A1003: Ahriman
 * 10) Anna Angyal (Engel) (JE | ) Hungarian author; born at Veszprim, 1848, died 1874; the daughter of a teacher in the town of Hód-Mezö-Vásárhely.
 * 11) David Angyal (Engel) (JE | ) Hungarian writer; born November 30, 1857. After graduating from the University of Budapest he was appointed high-school teacher...
 * 12) Anhalt (JE | ) An ancient principality of Germany, now a state of the German empire; formerly divided into four duchies: Anhalt-Bernburg...
 * 13) Ani, Anida, or Adafina (JE | ) Among Spanish Jews, a dish composed of beans, peas, fat meat, and eggs, placed in an oven over Friday night, and eaten at...
 * 14) Anilai JE (JE | ) Robber chieftains. Two Jewish boys of Nehardea in Babylonia were apprenticed by their widowed mother to a weaver. Having been...
 * 15) Animal Fables in Talmud and Midrash (JE | ) -- See A874: &#198;sop&#39;s Fables
 * 16) Animal Offerings (JE | ) -- See S35: Sacrifice
 * 17) Animal Worship (JE | ) This is an expression which needs careful definition, since it is understood and explained in various ways. A distinction...
 * 18) Clean and Unclean Animals (JE | ) -- See D351: Dietary Laws
 * 19) Animals of the Bible (JE | ) to contrast them with plants and minerals, animals are called in Hebrew (living soul): used always collectively in Gen. i...
 * 20) An& (JE | ) A mystical hymn, known as the "Shir ha-Kabod" (Hymn of Glory), ascribed to R. Judah, the saint of Speyer (Landshuth, "Hegyon...

1541 – 1560

 * 1) Anise (JE | ) See Dill.
 * 2) Ilya Anisimov (JE | ) Russian civil engineer; born in Daghestan, 1853; received his first education in the house of his father, Dr. Sharbat ben...
 * 3) Anjou (JE | ) Ancient province of France, bounded by Poitou, Brittany, Maine, and Touraine. It now includes the whole of the department...
 * 4) Ankava (Ankoa) JE (JE | ) See Alnaqua, Ephraim ben Israel.
 * 5) Abraham ben Mordecai Ankava (JE | ) North-African Talmudist, author, and liturgical poet; born at Fez, Morocco, about the beginning of the nineteenth century...
 * 6) Jacob ben Amram Ankava (JE | ) Translator; lived in Algeria in the nineteenth century. He translated from Spanish into Arabic a treatise onthe laws to be...
 * 7) Anklet (JE | ) An ornament for the ankle, alluded to by Isaiah (iii. 18) in the list of articles of jewelry that the women of that day were...
 * 8) Anna (JE | ) 1. Tobit&#39;s wife, of his own kindred (Tobit i. 9), consanguineous marriages being regarded by the pious Jews of old as...
 * 9) Anna (JE | ) Daughter of Rabbi Eleazar of Worms; lived at Erfurt, where she died as martyr by the hand of Crusaders, Dec. 6, 1213 or 1214...
 * 10) Anna (JE | ) Daughter of R. Meir of Ramerupt, sister of Rabbenu Tam and Rashbam, and granddaughter of Rashi; a learned woman of Champagne...
 * 11) Anna (JE | ) -- See H141: Hallel
 * 12) Anna Bekorenu (JE | ) A Pizmon for the Eve of Atonement, according to the Sephardic ritual, taking the place occupied by "Omnam Ken" and "Ki Hinneh...
 * 13) Anna Ivanovna (JE | ) Empress of Russia; born Feb. 8, 1693; crowned 1730; died Oct. 28, 1740. After the death of Peter the Great (Feb. 8, 1725)...
 * 14) Annas (JE | ) Son of Sethi, or Seth (Josephus, "Ant." xviii. 2, &#167; 1), a Jewish high priest. He was appointed to the office by Quirinus...
 * 15) Annius Rufus (JE | ) Procurator of Judea from the year 12-15 (Josephus, "Ant." xviii. 2, &#167; 2).A. B&#252;.           					  						  							...
 * 16) Anniversary of Death (JE | ) -- See J139: Jahrzeit
 * 17) The Annual Hebrew Magazine (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 18) The Anointed of the Lord (JE | ) -- See M510: Messiah
 * 19) Anointing (JE | ) Two words are employed in the Old Testament for Anointing, and . The former designates the private use of unguents in making...
 * 20) Anonymous Works (JE | ) Hebrew anonymous literature is coeval with the literature of the nation. The Bible mentions two anonymous historical works:...

1561 – 1580

 * 1) Ansbach (JE | ) Ancient town of Bavaria, Germany; the capital of Middle Franconia, situated on the Rezat, twenty-five miles southwest of Nuremberg...
 * 2) Anschel (JE | ) Rabbi at Cracow; flourished in the first half of the sixteenth century. He was the author of "Mirkebet ha-Mishneh" (The Second...
 * 3) Anschel Norden de Lima (JE | ) -- See L423: Lima
 * 4) Solomon Anschel (JE | ) German author; lived in southern Germany at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. He wrote...
 * 5) Worms Anschel (JE | ) See Asher ben Wolf.
 * 6) Anschelm (JE | ) Chief rabbi of several German provinces. He was appointed to the office of chief rabbi in the year 1435 by Conrad of Weinsberg...
 * 7) Anshe Keneset ha-Gedolah (JE | ) -- See B1002: Synagogue, Great
 * 8) Joel Anspach (JE | ) French religious writer; born about 1800; died September, 1872. He was the only brother of Philippe Anspach. Joel was the...
 * 9) Philippe Anspach (JE | ) Honorary counselor to the French Court of Cassation (court of appeal) and officer of the Legion of Honor; born in Metz, 1800...
 * 10) The Ant in Jewish Literature (JE | ) in Hebrew, so also in Arabic naml (etymology doubtful); in Aramaic (Targum, Peshito, and Talmud) , which has its equivalent...
 * 11) Book of Antediluvians (JE | ) -- See A1644: Apocrypha
 * 12) Antelope (JE | ) One of a variety of ruminants resembling the deer in many respects. The Revised Version of the Bible has the word "Antelope"...
 * 13) Anthropology (JE | ) the science of man, especially in his physical aspects, and of the climatic and social environments determining those aspects...
 * 14) Anthropomorphism (JE | ) the ascription to the Deity of human forms or modes and of human feelings or moods, respectively. Such ascription is as old...
 * 15) Abraham Antibi (JE | ) Chief rabbi at Aleppo; died March 13, 1858. His book of responsa, "Ohel Yesharim" (The Tent of the Righteous), arranged according...
 * 16) Antibla (JE | ) A family of proselytes living at Jerusalem in the first century B.C., which had been in prosperous circumstances, but was...
 * 17) Antichrist (JE | ) Counterpart of the Messiah and opponent of God Himself; one of the most important personages in Christian eschatology. The...
 * 18) Antigonus (Antoninus) (JE | ) Palestinian scholar of the last tannaitic generation (second and third centuries). Only two Haggadot (Mek., Beshalla&#7717...
 * 19) Antigonus I (son of John Hyrcanus) (JE | ) Born about 135 B.C., died 103. He was Hyrcanus&#39; second son, and, though young, proved an able soldier during his father&#39...
 * 20) Antigonus Mattathias (JE | ) the last Hasmonean king of Judea; died 37 B.C. He was the second son of Aristobulus II., and together with his father was...

1581 – 1600

 * 1) Antigonus of Soko JE (JE | ) the first scholar of whom Pharisaic tradition has preserved not only the name but also an important theological doctrine....
 * 2) L& (JE | ) A name assumed by nine different publications issued in France and Algiers and directed against the Jews. In nearly every...
 * 3) The Anti-maimonists (JE | ) -- See M84: Maimonists
 * 4) Antino& (JE | ) City in the South of Middle Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile; founded by the emperor Hadrian in the year 122. Jews seem...
 * 5) Antinomianism (JE | ) A term generally used to denote the opposition of certain Christian sects to the Law; that is, to the revelation of the Old...
 * 6) Antioch (JE | ) Ancient capital of Syria, situated in the northern part of that country, fifty-seven miles west of Aleppo, on the left bank...
 * 7) Antiochus II (JE | ) King of Syria (261-246 B.C.); date of birth unknown, but set by some chronologists at 286 B.C.; died 246. He is the first...
 * 8) Antiochus III the Great (JE | ) King of Syria; born about 242 B.C.; reigned from 223; died 187. Eleven verses of Daniel (xi. 10-21) are supposed by critics...
 * 9) Antiochus IV Epiphanes (JE | ) ("the Illustrious"): King of Syria; reigned from 175 B.C.; died 164. He was a son of Antiochus the Great, and, after the murder...
 * 10) Antiochus V Eupator (JE | ) ("Well-born"): King of Syria, son of Antiochus IV.; born 173 B.C.; died 162. He succeeded his father at the age of twelve...
 * 11) Antiochus VI (JE | ) King of Syria, son of Alexander Balas; died 142 B.C. Like his predecessor, Antiochus VI. was king only in name. He was proclaimed...
 * 12) Antiochus VII Sidetes (JE | ) King of Syria, son of Demetrius 1; born 164; died 129 B.C. In 138 B.C. he declared against the usurper Tryphon, who had taken...
 * 13) Antiochus VIII Gryphus (JE | ) King of Syria from 125 to 113 and from 111 to 96 B.C. Born in the year 141; died 96 B.C. For the first three years of his...
 * 14) Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (JE | ) King of Syria; died 95 B.C. He was the half-brother of Antiochus VIII., the preceding king. He rose against him in 113, and...
 * 15) Antiochus XII Dionysus (JE | ) King of Syria. He was the youngest son of Grypos, and the last of the Seleucids to come in contact with Jews. In a campaign...
 * 16) Scroll of Antiochus JE (JE | ) Name of a pseudepigraph, written in Hebrew, describing the revolt of the Maccabees, and depicting its glorious course. Saadia...
 * 17) Antipas (Herod Antipas) (JE | ) Seventh (not sixth, as stated in Graetz, nor third, as in Dean Farrar&#39;s biography of the Herods) and, at the time of...
 * 18) Antipater (JE | ) Father of Herod I.; died 43 B.C. He was the son of Antipas, a convert to Judaism, who was governor of Idum&#230;a under the...
 * 19) Antipater (JE | ) Eldest son of Herod the Great and of the Idumean Doris, who soon after Antipater&#39;s birth was discarded by her husband...
 * 20) Antipater, son of Jason (JE | ) See Jonathan the Hasmonean.

1601 – 1620

 * 1) Antipatris (JE | ) City founded about the year 10 B.C. by Herod the Great in the plain of Kefar Saba. From a passage in Josephus it appears that...
 * 2) Antiphony (JE | ) -- See C471: Choir
 * 3) Anti-semitism (JE | ) A modern word expressing antagonism to the political and social equality of Jews.The term "Anti-Semitism" has its origin in...
 * 4) Anti-shabbethians (JE | ) -- See S531: Shabbethai &#7826;ebi
 * 5) Antislavery Movement in America (JE | ) the institution of negro slavery in America has been traced back to the suggestion of a pillar of the Church, Las Casas, who...
 * 6) Antislavery Movement and the Jews (JE | ) the movement against slavery is one of the most important efforts in the development of civilization; and the relation of...
 * 7) Anti-talmudists (JE | ) -- See F342: Frankists
 * 8) Nicolas Antoine JE (JE | ) French-Christian theologian who became converted to Judaism; born of Catholic parents in 1602 or 1603 at Briey, a small town...
 * 9) Mark Matveyevich Antokolski (JE | ) Russian sculptor; born in Wilna in 1842. As a young child he displayed a talent for art, and after a short term in the &#7717...
 * 10) Antoli (JE | ) -- See A1479: Anatoli
 * 11) Sanchez Anton (JE | ) -- See S219: Sanchez Antonio
 * 12) Carl Anton (JE | ) Author; born in Mitau (Courland), of Jewish parentage; lived in the eighteenth century. He claimed descent from &#7716;ayyim...
 * 13) Anton de Mortoro Ropero (JE | ) -- See A1613: Ropero, Anton de Mortoro
 * 14) Antonia (JE | ) the name given by Herod the Great to a fortress on the north side of the Temple at Jerusalem. It formed a projection on the...
 * 15) Antonia (JE | ) the younger daughter of the triumvir Mark Antony and sister-in-law of Tiberius. She was on friendly terms with Berenice (the...
 * 16) Antonia, Princess of W& (JE | ) A Christian Hebraist and cabalistic scholar, born in the first half of the seventeenth century; died 1679. One of the effects...
 * 17) Antoninus in the Talmud (JE | ) A Roman emperor, and the hero of Jewish legends that recount wonderful things about his attitude toward Jews and Judaism, and more particularly concerning ...
 * 18) Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus) (JE | ) Roman emperor; born in the year 86; died in 161; ruled from 138 until his death. The reign of this just and humane emperor...
 * 19) Diogo Antonio (JE | ) A physician who lived in Lisbon in the first half of the sixteenth century. In 1539 he succeeded Duarte de Paz as representative...
 * 20) Dom Antonio (JE | ) Prior of Crato, pretender to the throne of Portugal; died 1595. He was a natural son of Dom Luis, brother of King Henry of...

1621 – 1640

 * 1) Hector Antonio (JE | ) Brother of Diogo Antonio. He was the representative of the Portuguese Maranos in Rome about the middle of the sixteenth century...
 * 2) Antonio Jos& (JE | ) -- See S714: Silva, Antonio, Jos&#233; da
 * 3) Antonio de Mendes (JE | ) -- See A1623: Mendes, Antonio de
 * 4) Antonio de Verona (JE | ) Italian Jew, resident in England from 1623-25, who seems to have been a teacher&#8212;probably of Hebrew&#8212;at King&#39...
 * 5) Antunes (JE | ) Family name of several prominent Jews. Aaron Antunes:   &#7716;akam of Amsterdam; lived about the year 1715. He is known...
 * 6) Antwerp (JE | ) Chief seaport of the kingdom of Belgium; capital of the province bearing the same name.It is impossible to say at what time...
 * 7) Anusim (JE | ) -- See M169: Maranos
 * 8) Apamea >> Apamea (Syria) JE, Apamea (Phrygia) JE, Apamea (Babylonia) JE, (JE | ) Among the many towns bearing this name, the following are of importance with reference to Jews:1. Capital of the province...
 * 9) Apella UNR (JE | ) A real or fictitious name of a Jew referred to by Horace as extremely credulous. Credulity seemed to the Roman writers synonymous...
 * 10) Apelles of Ascalon (JE | ) Counselor and companion of the emperor Caligula (37-41). After a career of debauchery he went on the stage and became a tragic...
 * 11) Apes (JE | ) These animals are mentioned in I Kings, x. 22, and the parallel passage in II Chron. ix. 21, as having been brought, with...
 * 12) Apharsachites (JE | ) A tribe living in Samaria, who objected to the building of the Temple by the Jews, and brought the matter to the attention...
 * 13) Apharsites (JE | ) Assyrian subjects transplanted into Samaria by Asnapper. In Ezra, iv. 9, they are found intriguing against the Jews, and this...
 * 14) Aphek JE (JE | ) the name of several places mentioned in the Old Testament, of which the most famous was the scene of a severe defeat of Ben-hadad...
 * 15) The Battle of Aphek (JE | ) This event, described in I Kings, xx. 26-34, was one of the most notable in the prolonged warfare between northern Israel...
 * 16) Aphorisms (JE | ) -- See M285: Maxims
 * 17) Aphraates, The Persian Sage (JE | ) the name by which a Syrian homilist of the fourth century was known. His homilies, written between the years 337 and 345,...
 * 18) Aphraschus Rachmailowicz (JE | ) -- See A878: Affras Rachmaelovich
 * 19) Aphrodite (JE | ) Greek name for the goddess of love. Among Orientals, addicted to sensuality, she was worshiped under many forms and figures...
 * 20) Apikoros (JE | ) in common Jewish parlance this word is used to signify that a man is a heretic, unsound in his belief, or lax in his religious...

1641 – 1660

 * 1) Apion (JE | ) A Greek grammarian and sophist of Alexandria, noted for his bitter hatred of the Jews; born in the Great Oasis of Egypt between...
 * 2) Apocalypse (JE | ) An "Apocalypse," in the terminology of early Jewish and Christian literature, is a revelation of hidden things given by God...
 * 3) Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature (JE | ) the Neo-Hebraic apocalyptic forms but one branch of Apocalyptic Literature, a species of literature exhibiting many ramifications...
 * 4) Apocrypha (JE | ) the most general definition of Apocrypha is, Writings having some pretension to the character of sacred scripture, or received...
 * 5) Eduard Apolant (JE | ) German physician; born at Jastrow, city in Westpreussen, Prussia, Aug. 21, 1847. He was educated at the gymnasium at Deutsch-Krone...
 * 6) Apollinaris (JE | ) Bishop of Hierapolis, Phrygia, in 170; author of an "Apology for the Christian Faith," which he addressed to Emperor Marcus...
 * 7) Apollonius (JE | ) One of the Judeans who, about 130 B.C., went to Rome to make a covenant or league of friendship with the Romans. He was called...
 * 8) Appollonius + (JE | ) Greek rhetorician and anti-Jewish writer; flourishedin the first century B.C. He is usually, but not always, designated by...
 * 9) Apollonius of Tyana (JE | ) Pythagorean philosopher and necromancer; born about the year 3 B.C.; died, according to some sources, in the thirtyeighth...
 * 10) Apollos (JE | ) A learned Jew of Alexandria, and colaborer of Paul. Of him the following is told (Acts xviii. 24-28): He came (about 56) to...
 * 11) Apologists (JE | ) Men of pious zeal who defended both the Jewish religion and the Jewish race against the attacks and accusations of their enemies...
 * 12) Ap&#244;phis (JE | ) the Egyptian king under whom, according to some early writers, Joseph came to Egypt, and who, according to Syncellus, flourished...
 * 13) Apoplexy (JE | ) A sudden loss or diminution of sensation and of the power of motion, caused by the rupture or plugging up of a blood-vessel...
 * 14) Apostasy and Apostates from Judaism >> Apostasy in Judaism REF:JE (JE | ) Terms derived from the Greek &#7936;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; ("defection, revolt") and &#7936;&#960...
 * 15) Apostle and Apostleship (JE | ) Apostle (Greek &#7936;&#960;&#972;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#963;, from &#7936;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#942;&#955;&#955...
 * 16) Apostles& (JE | ) -- See D341: Didache
 * 17) Daniil Pavlovich Apostol (JE | ) Hetman of the Cossacks on both sides of the Dnieper; born in South Russia in 1658; died Dec. 15, 1734. When Catherine I. expelled...
 * 18) Apostoli UNR, Apostol& (JE | ) These two words, while similar in appearance, differ in signification. "Apostol&#233;" was a term given to certain moneys...
 * 19) Apostolic Constitutions (JE | ) -- See D343: Didascalia
 * 20) Apostomus JE (JE | ) Among five catastrophes said to have overtaken the Jews on the seventeenth of Tammuz, the Mishnah (Ta&#39;anit iv. 6) includes...

1661 – 1680

 * 1) Jewish Apothecaries (JE | ) -- See M325: Medicine
 * 2) Abraham Ashkenazi Apotheker (JE | ) An apothecary ("aptheker," according to the customary Polish-Jewish syncopated pronunciation) and writer, whose name betokens...
 * 3) David Apotheker (JE | ) Jud&#230;o-German writer and printer at Philadelphia, Pa.; born in Ponievyezh, gov. Kovno, Russia, Aug. 28, 1855. In 1868...
 * 4) Appeal (JE | ) "The carrying of a cause from a lower to a higher tribunal for a rehearing on the merits" is practically unknown to Jewish...
 * 5) Appellanten (JE | ) A German word used to designate the assistants of the chief rabbi of Prague; called also "Oberjuristen"; generally three...
 * 6) Apple (JE | ) the word "apple" is the commonly accepted translation of tappua&#7718;, from the root napa&#7718; (to exhale = the sweet-scented)...
 * 7) Apple of Sodom (JE | ) A fruit described by Josephus ("B. J." iv. 8, &#167; 4) and Tacitus ("Hist." v. 6) as growing near the site of Sodom, "externally...
 * 8) Appraisement (JE | ) the setting of a value by a court of justice either upon property, or upon damage done to person or property. It differs...
 * 9) Approbation (JE | ) Primarily, a favorable opinion given by rabbis or scholars as recommendation for a book composed wholly or partly in the...
 * 10) Apt (JE | ) A small town, not far from Avignon, in the department of Vaucluse, France. In the Middle Ages it was inhabited by Jews, who...
 * 11) David Aptrod (JE | ) -- See A648: Abterode
 * 12) Apulia (JE | ) A district of southern Italy, the limits of which have varied. It is usually regarded as the region bounded by the Frentani...
 * 13) Aqueducts in Palestine (JE | ) Palestine, in contradistinction to Egypt, was a land of natural waters rather than of irrigation (Deut. xi. 10, 11), and there...
 * 14) Aquila (&#913;&#954;&#973;&#955;&#945;&#962;, V02p034001jpg) (JE | ) Translator of the canonical Scriptures from Hebrew into Greek. He was by birth a Gentile from Pontus, and is said by Epiphanius...
 * 15) Raffaele Aquilino (JE | ) Italian apostate who renounced his religion in 1545&#8212;eight years before the public burning of the Talmud in Rome (1553)&#8212...
 * 16) Louis-Henri D& (JE | ) Writer and translator of the seventeenth century; son of Philippe D&#39;Aquin. He was converted to Christianity at Aquino...
 * 17) Philippe D& (JE | ) Hebraist; born at Carpentras about 1578; died at Paris in 1650. Early in life he left his native town and went to Aquino,...
 * 18) Thomas Aquinas (JE | ) Most eminent of the Christian theological philosophers of the Middle Ages; born 1227 at Aquino, kingdom of Naples; died 1274...
 * 19) Ar (JE | ) Occurs as follows in the Old Testament: Num. xxi. 15, 28; Deut. ii. 9, 18, 29; Isa. xv. 1. It is generally identified with...
 * 20) Arabah (JE | ) the Hebrew word Arabah (ערבה) denotes desert, steppe. With the article, it refers especially to that extensive depression the...

1681 – 1700

 * 1) Arabah (JE | ) -- See B962: Beth-Arabah
 * 2) The Arabarch (JE | ) -- See A1055: Alabarch
 * 3) Arabia (JE | ) Peninsula lying between the mainlands of Africa and Asia. It is separated from Africa on the south by the Red Sea and on the...
 * 4) Arabian Nights (JE | ) Popular name of a collection of tales written in Arabic under the title "Alf Lailat wa Lailah" (One Thousand and One Nights)...
 * 5) General View of Arabic-Jewish Philosophy (JE | ) So thoroughly were the writings of Arabic-speaking Jews influenced by what may be termed Mosaism, that it is necessary to...
 * 6) Use of Arabic Language Among Jews (JE | ) the precise period of the first settlement of Jews in Arabia is unknown, and it is therefore impossible to say when the Arabic...
 * 7) Arabic Literature of the Jews (JE | ) from the time that the Arabs commenced to develop a culture of their own, Jews lived among them and spoke their language....
 * 8) Arabic Philosophy& >> Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) JE (JE | ) Arabic philosophy dates from the appearance of dissenting sects in Islam. A century had hardly elapsed after Mohammed revealed...
 * 9) Arabic Poetry (JE | ) the poetic literature of the Arab Jews, to judge from the specimens handed down, must be about as old as Arabic Poetry in...
 * 10) Arabic Script (JE | ) -- See A1686: Arabic Language
 * 11) Arabic versions of the Bible (JE | ) -- See B1035: Bible Translations
 * 12) Arad (JE | ) Son of Beriah in the genealogical list of Benjamin (I Chron. viii. 15).2. A Canaanite city in the wilderness of Judah (Judges...
 * 13) Arad (Alt-Arad) (JE | ) A royal free city and market town of Hungary, on the Maros, 145 miles southeast of Budapest. Among the Jewish communities...
 * 14) Aradus (JE | ) A Phenician city on the island now called Ruad, eighty miles north of Sidon. It is the Arvad of Ezek. xxvii. 8, 11, the Armad...
 * 15) Arag (Arak) (JE | ) Village in the district of Kyurin, Daghestan, Transcaucasia, Russia. When the traveler Judah Chorny visited the place in...
 * 16) Aragon (JE | ) An independent medieval kingdom, later a province of Spain, in the northeastern part of the Iberian peninsula. Its population...
 * 17) & (JE | ) A treatise of the Mishnah, the Tosefta, and the Babylonian Talmud in the order &#7730;odashim. Analysis of the Mishnah. In...
 * 18) Aram (JE | ) the name of a group of kindred tribes scattered over portions of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. It is not the name of a country...
 * 19) Aram-geshur (JE | ) An Aramean district and a small kingdom near Maachah (II Sam. xv. 8) (see Aram-Maachah), and associated with it in Josh. xiii...
 * 20) Aram-maachah (JE | ) (I Chron. xix. 6): A district south of Damascus, bordering on the trans-Jordanic territory of Manasseh. Maachah is said in...

1701 – 1720

 * 1) Aram-naharaim (JE | ) A region somewhat ill-defined, mentioned six times in the Bible. In the title of Ps. lx., and in I Chron. xix. 6, it is used...
 * 2) Aram-rehob JE (JE | ) A district of Syria, of which the chief city was Rehob or Beth-Rehob, associated with Aram-Zobah as hostile to David. Num...
 * 3) Aram-zobah JE (JE | ) the capital of an Aramean state, at one time of considerable importance. The statement in I Sam. xiv. 47, that its king fought...
 * 4) David ben Abraham Arama (JE | ) Rabbinical author, born in Turkey, 1525; lived in Salonica. When barely twenty years old, he published "Perush &#39;al Sefer...
 * 5) Isaac ben Moses Arama JE (JE | ) Spanish rabbi and author; born about 1420; died in Naples 1494. He was at first principal of a rabbinical academy at Zamora...
 * 6) Me& (JE | ) Philosopher and Biblical commentator; born at Saragossa at the end of the fifteenth century; died about 1556 in Salonica....
 * 7) Aramaic Language among the Jews (JE | ) of all Semitic languages the Aramaic is most closely related to the Hebrew, and forms with it, and possibly with the Assyrian...
 * 8) Aramaic Versions (JE | ) -- See B1035: Bible Translations
 * 9) Pedro de Aranda JE (JE | ) Bishop of Calahorra and president of the council of Castile in the latter part of the fifteenth century; was a victim of the...
 * 10) Miksa Aranyi (JE | ) Hungarian writer; born at Trencs&#233;n, May 13, 1858. He graduated from the university in Budapest, and was sent to Paris...
 * 11) Ararat (JE | ) A district in eastern Armenia lying between the lakes Van and Urmia and the river Araxes. The Biblical name corresponds to...
 * 12) Ararat (JE | ) A proposed city planned by Mordecai Manuel Noah in 1825. The reactionary policy adopted by many European governments after...
 * 13) Araunah JE (JE | ) A Jebusite whose threshing-floor in Jerusalem was pointed out to David by the prophet Gad as a fitting place for the erection...
 * 14) Abraham Gomez de Arauxo (JE | ) Lived in the seventeenth century. He was a member of a poetical academy in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1682, a good mathematician...
 * 15) Daniel Arauxo (JE | ) Physician. Lived in the seventeenth century in the city of Amsterdam. In the year 1655 he composed an elegy on the martyr...
 * 16) Arba (JE | ) the hero of the Anakim, who lived at Kirjath-arba, a city named in his honor (Josh. xiv. 15). In Josh. xv. 13 and xxi. 11...
 * 17) Arba& (JE | ) See Council of the Four Lands.
 * 18) Arba& (JE | ) the "four-cornered garment"; a rectangular piece of cloth, usually of wool, about three feet long and one foot wide, with...
 * 19) Arbach Hayyim b. Jacob (JE | ) -- See D493: Drucker, &#7716;ayyim b. Jacob
 * 20) Arbattis (JE | ) A place mentioned in I Mace. v. 23 in connection with Galilee, from both of which districts Simon Maccabeus brought back some...

1721 – 1740

 * 1) Arbel (JE | ) -- See B964: Beth-Arbel
 * 2) Arbela (JE | ) in I Mace. ix. 2, Arbela is the district in which Mesaloth was situated, and through which ran the road to Gilgal (for which...
 * 3) Eduardo Arbib (JE | ) Italian deputy and author; born at Florence, July 27, 1840. On the death of his father he was obliged to discontinue his studies...
 * 4) Isaac Arbib (JE | ) See Arroya, Isaac ben Moses.
 * 5) Pedro Arbues (JE | ) Spanish canon and inquisitor; called by certain Jews "the creature and darling of Torquemada"; born about 1441 at Epila, Aragon...
 * 6) Arcadius (JE | ) Byzantine emperor from 395 to 408. He was too weak a ruler to be able to withstand the influence exerted by his court favorites...
 * 7) Archa (JE | ) Technical name in old English Treasury documents for the repository in which chirographs and other deeds were preserved. By...
 * 8) Archagathus (JE | ) -- See C8: C&#198;cilius of Calacte
 * 9) Archelaus (JE | ) Son of Herod I.; king of Judea; born about 21 B.C., his mother being the Samaritan Malthace. At the age of fourteen he was...
 * 10) Biblical Archeology (JE | ) the branch of archeology that has for its province a scientific presentation of the domestic, civil, and religious institutions...
 * 11) Archer, Archery (JE | ) the bow as a weapon in war and the chase was familiar to the Hebrews from patriarchal times (Gen. xxi. 20, xxvii. 3, xlviii...
 * 12) Archevites (JE | ) A people whom Asnapper brought from Erech or Uruk, a political and religious center of Babylonia, and settled in Samaria....
 * 13) Samuel ben Elhanan Isaac Archevolti (JE | ) Italian grammarian, and poet of the sixteenth century. Many of his piyyu&#7789;im were embodied in the Italian liturgy, notably...
 * 14) Archimedes (JE | ) the greatest mathematician of antiquity; born in Syracuse about 287 B.C. His influence on Jewish literature was not extensive...
 * 15) Archipherecites (JE | ) Grecized form of the Aramaic  = "heads of the school" (pirka, literally "chapter," hence "discourse"). The name occurs...
 * 16) Archisynagogue (JE | ) Synagogue-chief. The use of this name as the title of the officer who supervised matters pertaining to the religious services...
 * 17) Archite (JE | ) Inhabitant of a town or district on the southern border of Judah probably connected with the Erech (A. V. Archi) of Josh....
 * 18) Jewish architecture (JE | ) See Almemar; America, Jewish Architecture in; Ark; Cemeteries;Galleries; Gravestones; Hospitals; New York; Philadelphia; Synagogue...
 * 19) Archives Isra&#233;lites (JE | ) A French Jewish review, founded in 1840 by Samuel Cahen, author of a French translation of the Hebrew Bible. The first number...
 * 20) Jewish Archives of Old Congregation (JE | ) See Memorbuch; Pinkes.

1741 – 1760

 * 1) Archon (JE | ) the title of a member of the governing body in the independent Jewish communities throughout the Roman empire, as in Alexandria...
 * 2) Arcturus (JE | ) -- See C749: Constellation
 * 3) Ardashar (JE | ) Village in the government of Erivan, Transcaucasia, Russia, about 16 miles South-southeast from the capital of Erivan; the...
 * 4) Ardit (JE | ) the name of a family that emigrated from Aragon to Turkey, where their descendants still live. The following members are known:...
 * 5) Shem-Tob ben Isaac Ardotial (Andrutil) (JE | ) Spanish poet; flourished at Soria in the beginning of the fourteenth century. The name  has been wrongly transcribed as Androtil...
 * 6) Areka (JE | ) -- See A127: Abba Arika
 * 7) Arelim (JE | ) -- See A1521: Angelology
 * 8) Arendar (JE | ) -- See R97: Randar
 * 9) Otto Arendt (JE | ) German economist, author, and member of the Prussian Diet; born in Berlin, Oct. 10, 1854. He graduated as Ph.D. from the Berlin...
 * 10) Louis Arens (JE | ) Operatic singer (tenor); born in Mitau, Russia, March 23, 1865. He was educated at the Riga Gymnasium and studied music at...
 * 11) Samuel ben Isaac ben Yom-Tob Arepol (JE | ) Commentator on the Bible, lived in Safed and Salonica in the sixteenth century. He is author of the following books: "Imrot...
 * 12) Aretas JE (JE | ) Nabat&#230;an king; reigned from 9 B.C. to 40 of the common era. His full title, as given in the inscriptions, was "Aretas...
 * 13) Marquis d& (JE | ) See Mendelssohn, Moses.
 * 14) Argentine Republic (JE | ) See Agricultural Colonies in America, Buenos Ayres.           					  						  							  							  								This article has not...
 * 15) Argob (JE | ) 1. A district in Bashan which was taken from Og by the Jews (Deut. iii. 4), and together with the district of Gilead, was...
 * 16) Lewis Aria (JE | ) Merchant and philanthropist; died at Portsea in 1874. Of a Sephardic family, he was trained to business and devoted the fortune...
 * 17) Arianism (JE | ) A heresy of the Christian Church, started by Arius, bishop of Alexandria (d. 336), who taught that the Son is not equivalent...
 * 18) Joseph Zemah (Sameh) Arias (JE | ) Marano litterateur; flourished in the latter part of the seventeenth century. He belonged to the literary coterie of Joseph...
 * 19) Arias Montanus (Benedictus) (JE | ) Spanish priest and Orientalist; born in 1527 at Freseenal, Estremadura; died 1598 at Seville. Philip II. entrusted him with...
 * 20) Ariel (JE | ) 1. Proper name of a man (Ezra viii. 16). The name is recognizable in the name of the Gadite clan Areli (Gen. xlvi. 16; Num...

1761 – 1780

 * 1) Joseph of Arimathaea (JE | ) -- See J453: Joseph of Arimath&#230;a
 * 2) Arioch (JE | ) King of Ellasar, one of the four kings who invaded Palestine in the days of Abraham (Gen. xiv. 1, 9). The style of the chapter...
 * 3) Aristai (JE | ) A Palestinian scholar of the third amoraic generation (third century); colleague of R. Samuel b. Na&#7718;man. The latter...
 * 4) The historian Aristeas (JE | ) Writer on Jewish history mentioned in Eusebius, "Pr&#230;p. Ev." ix. 25, who quotes from Alexander Polyhistor&#39;s collection...
 * 5) Letter of Aristeas (JE | ) in the guise of a letter to a brother Philokrates, "Aristeas" writes:  Contents of the Letter."By the advice of Demetrius...
 * 6) Aristides Mareianus of Athens (JE | ) Christian apologist; lived about the middle of the second century. He is described by Jerome as having been a most eloquent...
 * 7) Aristo of Pella (JE | ) A Christian controversialist who wrote against Judaism in the second century (135-170). He is the author of a "Dialogue Between...
 * 8) Aristobulus I (JE | ) King of Judea, eldest son of John Hyrcanus; born about 140 B.C.; died 104. He succeeded his father in the office of high...
 * 9) Aristobulus II (JE | ) King of Judea; born about 100 B.C.; died 49 B.C. He was the youngest son of Alexander Jann&#230;us, whose political and religious...
 * 10) Aristobulus III (JE | ) Last scion of the Hasmo nean royal house; brother of Mariamne and paternal grandson of Aristobulus II. He was a favorite of...
 * 11) Aristobulus (JE | ) Youngest brother of Agrippa I.; son of Herod&#39;s son Aristobulus; flourished during the first half of the first century...
 * 12) Aristobulus (JE | ) Son of Herod the Great and Mariamne the Hasmonean; born about 35 B.C.; died 7 B.C. Both he and his elder brother Alexander...
 * 13) Aristobulus of Paneas (JE | ) Alexandrian Peripatetic philosopher; lived in the third or second century B.C. The period of his life is doubtful, Anatolius...
 * 14) Aristotle in Jewish Legend (JE | ) As the Greek who most impressed his influence upon the development of the Jewish mind, Aristotle is one of the few Gentiles...
 * 15) Aristotle in Jewish Literature (JE | ) One thousand years after his death, Aristotle, as his pupil Alexander had aforetime done, began to conquer the East, and finally...
 * 16) Arithmetic (JE | ) the art of reckoning. This must have been familiar to the ancient Hebrews. The sacred books mention large amounts, showing...
 * 17) Ark of the Covenant (JE | ) the first mention of the Ark in the Bible is in Ex. xxv. 10 et seq., where Moses on Mount Sinai is told to have an Ark of...
 * 18) Ark of the Law (JE | ) A closet or chest in which are kept the Torah scrolls used in the public worship of the synagogue. The Ark is placed in or...
 * 19) Ark of Moses (JE | ) For three months Moses was kept hidden by his mother, and when she could no longer conceal him, she made a box and launched...
 * 20) Ark of Noah (JE | ) the vessel occupied by Noah and his family during the Deluge (Gen. vi. 14, vii., viii.).The English name should not be confounded...

1781 – 1800

 * 1) Arkansas (JE | ) One of the South-central states of the United States; admitted June 15, 1836; seceded May 6, 1861; and was readmitted June...
 * 2) Arkite(S) (JE | ) Ancient people of northwestern Palestine. In Gen. x. 17, I Chron. i. 15, the Arkite is mentioned as a son of Canaan and...
 * 3) Joseph Arkovy (JE | ) Professor of clinical dentistry at the University of Budapest; born in Budapest, February 8, 1851. He graduated in 1876 from...
 * 4) Arles (JE | ) City of France, in the department of Bouches du Rh&#244;ne; ancient capital of Provence. The date of the settlement of the...
 * 5) Joseph Judah Arli (Joseph of Arles) (JE | ) of Sienna. See Joseph of Arles.
 * 6) Armavir (JE | ) the old capital of Armenia, on the southeastern slope of Mount Ahagh&#246;z, said to have been founded by King Armais in 1980...
 * 7) Armenia (JE | ) Formerly a kingdom of western Asia, now (1902) apportioned among Russia, Turkey, and Persia. According to the Peshi&#7789...
 * 8) Armenian version of Old Testament (JE | ) -- See B1035: Bible Translation.
 * 9) Armilus (JE | ) in later Jewish eschatology and legend, a king who will arise at the end of time against the Messiah, and will be conquered...
 * 10) Armleder Persecutions (JE | ) A series of persecutions by a band of marauders who in 1338-39 massacred a large number of Jews in Alsace. In 1336 a nobleman...
 * 11) Armory (JE | ) A word occurring only three times in the A. V. In Jer. 1. 25 it is used figuratively ("The Lord hath opened his armory and...
 * 12) Arms (JE | ) -- See A1793: Army
 * 13) Army (JE | ) This term, here used to designate the defensive force of Israel at all stages of the nation&#39;s history, embraces widely...
 * 14) Fischel Arnheim (JE | ) Bavarian deputy and lawyer; born at Baireuth, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1812; died there Jan. 31, 1864. He was destined by his parents...
 * 15) Heymann Arnheim (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Wongrowitz, Prussia, Feb. 6, 1796; died there Sept. 22, 1865. While still a child he was left fatherless...
 * 16) Arnhem (JE | ) A city of Holland, situated on the Rhine about fifty miles southeast of Amsterdam. No Jews are mentioned in the records of...
 * 17) Arnold REF:JE (JE | ) Cardinal-bishop of Cologne; died April 3, 1151. One of the few prelates who, during the Crusades, protected the Jews from...
 * 18) Arnold of C& (JE | ) Cistercian monk, who, with the sanction of Pope Innocent III. (1198-1216), incited a crusade against the Albigenses and Jews...
 * 19) Arnon JE (JE | ) A river and wady of eastern Palestine, the modern Wady Mojib (or Wady el-Mojib). The name means perhaps "noisy," a term which...
 * 20) Arnstadt (JE | ) Capital of the German principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, on the River Gera. In 1264 (Aug. 5 and 7) there were outbreaks...

1801 – 1820

 * 1) Benedikt David Arnstein (JE | ) Austrian playwright, grandson of the famous Vienna banker Adam Isaac von Arnstein; born in Vienna Oct. 15, 1765; died there...
 * 2) Fanny (V&#246;gele) von Arnstein (JE | ) A leader of society in Vienna; born in Berlin September 29, 1757; died near Vienna June 8, 1818. Daniel Itzig, the wealthy...
 * 3) Nathan Adam von Arnstein (JE | ) -- See A1802: Arnstein, Fanny von
 * 4) Aroer (JE | ) A name probably meaning "bushes of dwarf juniper" (Lagarde, "Sem." i. 30), which is applied in the Old Testament to three...
 * 5) Aron ha-Kodesh (JE | ) Hebrew name for the Ark in the synagogue. See Ark of the Law.
 * 6) Arnaud Aron (JE | ) Chief rabbi of Strasburg, Alsace; born March 11, 1807, in Sulz unterm Walde, Alsace, and died April 3, 1890. Destined for...
 * 7) Emil Aron (JE | ) German physician; born at Stettin, Pomerania, March 12, 1864. He received his education at the Werdersche Gymnasium at Berlin...
 * 8) Henry Aron (JE | ) French publicist; born in Paris, Nov. 11, 1842; died there Nov. 13, 1885. He was a pupil of the &#201;cole Normale and obtained...
 * 9) Julius Aronius (JE | ) German historian; born Feb. 5, 1861, at Rastenburg, Germany; died June 29, 1893. After completing the gymnasium course, he...
 * 10) Leo Arons (JE | ) German physicist and Socialist. Though privat-docent at the University of Berlin he took part in the Socialist movement, and...
 * 11) Rudolph Aronson (JE | ) Composer and theatrical manager; born in New York, April 8, 1856. He early manifested talent for music, and after his graduation...
 * 12) Jacob Ezekiel Aronssohn (JE | ) German physician and medical writer; born in 1774; died June 12, 1807; obtained his degree of M.D. in 1800; and subsequently...
 * 13) Jacques L&#233;on Aronssohn (JE | ) German physician; born at Metz May 2, 1793; died at Strasburg Sept. 8, 1861. His father, Jacques Aronssohn (died 1845), practised...
 * 14) Louis Aronstein (JE | ) German chemist; born May 25, 1841, at Telgte, Westphalia; graduated from the University of G&#246;ttingen in 1864 with the...
 * 15) Philipp Aronstein (JE | ) German school-teacher and author; born Dec. 4, 1862, at Halver, province of Westphalia, Prussia. Aronstein received his education...
 * 16) Arpad (JE | ) A city of northern Syria, the modern Tell-Erfad, thirteen miles northwest of Aleppo. Itis mentioned in II Kings xviii. 34...
 * 17) Arphaxad (JE | ) According to Gen. x. 22, 24; xi. 10-13; and I Chron. i. 17, 18, the third son of Shem. Bochart&#39;s identification ("Phaleg...
 * 18) Moses Arragel (JE | ) Spanish rabbi; flourished in the first half of the fifteenth century at Maqueda and Guadalfajara, Castile. The name is the...
 * 19) Arras (JE | ) Chief city of the department of Pasde-Calais, capital of the ancient Artois, France. According to Gross, the name of this...
 * 20) Isaac ben Moses Arroyo (JE | ) Lived in Salonica toward the end of the sixteenth century. He wrote "Makhil &#7730;ohelet" (The Preacher Preaching)...

1821 – 1840

 * 1) Arsaces (JE | ) Parthian king; according to some scholars, the sixth of that name, mentioned in I Macc. xiv. 2-3, as having entrapped Demetrius...
 * 2) Art among the Ancient Hebrews (JE | ) Material for the formation of an opinion on the art of the ancient Hebrews is extremely scanty, as the vestiges are limited...
 * 3) Attitude of Judaism Toward Art (JE | ) Art, the working out of the laws of beauty in the construction of things, is regarded in the Bible as wisdom resulting from...
 * 4) Arta (JE | ) Chief city of the nomarchy of Arthamania, Greece; situated on the Arta, about 7 miles from its mouth. It is the ancient Ambracia...
 * 5) Artaban V (JE | ) Last of the Parthian kings; died in the year 227. He was the son of Volageses V., whose throne he ascended about 216, after...
 * 6) Artapanus (JE | ) Historian; lived in Alexandria in the second century B.C. He wrote a history of the Jews, parts of which have been preserved...
 * 7) Artaxerxes I (JE | ) King of Persia; ascended the throne in 465 B.C., and died in 425 B.C. In the Persian name Artakhshathra ("he whose empire...
 * 8) Artaxerxes II (JE | ) (originally Arsakes, surnamed Mnemon by the Greeks): the eldest son of Darius II.; succeeded his father in 404 B.C. (Diodorus...
 * 9) Artaxerxes III (JE | ) A son of Artaxerxes II. He originally bore a name which in Babylonian was written "Umasu" (and therefore in the Ptolemaic...
 * 10) Artemion (JE | ) Leader of the Jewish insurrection in Cyprus against Trajan, 117. There are but scanty details of this revolt. According to...
 * 11) Arthur Legend (JE | ) the cycle of stories clustering around the semi-mythical hero King Arthur of England, and which finds its place in Jewish...
 * 12) Articles of Faith (JE | ) in the same sense as Christianity or Islam, Judaism can not be credited with the possession of Articles of Faith. Many attempts...
 * 13) Artisans (JE | ) the general term for "artisan" in the Bible is "&#7718;arash" or "&#7718;oresh," which, derived from a verb meaning "to cut...
 * 14) Artisans (JE | ) So far as they were allowed by the restrictions of the trade gilds, many Jews of medieval times obtained their livelihood...
 * 15) Benjamin Artom (JE | ) Chief rabbi of the Spanish and Portuguese congregation of London; born at Asti, Italy, in 1835; died at Brighton, near London...
 * 16) Isaac Artom (JE | ) Italian patriot, diplomat, financier, and author; born at Asti, Piedmont, Dec. 31, 1829; died at Rome Jan. 24, 1900, and was...
 * 17) L&#233;opold &#201;mile Arton (JE | ) French adventurer; born in Strasburg in 1849; settled in Paris in 1871. He was implicated in distributing among statesmen...
 * 18) Aruboth (JE | ) A district, probably in the south of Judah, where the son of Hesed, a commissariat officer of Solomon, had his headquarters...
 * 19) & (JE | ) Hebrew expression for "dictionary," corresponding with the Arabic "ta&#39;alif," and derived from "&#39;arak [millin]" (Job...
 * 20) Arumah (JE | ) A place in Ephraim not far from Shechem, where Abimelech, the judge, took refuge (Judges ix. 41). It has been identified with...

1841 – 1860

 * 1) Isaac Aruvas (Arovas) (JE | ) Rabbi and author; son of R. Hananiah Aruvas; lived in the seventeenth century. He filled the office of rabbi in several African...
 * 2) Moses ben Joseph Aruvas (JE | ) A physician and translator; lived in Cyprus and Damascus in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He translated Aristotle&#39...
 * 3) Arvad (JE | ) A town mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii. 8, 11) as having contributed materially to Tyre&#39;s commercial greatness. Men of Arvad...
 * 4) Aryeh (JE | ) A name commonly found among the Jews. The first person known to have borne it lived in the middle of the second century (Pes...
 * 5) Aryeh Judah b. Zebi Hirsch (JE | ) See Judah B. Zebi Hirsch.
 * 6) Aryeh Loeb (JE | ) Dayyan of Lublin, Poland, in the seventeenth century. He was the author of "LikKu&#7789;e ha-Or" (Collection of...
 * 7) Aryeh Loeb b. Abraham Portschiner (JE | ) -- See C774: Cordovero, Aryeh L&#246;b
 * 8) Aryeh Loeb ben Asher (JE | ) A rabbi and one of the most eminent Talmudists of his age; born in Lithuania at the end of the seventeenth century; died at...
 * 9) Aryeh Loeb b. Baruch Bendet (JE | ) -- See A1849: Loeb b. Baruch Bendet
 * 10) Aryeh Loeb b. Hayyim Breslau (JE | ) -- See A1850: Breslau Loeb ben &#7716;ayyim
 * 11) Aryeh Loeb ben Jacob Joshua (JE | ) German Talmudist and author; born 1715; died at Hanover March 6, 1789. He was a son of the author of "Pene Yehoshua&#39;,"...
 * 12) Aryeh Loeb ben Joshua Heshel (JE | ) -- See A1852: Loeb b. Joshua Heshel
 * 13) Aryeh Loeb ha-Kohen of Styryji (JE | ) -- See A1853: Loeb ha-Kohen of Styryji
 * 14) Aryeh Loeb ha-Levi (JE | ) See Loeb ha-Levi of Brody.
 * 15) Aryeh Loeb ha-Levi Horwitz (JE | ) See Horwitz, Aryeh Loeb.
 * 16) Aryeh Loeb Lipschitz (JE | ) -- See A1856: Lipschitz, Aryeh Loeb
 * 17) Aryeh Loeb ben Meyer (JE | ) -- See L489: L&#246;b Aryeh ben Me&#239;r
 * 18) Aryeh Loeb Mokiah (JE | ) -- See A1858: Loeb Mokia&#7718;
 * 19) Aryeh Loeb ben Mordecai ha-Levi (JE | ) See Epstein Loeb ben Mordecai.
 * 20) Aryeh Loeb b. Moses (JE | ) See Loeb ben Moses ha-Kohen.

1861 – 1880

 * 1) Aryeh Loeb of Polnoi (JE | ) -- See A1861: Loeb of Polnoi
 * 2) Aryeh Loeb b. Samuel Zebi Hirz (JE | ) -- See A1862: Loeb ben Samuel &#7826;ebi Hirz
 * 3) Aryeh Loeb ben Saul JE (JE | ) Polish rabbi; born in Cracow about 1690; died at Amsterdam April 2, 1755. He came of a famous family of rabbis. His father...
 * 4) Aryeh Loeb of Shpola (JE | ) -- See A1864: Loeb of Shpola
 * 5) Aryeh L& (JE | ) See Te&#39;omim, L&#246;b ben Moses.
 * 6) Arza (JE | ) the steward of King Elah at the palace, in Tirzah, where Elah was killed by Zimri (I Kings xvi. 9).J. Jr. G. B. L.      ...
 * 7) Arzareth (JE | ) the name of the land beyond the great river, far away from the habitation of man, in which the Ten Tribes of Israel will dwell...
 * 8) Asa (JE | ) 1. A Levite, father of Berechiah; found in the genealogy of the Levites in I Chron. ix. 16. 2. See Asa, Third King of Judah...
 * 9) Asa (JE | ) Third king of Judah; son of Abijam and grandson of Rehoboam; reigned 917-876 B.C. (I Kings xv. 7-9). The most important event...
 * 10) Asad (JE | ) One of the two Arabian-Jewish rabbis that are said to have instructed the Tobba&#39; abu Karibah (king of Yemen) in the tenets...
 * 11) Ya& (JE | ) Egyptian physician; lived in Cairo toward the end of the twelfth century and at the beginning of the thirteenth. He was born...
 * 12) Asahel (JE | ) 1. Son of Zeruiah, sister of David (I Chron. ii. 16). He was noted as a swift runner. As one of the thirty heroes of David...
 * 13) Hayyim Asahel (JE | ) Rabbi and author who lived in Salonica during the first half of the eighteenth century. He was the son of Benjamin Asahel...
 * 14) Asaiah (JE | ) 1. A prince of the tribe of Simeon who, with others, attacked and captured Gedor, and settled there (I Chron. iv. 36). 2....
 * 15) Asaph (JE | ) 1. A son of Berechiah or Berachiah. (See Asaph ben Berechiah.) 2. The father of Joah, chronicler at the court of Hezekiah...
 * 16) Asaph ("mar Rab") (JE | ) to judge from the title "Mar Rab," he was one of the Geonim (see Gaon). and, presumably, lived about the middle of the ninth...
 * 17) Asaph ben Berechiah (JE | ) One of the captive Levites carried off to Assyria (I Chron. vi. 24 [A. V. 39]), and whom Arabic and later Jewish legend says...
 * 18) Asaramel (JE | ) A name of uncertain meaning and intent occurring in I Macc. xiv. 28. The reading, as it has come down, gives it as the name...
 * 19) Asarelah (JE | ) One of the Asaphites appointed by David to the Temple service, according to I Chron. xxv. 2). In verse 14 the same personage...
 * 20) Ascalon (JE | ) (ASKELON). See Ashkelon.

1881 – 1900

 * 1) Ascama (JE | ) the name given by Spanish and Portuguese Jewish communities to the laws governing their internal administration. These laws...
 * 2) Deborah Ascarelli (JE | ) Italian poetess, and wife of Giuseppi Ascarelli; lived at Venice at the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth...
 * 3) Moses Vita (Jehiel) Ascarelli (JE | ) Physician at Rome; died Dec. 11, 1889. He received his early education at the Talmud Torah in that city, and later studied...
 * 4) Ascari (JE | ) Rabbi and author of the sixteenth century; styled by Azulai "Ir we&#7730;addish" (Angel and Saint); a pupil of R. Joseph Sagis...
 * 5) Ascension (JE | ) the translation to heaven of a few chosen ones, either to remain there in lieu of dying, or merely to receive revelations...
 * 6) Ascension of Isaiah (JE | ) -- See I263: Isaiah, Ascension of
 * 7) Asceticism >> Asceticism in Judaism JE (JE | ) A term derived from the Greek verb &#7936;&#963;&#954;&#941;&#969;, meaning "to practise strenuously," "to exercise." Athletes...
 * 8) Ascetics (JE | ) While the dominant note of Judaism is optimism, faith in a God who delights in the happiness of His creatures and expects...
 * 9) Abraham Asch (JE | ) German rabbi and author; born at Posen; officiated as rabbi of Zell toward the end of the eighteenth century. He descended...
 * 10) Aschaffenburg (JE | ) Important town on the right bank of the Main in Bavaria. Jews in Aschaffenburg are first mentioned in the thirteenth century...
 * 11) Tobiah ben Ezekiel Asche (JE | ) German Talmudist; rabbi of Zempelburg at the beginning of the nineteenth century. His "&#39;E&#7789; Barzel" (Iron Pen) is...
 * 12) Simon Aschenburg (JE | ) Talmudic scholar; lived at Frankfort-on-the-Main, later at Jerusalem, at which latter place he died about 1598. He was the...
 * 13) Anton Ascher (JE | ) German actor; born at Dresden July 15, 1820; died in Meran April 24, 1885. Trained for the stage by Ludwig Tieck, he made...
 * 14) Benjamin Henry Ascher (JE | ) Hebrew scholar and author; born in 1812 at Peisern (grand duchy of Posen); died Feb. 24, 1893, in London. His father, a corn-merchant...
 * 15) Joseph Ascher (JE | ) Composer and pianist; born at Groningen, Holland, June 4, 1829; died in London, June 20, 1869. He was a son of Simon Ascher...
 * 16) Saul Ascher (JE | ) German author and translator; born at Berlin Feb. 8, 1767; died there Dec. 8, 1822. He began his literary career as an advocate...
 * 17) Simon Ascher (JE | ) &#7716;azan; born in Holland, 1789; died at London December, 1872. He was reader and cantor of the Great Synagogue, London...
 * 18) Aschian (JE | ) -- See A2008: 2008
 * 19) David D& (JE | ) Italian writer; lived about the middle of the sixteenth century. He wasthe author of "Apologia Hebr&#230;orum," published...
 * 20) Giulio Ascoli (JE | ) Italian mathematician; born in Triest Nov. 20, 1843; died in Pisa. Reared in a city with a large Italian-speaking population...

1901 – 1920

 * 1) Graziadio Isaiah Ascoli (JE | ) Italian philologist; born July 16, 1829, at G&#246;ritz, Austria. His father, who had made a fortune in the manufacture of...
 * 2) Jacob ben Abraham Rofe Ascoli (JE | ) Physician and payye&#7789;an; lived at Camerino, Italy, perhaps at Ascoli, in the second half of the fifteenth century. Two...
 * 3) Asefah (JE | ) Technical term for the meetings of the members of the Jewish communities of Poland and Lithuania. In cases of importance,...
 * 4) Asenath (JE | ) Daughter of Poti-pherah, priest of On, and wife of Joseph (Gen. xli. 45). The name is apparently Egyptian; but no satisfactory...
 * 5) Asenath (JE | ) A Greek Apocrypha of pronounced Jewish character, with only one small Christian interpolation. It contains a Midrashic story...
 * 6) Ash (JE | ) the A. V. rendering of the Hebrew "oren" (Isa. xliv. 14); R. V. has "fir-tree." According to Tan&#7718;um (quoted in Gesenius...
 * 7) Ash (JE | ) A family name which is an abbreviation of "Altschul" or "Eisenstadt" (אייזן שטאט). Such abbreviations are especially frequent in names...
 * 8) Abraham Joseph Ash (JE | ) Talmudist; born in Semyatitch, Russia, about 1813; died in New York city May 6, 1888. Coming to the United States in 1852...
 * 9) Ashamnu (JE | ) the old shorter form of the confession of sin ("Widdui"), mentioned in the Talmud and in the "Didache" (first century C....
 * 10) Ashan (JE | ) Town in the domain of Judah (Josh. xv. 42), but which was in the actual possession of Simeon (Josh. xix. 7; I Chron. iv. 32)...
 * 11) Ash& (JE | ) Mohammedan theological sect, founded at the beginning of the tenth century by abu el-Hasan al-Ash&#39;ari ("the Hairy"). Its...
 * 12) Ashbel (JE | ) A son of Benjamin (Gen. xlvi. 21, and in the genealogical list of I Chron. viii. 1). The gentilic name "Ashbelite" is found...
 * 13) Ashdod (JE | ) the northernmost of the five royal cities of the Philistines, two to three miles from the seacoast, about half-way between...
 * 14) Ashdoth-pisgah (JE | ) the declivities of the Pisgah range on the east of the Jordan, which were handed over to the Reubenites (Deut. iii. 17, iv...
 * 15) Louis Ashenheim (JE | ) Scotch physician and surgeon; born at Edinburgh 1817; died at Jamaica Nov. 26, 1858. Educated in his native city, he obtained...
 * 16) Asher (JE | ) the eighth son of the patriarch Jacob, and the traditional progenitor of the tribe Asher. He is represented as the younger...
 * 17) Asher, Tribe and Territory REF:JE (JE | ) the fortune of Asher is foreshadowed in the Blessing of Jacob, where it is said: "Asher, his food shall be rich, and he shall...
 * 18) Abraham Asher (JE | ) Publisher, bibliographer, and editor; born at Kammin, Prussia, Aug. 23, 1800; died at Venice, Sept. 1, 1853. He was destined...
 * 19) Anshel ben Isaac Asher (JE | ) Preacher at Prenzlau, Prussia, and teacher in the school founded there by his father. In 1701 he published at Dessau a collection...
 * 20) Anshel ben Joseph Asher (JE | ) -- See A1562: Anschel

1921 – 1940

 * 1) Anshel ben Moses Baer Asher (JE | ) Talmudist; lived in the second half of the eighteenth century. He wrote two works: "Ben Emunim" (Son of Faith), F&#252;rth...
 * 2) Asher Asher JE (JE | ) Physician; born Feb. 16, 1837, at Glasgow, Scotland; died Jan. 7, 1889, at London, England. He was educated at the high school...
 * 3) David Asher (JE | ) German educationist and philosophical writer; born at Dresden Dec. 8, 1818; died in Leipsic Dec. 2, 1890. He received his...
 * 4) Asher ben David (JE | ) A son of Abraham ben David of Posqui&#232;res; flourished about the middle of the thirteenth century. He was a pupil of his...
 * 5) Ensel b. Judah Loeb Asher (JE | ) Chief of the bet din at Slonim, Lithuania, in the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote two works: "Otot le-Mo&#39...
 * 6) Asher ben Hayyim of Monzon (JE | ) Spanish liturgist of the fourteenth century. He was the author of a book entitled "Ha-Pardes" (Paradise), the ten sections...
 * 7) Asher ben Immanuel Salem (JE | ) -- See S73: Salem
 * 8) Jacob Abraham ben Aryeh Loeb Kalmankes Asher (JE | ) Cabalistic and rabbinical author; born probably in Lemberg about the beginning of the seventeenth century; died there April...
 * 9) Asher ben Jacob ha-Levi (JE | ) Talmudic lexicographer; lived in Osnabr&#252;ck, Prussia, toward the end of the thirteenth century. His father was probably...
 * 10) Asher ben Jehiel (JE | ) Eminent Talmudist; born in western Germany about 1250; died in Toledo, Spain, 1328. His family was prominent for learning...
 * 11) Asher ben Joseph (JE | ) -- See A1562: Anschel
 * 12) Asher ben Judah Loeb Landau (JE | ) -- See L42: Landau
 * 13) Asher Kubo (JE | ) -- See C840: Covo
 * 14) Lemel ha-Levi Asher (JE | ) Polish Talmudic scholar; lived at the end of the eighteenth century. Together with his two sons, Ye&#7718;iel Michel ha-Levi...
 * 15) Leon Asher (JE | ) German physician; born April 13, 1865, in Leipsic. He is the son of Dr. David Asher, for many years secretary to Chief Rabbi...
 * 16) Asher ben Levi (JE | ) Legendary boy convert and, subsequently,Christian martyr; lived toward the end of the fourth century in Sinjar, between Nisibis...
 * 17) Asher b. Meshullam (JE | ) Talmudist; flourished at Lunel in the second half of the twelfth century. He was a son of the well-known scholar Meshullam...
 * 18) Asher ben Saul (ha-Kohen) of Lunel (JE | ) French writer on ritual; lived in the fourteenth century. He wrote a work upon the various rites current among the Jews, entitled...
 * 19) Asher Solomon Margolioth (JE | ) See Judah L&#246;b ben Asher Margolioth (vol. viii.).
 * 20) Asher ben Simeon (JE | ) Religious poet of Germany, who lived at a period not later than 1546. He wrote a selihah (penitential poem) entitled, which...

1941 – 1960

 * 1) Asher Zebi ben David (JE | ) &#7716;asidic rabbi of Koretz, Volhynia, and later "maggid" (preacher) of Ostrowo, government of Lomza in Russian Poland;...
 * 2) Asherah (JE | ) A Hebrew word occurring frequently in the Bible (R. V.) and signifying, except in a few late passages noted below, a wooden...
 * 3) Asheri (JE | ) A name by which Asher ben Jehiel is frequently cited in rabbinical literature, especially in halakic discussions. Modern...
 * 4) Ashes (JE | ) the usual translation of the Hebrew "efer" which occurs often in expressions of mourning and in other connectionsIt is a symbol...
 * 5) Ashi (JE | ) A celebrated Babylonian amora; born 352; died 427; reestablished the academy at Sura, and was the first editor of the Babylonian...
 * 6) Ashima (JE | ) One of the gods of the Hamathites, an image of which was set up in Samaria by the men of Hamath, whom Sargon settled there...
 * 7) Ashirah (JE | ) the first word of the Song of Moses (Ex. xv.), known as "Shirat ha-Yam" (The Song at the Sea), read in the synagogues in the...
 * 8) Ashkabah (JE | ) -- See H343: Hashkabah
 * 9) Ashkelon (JE | ) City on the southern coast of Palestine. It occurs in Egyptian texts twice as "Askaruni," among the cities revolting...
 * 10) Eugene Ashkenasy (JE | ) Botanist; born at Odessa May 5, 1845; died, July 24, 1903. He held the honorary professorship of botany at the University...
 * 11) Ashkenaz (JE | ) : A people traced back (Gen. x. 3; I Chron. i. 6) through Gomer to Noah&#39;s third son, Japheth. In Jer. li. 27, 28, it...
 * 12) Ashkenaz (JE | ) Germany: name applied generally in medieval rabbinical literature to that country. Its origin in this particular is obscure...
 * 13) Abraham Ashkenazi (JE | ) Chief rabbi of Palestine, born at Janishar, near Salonica, in 1813; died at Jerusalem Jan. 22, 1880. At the age of fifteen...
 * 14) Azriel b. Joseph Ashkenazi (JE | ) Printer at Naples, 1491-92. From his printing-house the first editions of Avicenna&#39;s "Canon" and Ba&#7718;ya&#39;s "&#7716...
 * 15) Azriel b. Moses Levi Ashkenazi (JE | ) Preacher at Tarnogrod, government of Lublin, Poland, in the seventeenth century. He was the author of "Na&#7718;alat&#39;...
 * 16) Baermann Ashkenazi (JE | ) Polish commentator on Bible and Midrash; lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Though the foremost of all Midrash...
 * 17) Baerush (Dob) Ashkenazi (JE | ) Rabbi at Slonim, Lithuania, later at Lublin, Poland; born about 1801; died in Lublin March 6, 1852. He was the author of:...
 * 18) Ashkenazi (JE | )  Government official in the employ of the Ottoman empire; born 1840. He received his early education at the Institution Camondo...
 * 19) Benjamin Ashkenazi (JE | ) Russian communal worker and philanthropist; born in 1824; died at Grodno in 1894. He was the son of Joshua Heschel Ashkenazi...
 * 20) Benjamin b. Aaron Abraham Ashkenazi (JE | ) See Slonik, Benjamin Aaron ben Abraham.

1961 – 1980

 * 1) Bezalel Ashkenazi JE (JE | ) One of the leading Oriental Talmudists and rabbis of his day; born toward the end of the sixteenth century. Descended from...
 * 2) David Tevle b. Jacob Ashkenazi (JE | ) Moravian rabbi and author; born at the beginning of the eighteenth century; died July 16, 1734. Ashkenazi was rabbi of the...
 * 3) Eliezer (Lazer) b. Elijah Ashkenazi JE (JE | ) Talmudist, rabbi, physician, and many-sided scholar; born in 1512; died at Cracow Dec. 13, 1585. Though of a German family...
 * 4) Eliezer b. Solomon Ashkenazi JE (JE | ) Rabbinical scholar; born in Poland about the beginning of the nineteenth century, and resided afterward in Tunis. He published...
 * 5) Elijah Ashkenazi (JE | ) -- See L298: Levita, Elijah
 * 6) Gershon Ashkenazi REF:JE (JE | ) Polish Talmudist; born in the second decade of the seventeenth century; died at Metz March 20, 1693. His family name was really...
 * 7) Isaac ben Jacob Ashkenazi (JE | ) Rabbi at Byeltzy, Bessarabia; lived in the middle of the eighteenth century. He is the reputed author of a cabalistic work...
 * 8) Isaac ben Zebi Ashkenazi (JE | ) Rabbi and author; born in Russia about the middle of the eighteenth century, and officiated as rabbi in Chodorow and Lemberg...
 * 9) Israel ben Samuel Ashkenazi (JE | ) See Israel ben Samuel Askenazi of Sklov.
 * 10) Jacob Israel ben Zebi Hirsch Ashkenazi (JE | ) See Embden, Jacob Israel.
 * 11) Joseph Ashkenazi (JE | ) Critic of the Mishnah; resided at Safed, Palestine, and died there between 1575 and 1582. Though Ashkenazi came to Palestine...
 * 12) Joseph ben Ashkenazi, of Padua (JE | ) See Joseph Shallit.
 * 13) Joseph Edels Ashkenazi (JE | ) Palestinian commentator and cabalist; lived at the beginning of the nineteenth century at Jerusalem and Padua; died at Safed...
 * 14) Joseph b. Isaac ha-Levi Ashkenazi (JE | ) Talmudist and rabbi; born in Germany about 1550; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main 1628. His first teacher was the Frankfort rabbi...
 * 15) Joshua Heshel b. Meshullam Ashkenazi (JE | ) Russian Talmudist and rabbi of the nineteenth century; died Feb. 10, 1867, at Lublin. From 1852 till his death he was rabbi...
 * 16) Judah b. Joseph Ashkenazi (JE | ) Turkish Talmudist: born at Smyrna, where he became chief rabbi; died there about 1812. He wrote: (1) "Ma&#7718;neh Yehudah"...
 * 17) Judah Samuel b. Jacob Ashkenazi (JE | ) A commentator, ritualist, and liturgical editor; born in the second half of the eighteenth century; lived at Tabareeyeh (Tiberias)...
 * 18) Judah b. Simon Sofer Frankfurt Ashkenazi (Tiktin) (JE | ) Polish commentator on the Shul&#7718;an &#39;Aruk; officiated as "dayyan" (assistant rabbi) at Tikotzin, Poland, in the first...
 * 19) Me&, of Kaffa (Crimea) JE (JE | ) Envoy of the Tatar khan in the sixteenth century; killed by pirates on a voyage from Gava (near Genoa) to Dakhel (probably...
 * 20) Me& (JE | ) Polish Talmudist; born about 1590 at Frankfort-on-the-Main; died about 1645 at Mohilev on the Dnieper. His father was dayyan...

1981 – 2000

 * 1) Meshullam Zalman Ashkenazi (JE | ) Polish rabbi and man of letters; born in the second half of the eighteenth century; died at Lublin, Poland, May 1, 1843. He...
 * 2) Moses Ashkenazi (JE | ) -- See S991: Spaeth, Johann Peter
 * 3) Moses David Ashkenazi (JE | ) Talmudist and author; born in Galicia about 1778; died at Safed, Palestine, in 1857. After holding the office of rabbi at...
 * 4) Moses Isaac Ashkenazi (JE | ) -- See T100: Tedeschi, Moses Isaac
 * 5) Naphtali b. Joseph Ashkenazi (JE | ) Preacher at Safed in the sixteenth century; died at Venice in 1602. He wrote a work, entitled "Imre Shefer" (Words of Beauty)...
 * 6) Nissim Abraham Ashkenazi (JE | ) Talmudic author; lived in the first half of the nineteenth century in Smyrna, where he officiated. He was the author of "Ne&#7718...
 * 7) Raphael ben Judah Ashkenazi (JE | ) A rabbi of Smyrna, where he died in 1830. He wrote: (1) "Mareh &#39;Enayim" (Sight to the Eyes), Salonica, 1816&#8212;an...
 * 8) Reuben Selig ben Israel Eliezer Ashkenazi (JE | ) Rabbi and author; lived in Russia about 1780. He published "Ma&#7718;aneh Reuben" (Camp of Reuben), a commentary on the Talmud...
 * 9) Shabbethai ben Meir Ashkenazi (JE | ) See Shabbethai ben Me&#239;r ha-Kohen.
 * 10) Samuel b. Elieser Ashkenazi (JE | ) Author of novell&#230; to the Talmud; lived at Opatow, Poland, in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was a pupil...
 * 11) Saul Cohen Ashkenazi (JE | ) Religious philosopher of German descent, as his name indicates; born in Candia 1470; died at Constantinople May 28, 1523....
 * 12) Simon Ashkenazi, of Galicia (JE | ) Rabbi of Dobromil and Jaroslav (Galicia) at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. He was...
 * 13) Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi (JE | ) Court physician of King Sigismund II., Augustus of Poland (1548-72), and Turkish diplomat; born probably about 1520; died...
 * 14) Zebi Hirsch (Hakam Zebi) b. Jacob Ashkenazi JE (JE | ) Rabbi; born 1658 in Moravia, died May 2, 1718, at Lemberg. He was descended from a well-known family of scholars. When a boy...
 * 15) Mikhail Osipovich Ashkinasi (JE | ) Writer in French and Russian; born at Odessa April 16, 1851. Having graduated from the Odessa High School, he studied medicine...
 * 16) Ashmodai (JE | ) -- See A2019: Asmodeus
 * 17) Ashmun (JE | ) the name of a Phenician god worshiped at Sidon and Carthage, in Cyprus and in Sardinia. A trilingual inscription from the...
 * 18) Ashmurah (JE | ) A special term (compare "a watch in the night," Ps. xc. 4) in the synagogal rite of Avignon, denoting the early morning service...
 * 19) Ashpenaz (JE | ) Chief of the eunuchs of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. i. 3).J. JR. G. B. L.
 * 20) Ashre (Yoshebe Beteka) (JE | ) the opening words of Ps. lxxxiv. 5 [4]: "Blessed are they who dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee. [In A...