Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/A5

2001 – 2020

 * 1) Ashre (JE | ) the initial word of the verses Ps. lxxxiv. 5 [A. V. 4] and cxliv. 15, which verses are always prefixed to Ps. cxlv. in its...
 * 2) Ashre Ha-& (JE | ) Ps. lxxxix. 16, prefixed to "Ashre" on the Day of Memorial, or New-Year, immediately after the sounding of the Shofar. It...
 * 3) Ashtaroth (JE | ) A city east of the Jordan on the table-land of Gilead. It was the capital of the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan (Josh. ix....
 * 4) Ashteroth Karnaim (JE | ) A town east of the Jordan (Gen. xiv. 5; "Onomastica," ed. Lagarde, 209, 61, 213, 39); called simply "Karnaim" in Amos vi...
 * 5) Ashtoreth (JE | ) the name given in the Old Testament to the old Semitic mother-goddess, called in Phenicia, Ashtarte; in Babylonia, Ishtar...
 * 6) Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar (JE | ) Beni-Israel, soldier; born near Bombay, India, about 1820; He entered military service in the Eighth Regiment native infantry...
 * 7) Ashura (JE | ) A fast-day among the Mohammedans, observed on the tenth day of the month Mu&#7718;arram, and derived from the Jewish Day of...
 * 8) Ashyan (JE | ) the name of several Palestinian amoraim and of one, probably Babylonian, amora. 1. Ashyan, "the Carpenter (Naggara)," of the...
 * 9) Asia (JE | ) the largest continent, and the most ancient seat of civilization, constituting the greater part of the Eastern hemisphere...
 * 10) Asia Minor (JE | ) the western extremity of Asia, which seems to have been known to the Jews at a relatively early date; for to this region belong...
 * 11) Asiel (JE | ) 1. Found only in the genealogy of Simeon (I Chron. iv. 35). 2. One of the five skilled writers who wrote the law for Ezra...
 * 12) & JE (JE | ) the last of the four spiritual worlds of the Cabala&#8212;A&#7827;ilut, Beriah, Ye&#7827;irah, &#39;Asiyah&#8212;based on...
 * 13) Max Askanazy (JE | ) German physician; born at Stallup&#246;nen, East Prussia, Feb. 24, 1865. He received his education at the gymnasium in K&#246...
 * 14) Selly Askanazy (JE | ) German physician; born Sept. 8, 1866, at Stallup&#246;nen, East Prussia. He attended the Kneiphof Gymnasium at K&#246;nigsberg...
 * 15) Simon Askenazy (JE | ) Polish historian; born in 1867 at Zawichwost, government of Radom, in Russian Poland; studied at the universities of Warsaw...
 * 16) Isaac Lvovich Asknazi (JE | ) Russian painter; born at Drissa Jan. 28, 1856; died Dec. 21, 1902, at Moscow. He entered the St. Petersburg Academy in 1870...
 * 17) Asma (JE | ) Arab poetess, contemporary with Mohammed; daughter of Marwan; was married to an Arab of the tribe of the Banu &#7716;atmah...
 * 18) Asmakta (JE | ) A word meaning "support," "reliance" (Ket. 67a); hence it is used to designate a Bible text quoted in support of a rabbinical...
 * 19) Asmodeus (JE | ) Name of the prince of demons. The meaning of the name and the identity of the two forms here given are still in dispute. ...
 * 20) Asmonean (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals

2021 – 2040

 * 1) Asnapper (JE | ) A person who transplanted the mixed multitude of tribes from Babylon to Samaria after the fall of the latter city (Ezra iv...
 * 2) Asolo (JE | ) Town in the province of Treviso, Italy. A Jewish congregation existed there in the middle of the sixteenth century, perhaps...
 * 3) Aspalathus (JE | ) A word found only in the Apocrypha (Ecclus. [Sirach] xxiv. 15). From the context it appears to be the name of a fragrant wood...
 * 4) Asphar (JE | ) A pool in the wilderness of Tekoah, where Jonathan and Simon Maccabeus pitched their tents when they fled before the army...
 * 5) Asriel (JE | ) Eponym of the family of Asrielites, found in the genealogy of Manasseh (Num. xxvi. 31; Joshua, xvii. 2). In I Chron. vii....
 * 6) Ass (JE | ) the Bible knows both the wild and the domestic Ass. (1) the wild Ass ("pere" or "&#39;arod") generally roamed about in herds...
 * 7) Ass-worship (JE | ) the accusation that Jews worshiped the ass was for four centuries persistently made by certain Greek and Latin writers. Various...
 * 8) Assaban (JE | ) Rabbi and author; born at Morocco in 1700 and died at Aleppo about 1760. He was chief rabbi of Leghorn, and emigrated to Jerusalem...
 * 9) Assault and battery (JE | ) An English law term for injury to the person&#8212;a crime recognized from the earliest stages of human law. Disputes about...
 * 10) The Great Assembly JE (JE | ) -- See S1214: Synagogue, the Great
 * 11) Carel Asser (1780–1836) (JE | ) Dutch jurist; son of Moses Salomon Asser; born at Amsterdam, Holland, Feb. 15, 1780; died Aug. 3, 1836. He studied law and...
 * 12) Carel Asser (1843–1898) (JE | ) Dutch jurist and scholar; born at the Hague, June 1, 1843; died at Leyden, Dec. 10, 1898. He was a son of Louis Asser, judge...
 * 13) Moses Salomon Asser (JE | ) Dutch jurist; born in Amsterdam Aug., 1754; died there Nov. 4, 1826. Although originally intended for trade, he took up the...
 * 14) Tobias Michael Carel Asser (JE | ) Dutch jurist; born at Amsterdam April 28, 1838. His father was Carel Daniel Asser (1813-85). His mother was a sister of Godefroi...
 * 15) Assessment of Taxes (JE | ) See Finta, Revenue of.
 * 16) Asshur (JE | ) Name of a city once the capital of Assyria. Asshur was apparently the first important town built by the early colonists of...
 * 17) Asshurites (JE | ) A nation descended from Abraham and Keturah (Gen. xxv. 3). In prophetic literature the nation is mentioned as being engaged...
 * 18) Assi >> Rabbi Assi [Assi II] JE (JE | ) A pr&#230;nomen of several amoraim, which, with its variants, is a modification or diminutive of "Joseph" (compare Bacher...
 * 19) Assignment (JE | ) According to common law, "the transferring and setting over to another of some right, title, or interest in things in which...
 * 20) David Assur Assing (JE | ) German physician and poet; born at K&#246;nigsberg in 1787; died April 25, 1842. He studied at the universities of T&#252...

2041 – 2060

 * 1) Ludmilla Assing (JE | ) German authoress; born in Hamburg Feb. 22, 1821; died March 25, 1880, in Florence, Italy. She was the daughter of Dr. David...
 * 2) Assir (JE | ) 1. A son of Korah, a Levite (Ex. vi. 24, and in the list of I Chron. vi. 7). 2. Son of Ebiasaph and great-grandson of Assir...
 * 3) Assize of Jewry (JE | ) An expression used in the thirteenth century in England for the laws and customs regulating the relations between Jews and...
 * 4) Michelangelo Asson (JE | ) Italian physician and medical author; born at Verona June 21, 1802; died at Venice Dec. 2, 1877. Asson&#39;s father dying...
 * 5) Assumptio Mosis (JE | ) -- See A1643: Apocalyptic Literature
 * 6) Assyria (JE | ) the name "Assyria" is the Greek form of the native "Asshur," the city on the west of the Tigris, near its confluence with...
 * 7) Assyriology and the Old Testament (JE | ) the science of Assyriology (the interpretation of the cuneiform inscriptions), which has originated and developed with such...
 * 8) Astarte Worship among the Hebrews (JE | ) Astarte is the Phenician name of the primitive Semitic mother-goddess, out of which the most important of the Semitic deities...
 * 9) Asti (JE | ) Town in the province of Alessandria, Italy, on the left bank of the Tanaro; population 32,000. Although now of no great importance...
 * 10) Astrakhan (JE | ) Capital of the government of the same name in Russia, situated on the left bank of the Volga, about sixty miles from the Caspian...
 * 11) Astrology (JE | ) Neither (Isa. xlvii. 13), which the Greek translation renders "astrologers," nor  (Dan. ii. 27 et seq.), the technical designation...
 * 12) Astronomy >> Hebrew astronomy JE, List of medieval Hebrew astronomers JE (JE | ) Biblical Astronomy, in the broad sense, includes the views taken in the books of the Bible of the position of the earth in...
 * 13) Astruc (JE | ) A pr&#230;nomen used frequently by Jews in southern France and eastern Spain; used to this day as a family name in France...
 * 14) Astruc Crescas (JE | ) -- See C227: Crescas
 * 15) Astruc En-duran (JE | ) See Abba Mari ben Moses of Lunel.
 * 16) Elie-Aristide Astruc (JE | ) French rabbi and author; born at Bordeaux, Nov. 12, 1831. He received his early education in his native city and took a course...
 * 17) Astruc D& (JE | ) Proven&#231;al scholar; lived at B&#233;ziers toward the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth...
 * 18) Jean Astruc (JE | ) Physician and founder of modern Pentateuch criticism; born at Sauve, France, March 19, 1684; died in Paris May 5, 1766. His...
 * 19) Astruc Kalonymus (JE | ) -- See K65: Kalonymus
 * 20) Astruc ha-Levi of Daroca JE (JE | ) Talmudic scholar; lived in Spain at the end of the fourteenth and at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was a delegate...

2061 – 2080

 * 1) Astruc de Porte (JE | ) -- See M910: Na&#7717;manides
 * 2) Astruc Raimuch (Francisco Godflesh, Diose Carne) (JE | ) -- See R76: Raimuch
 * 3) Zacharie Astruc (JE | ) French sculptor, painter, and author; born at Angers, department of Maine-et-Loire, in 1839. While still a boy he left his...
 * 4) Asufot (JE | ) "Collection"; that is, the name of a medieval compilation of laws, customs, habits, and practises of a religious character...
 * 5) Asuta Asusa (JE | ) A sentiment expressed toward one who is sneezing. In Tosef., Shab. vii. (viii.) 5 it is declared to be a forbidden heathen...
 * 6) Asverus (JE | ) -- See S505: Severus
 * 7) Asylum (JE | ) A place of refuge for slaves, debtors, political offenders, and criminals; a sacred spot, a sanctuary, altar, or grave, protected...
 * 8) Asylums (Charitable Institutions) (JE | ) -- See C371: Charity
 * 9) Atad (JE | ) A place on the eastern side of the Jordan where Jacob&#39;s funeral cort&#232;ge stopped and mourned for him (Gen. l. 10,...
 * 10) Ataki (JE | ) Town in the province of Bessarabia, Russia, on the right bank of the Dniester, opposite Mohilev. Of the 1,000 families composing...
 * 11) Atarah (JE | ) A wife of Jerahmeel and the mother of Onam (I Chron. ii. 26). If Jerahmeel, as seems probable, is the name of a clan, the...
 * 12) Atargatis (JE | ) A Syrian divinity referred to in the Apocrypha. A temple of Atargatis existed in Carnion or Carnaim (I Macc. v. 24; II Macc...
 * 13) Ataroth (JE | ) District in Palestine, east of the Jordan. This place is mentioned along with Dibon and Jazer as a very fertile tract of land...
 * 14) Ataroth (JE | ) the name of several towns in Palestine:1. A city on the eastern side of the Dead Sea in the land taken from Moab and given...
 * 15) Atbash (JE | ) See Gema&#7789;ria.
 * 16) Atel (JE | ) the capital of the Chazars in the tenth century; situated about eight English miles from Astrakhan. Together with the city...
 * 17) Ater (JE | ) A family that returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii. 16; Neh. vii. 21), the head of which signed the covenant with Nehemiah (Neh...
 * 18) Athach (JE | ) A town in Judah, to the inhabitants of which David sent a part of the spoil taken from the Amalekites (I Sam. xxx, 30). It...
 * 19) Athaliah (JE | ) Daughter of Ahab (II Kings viii. 26) and, presumably, of Jezebel; also called the daughter of Omri (II Chron. xxii. 2). The...
 * 20) Athanasius (JE | ) Bishop of Alexandria; born in 293, probably in Alexandria; died there May 2, 373. Athanasius was the greatest combatant of...

2081 – 2100

 * 1) Atheism (JE | ) A term derived from the Greek, meaning literally the "disbelief in a God." As originally used in the writings of the people...
 * 2) Athenians in Talmud and Midrash (JE | ) the Jewish folk-lore of Palestine was fond of contrasting the inhabitants of Athens and of Jerusalem, and of opposing the...
 * 3) Ancient Athens (JE | ) the principal city of Greece, situated five miles from its seaport, Pir&#230;us, on the Saronic gulf. When, as a result of...
 * 4) Modern Athens (JE | ) the Jewish community of Athens is hardly thirty years old. One of the oldest families, if not the oldest, is that of Max Rothschild...
 * 5) Athias (JE | ) A Spanish family distinguished by the great number of its scholars and promoters of learning. The name is spelled in Hebrew...
 * 6) Athletes, Athletics, and Field-sports (JE | ) Men who perform feats of strength, or practise games and sports the pursuit of which depends on physical strength; the feats...
 * 7) Athribis (JE | ) A city, during the Ptolemaic period, in Lower Egypt on the Damietta arm of the Nile near the present Bencha (Ben&#7717...
 * 8) Athronges JE (JE | ) Leader of the Jews during the insurrection under Archelaus (4 B.C.&#8212;6 C. E.). A shepherd and bold adventurer, without...
 * 9) Atlanta (JE | ) Since 1868 capital of the State of Georgia in the United States. The city was captured and burned by the United States troops...
 * 10) Elazar Atlas (JE | ) Literary critic; son of David Atlas; born March 5, 1851, in Beisegola, in the government of Kowno, Russia. His early years...
 * 11) Atomism (JE | ) the theory concerning atoms. Two opinions of the nature of matter were professed in the Greek philosophical schools. The Eleatic...
 * 12) Atonement >> Covering of the eyes REF:JE (JE | ) the setting at one, or reconciliation, of two estranged parties&#8212;translation used in the Authorized Version for "kapparah...
 * 13) Day of Atonement (JE | ) the term, "Yom Kippur," is late rabbinic. The Biblical laws relating to it are found in Lev. xvi. (ceremonies); ib. xxiii...
 * 14) Attah Hore& (JE | ) the first of a series of versicles, seventeen in number, chanted on the Rejoicing of the Law in the Northern ritual, before...
 * 15) Attai (JE | ) Son of the Egyptian Jarha, to whom Sheshan the Jerahmeelite gave his daughter to wife (I Chron. ii. 35, 36).2. A Gadite chieftain...
 * 16) Ibn Attar >> Chaim ibn Attar JE (JE | ) A family name among the Sephardic Jews. In Arabic the word "attar" means "apothecary" or "spice-dealer"; but it is found Hebraized...
 * 17) Attestation of Documents (Hatimah) (JE | ) the general rule of evidence is that a fact can be established only by the testimony of two witnesses. With the introduction...
 * 18) Isaac Attia (JE | ) Talmudic scholar; lived in Aleppo in the nineteenth century. He was the author of the following works, published in Leghorn...
 * 19) Attorney (JE | ) A legal representative, empowered to plead on behalf of the person represented. Attorneys at law are unknown in Jewish law...
 * 20) Power of Attorney (Harshaah) (JE | ) An instrument empowering an agent to act on behalf of a principal. The following formula of a Power of Attorney is taken from...

2101 – 2120

 * 1) Attributes (JE | ) the fundamental and permanent properties of substance, so-called by logicians in contradistinction to accidents, which are...
 * 2) Hirsch Aub (JE | ) Rabbi and Talmudist; born, 1796, in Baiersdorf, a small town near Erlangen, the birthplace of a number of prominent Jews;...
 * 3) Joseph Aub (JE | ) Oculist; born in 1846; died May 13, 1888, at Cincinnati, O. He attended the Talmud Yelodim Institute and the public schools...
 * 4) Joseph Aub (JE | ) German rabbi; cousin of Hirsch Aub; born at Beiersdorf, in Bavaria, 1805; died May 22, 1880. He held various rabbinical posts...
 * 5) Ludwig Aub (JE | ) Author and poet; born Aug. 4, 1862, in Munich, Germany. He is a grandson of the rabbi Hirsch Aub, of Munich. When his father...
 * 6) Hugues Aubriot (JE | ) A provost of Paris, France; born at Dijon; died in Burgundy in 1382. He was in office at the accession of Charles VI. (1380)...
 * 7) Leopold Auer (JE | ) Hungarian violinist; son of a poor house-painter; born in Veszprim, Hungary, June 7, 1845. His musical talent manifested itself...
 * 8) Auerbach JE (JE | ) A family of scholars, the progenitor of which was Moses Auerbach, court Jew to the bishop of Regensburg, about 1497. One of...
 * 9) Abraham ben Abiezri Selig Auerbach (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Buxweiler, Alsace, in the middle of the eighteenth century; died at Bonn Nov. 3, 1846. Being a descendant...
 * 10) Baruch Auerbach (JE | ) Educator and philanthropist; born in Inowrazlaw, in the province of Posen, Prussia, Aug. 14, 1793; died at Berlin, Jan. 22...
 * 11) Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach JE (JE | ) One of the most prominent leaders of modern German orthodoxy; born at Neuwied in 1808; died at Halberstadt Sept. 30, 1872...
 * 12) Berthold (Baruch) Auerbach (JE | ) German author; born in the Black Forest village of Nordstetten, Germany, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes, France, Feb. 8, 1882...
 * 13) Eliezer ben Hayyim Auerbach (JE | ) -- See A2116: Auerbach, Isaac ben &#7716;ayyim
 * 14) Felix Auerbach (JE | ) German physicist; born Nov. 12, 1856, in Berlin. He was only twenty years old when he graduated from the university of his...
 * 15) Hayyim b. Isaac Auerbach (JE | ) Rabbi at Lencziza, Russia, and author; of the first half of the nineteenth century. He was the contemporary and friend of...
 * 16) Isaac b. Hayyim Auerbach (JE | ) Polish rabbi; lived in the first half of the nineteenth century; was first rabbi at Dobria, near Kalisz, then at Plock; later...
 * 17) Isaac b. Isaiah Auerbach (JE | ) Grammarian, and exponent of Rashi; flourished toward the beginning of the eighteenth century at F&#252;rth, Amsterdam, and...
 * 18) Isaac Levin Auerbach (JE | ) A German preacher, educator, and author; born at Inowraclaw, Prussia, March 21, 1791; died at Dessau July 5, 1853. He was...
 * 19) Jacob Auerbach (JE | ) Educator and author; born at Emmendingen, Baden, Nov. 14, 1810; died Oct. 31, 1887. He received his early education in Carlsruhe...
 * 20) Joseph Danziger Auerbach (JE | ) Author of "Darke Yesharim" (Paths of the Righteous), a treatise on ethics and morals in the Yiddish dialect, published in...

2121 – 2140

 * 1) Leopold Auerbach (JE | ) German physician and biologist; born at Breslau April 27, 1828; died there Sept. 30, 1897. He studied in Breslau, Leipsic...
 * 2) Loeb b. Israel Auerbach (Judah) (JE | ) Galician Talmudist of the second half of the eighteenth century. He is the author of "Mechokek Yehudah" (The...
 * 3) Meir b. Isaac Auerbach (JE | ) Talmudist and chief rabbi of the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem; born Feb. 10, 1815, at Dobria near Kalish, Russian Poland; died...
 * 4) Menahem Mendel ben Meshullam Solomon Auerbach JE (JE | ) Austrian rabbi, banker, and commentator; born in Vienna at the beginning of the seventeenth century; died at Krotoschin, Posen...
 * 5) Meshullam Solomon Auerbach (JE | ) See Auerbach, Menahem Mendel, and Auerbach Family.
 * 6) Perez b. Menahem Nahum Auerbach (JE | ) Polish Talmudist; flourished in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was the author of the work, "Pe&#235;r Halakah"...
 * 7) Phineas ben Simon Wolf Auerbach (JE | ) Rabbi and Talmudist; lived at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. He was chief of the court...
 * 8) Samuel b. David Tebele Auerbach (JE | ) A cabalistic commentator on the Bible; flourished in the seventeenth century. His father, David, died as a martyr during the...
 * 9) Simeon Auerbach (JE | ) See Auerbach Family.
 * 10) Simon (Ze&#39;eb) Wolf b. David Tebele Auerbach (JE | ) Talmudist and rabbi of several large communities; born at Posen about 1550; died Nov. 12, 1631, at Prague. His father was...
 * 11) Solomon Heymann Auerbach (JE | ) Hebrew scholar; born at Posen at the end of the eighteenth century; died there in 1836. He translated Habakkuk into German...
 * 12) Augsburg (JE | ) Capital of the districts of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria. According to tradition, it is one of the oldest Jewish communities...
 * 13) Augury (JE | ) Originally, prophesying by the flight of birds; but later the term was applied to all forms of foretelling (augur = avi-gur...
 * 14) Augusta (JE | ) the capital of Richmond county, Georgia, received its first Jewish settlers about 1825, when a Mr. Florence arrived with his...
 * 15) Friedrich Albrecht Augusti (JE | ) German author; born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1691; died at Eschberge May 13, 1782. He received the usual Jewish education...
 * 16) Augustine (JE | ) the greatest and most important of the Latin church fathers; born Nov. 13, 354, at Tagaste, a town of Numidia; died at Hippo...
 * 17) Augustinus Ricius (JE | ) -- See R281: Ricius
 * 18) Augustow (JE | ) District town in the government of Suvalk, Russian Poland, on the River Netta and the Lake Biale. In 1887 the Jewish population...
 * 19) Augustus (JE | ) the first Roman emperor that bore the honorary title of "Augustus"; born Sept. 23, 63 B.C.; died at Nola, Campania, Aug. 19...
 * 20) Augustus II the Strong (JE | ) Elector of Saxony 1694-1733, and from 1697 king of Poland with the title Frederick Augustus I.; born at Dresden May 12, 1670...

2141 – 2160

 * 1) Augustus III (JE | ) Elector of Saxony, and as such Frederick Augustus II., king of Poland; son of Augustus II., "the Strong"; born at Dresden...
 * 2) Auranitis (JE | ) -- See H367: Hauran
 * 3) Aurum Coronarium (JE | ) A tax paid to the emperor by all the Roman provinces. Originally it was a voluntary contribution toward the golden crown to...
 * 4) Aus of Kuraiza (JE | ) A poet belonging to the Jewish tribe of &#7730;urai&#7827;a in Medina. When this tribe was besieged by Mohammed, the wife...
 * 5) Heinrich Auspitz (JE | ) Austrian dermatologist; born at Nikolsburg, Moravia, Sept. 2, 1835; died May 23, 1886, at Vienna, barely two years after succeeding...
 * 6) Jacob Auspitz (JE | ) Geographical writer; lived at Budapest, Hungary, in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. He was the author of "Be&#235...
 * 7) Rudolf Auspitz (JE | ) Austrian member of parliament and leading manufacturer; born at Vienna July 7, 1837. He is a member of one of the oldest and...
 * 8) Aussee JE (JE | ) Town in Moravia, Austria. It had a Jewish community in the seventeenth century. In 1622 Emperor Ferdinand II. presented the...
 * 9) Austerlitz + (JE | ) Town in Moravia, Austria. Its Jewish congregation is one of the oldest in the province; according to some historians, dating...
 * 10) Austerlitz JE (JE | ) Name of a Jewish family. As is the case with all names derived from places, the surname "Austerlitz" does not necessarily...
 * 11) Australia >> History of the Jews in Australia JE (JE | ) the island-continent between the Indian and Pacific oceans. In more senses than one it has been a land of sunshine to the...
 * 12) Austria (JE | ) Empire in Europe now united with the kingdom of Hungary; its territorial extent has changed considerably during the past thousand...
 * 13) Authentication of Documents (Kiyyum, Asharta, Henpek) (JE | ) An official certificate of genuineness. This is either the result of actual litigation on the subject, in which case the decision...
 * 14) Rabbinical Authority (JE | ) the power or right of deciding the Law, in dubious cases, or of interpreting, modifying, or amplifying, and occasionally of...
 * 15) Auto da f& (JE | ) Portuguese form of the Spanish "auto de f&#233;" (in French, "acte de foi," from the Latin "actus fidei"), the solemn proclamation...
 * 16) Auxerre (JE | ) Chief city of the department of Yonne, France. Since the eleventh century an important community of Jews existed here and...
 * 17) Friedrich Christian Avé-Lallemant (JE | ) Noted criminologist; born in L&#252;beck May 23, 1809; died there July 20, 1892. In his standard work, "Das Deutsche Gaunertum...
 * 18) Aven (JE | ) 1. One of several Egyptian cities threatened with God&#39;s vengeance (Ezek. xxx. 17). The name is evidently a corruption...
 * 19) Georges Avenel (JE | ) French author; born at Chaumont-en-Vexin, department of the Oise, France, Dec. 31, 1828; died at Bougival July 1, 1876. He...
 * 20) Henri Mayer Avenel (JE | ) French author; born in Paris, March 7, 1853. He is an adopted son of Paul Avenel. He began his career by editing "L&#39; &#201...

2161 – 2180

 * 1) Paul Avenel (JE | ) French author; born at Chaumont-en-Vexin, department of the Oise, France, Oct. 9, 1823. After a brief course in medicine at...
 * 2) Avenger of Blood (JE | ) (Hebrew "go&#39;el"): the Hebrew name for the clansman, "next of kin," upon whom devolved the duties: (1) of avenging, on...
 * 3) Averroes (JE | ) Arabian philosopher of the twelfth century; born at Cordova in 1126; died in 1198. Although himself a prolific writer on philosophy...
 * 4) Averroism (JE | ) Averroes, like his contemporary Maimonides, was a strict Peripatetic; yet they differed greatly in matters of faith. While...
 * 5) Avesta (JE | ) the canonical book of the religious sect known as the Parsees, more frequently though less precisely called Zend-Avesta&#8212...
 * 6) Hieronymus Avianus (JE | ) Christian Oriental scholar; lived at Leipsic at the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century....
 * 7) Solomon ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (JE | ) -- See I17: Ibn Gabirol
 * 8) Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) (JE | ) Physician and philosopher of note; born at Bokhara in 980; died in 1037. His works, which were brought to Spain about one...
 * 9) Elim d& (JE | ) Engineer and communal worker (died in London Feb. 9, 1895); was the eldest son of Count Salamon Henri d&#39;Avigdor and of...
 * 10) Jacob Avigdor (JE | ) Chief rabbi ("Chakam bashi") at Constantinople from 1860 to 1863; born 1794; died 1874. He was a capable Talmudist and...
 * 11) Jules d& (JE | ) Banker, and member of the Piedmont Parliament; born in Nice; died at Paris February, 1856. He was a grandson of Isaac Samuel...
 * 12) Rachel, Countess d& (JE | ) Communal worker at London, England; born Sept. 19, 1816; died Nov. 5, 1896. She was the second daughter of Sir Isaac Lyon...
 * 13) Avignon (JE | ) Capital of the department of Vaucluse, France; formerly seat of the papal court. The first settlement of Jews in Avignon goes...
 * 14) Avila (JE | ) Town in Old Castile, fifteen miles from Madrid. In the Middle Ages it was one of the wealthiest and most flourishing cities...
 * 15) Eliezer b. Samuel de Avila (JE | ) Author of rabbinical works, and rabbi at Rabat, Morocco; born 1714; died at Rabat Feb. 7, 1761. Avila was a scion of an illustrious...
 * 16) Samuel ben Moses ben Isaac de Avila (JE | ) Rabbi and preacher at Mequenez, Morocco, and later at Sal&#233;, Morocco, born in the first-named place in 1687 or 1688. He...
 * 17) Samuel ben Solomon de Avila (JE | ) Talmudist; lived at Morocco in the eighteenth century. He was the author of "&#39;Oz we-Hadar" (Might and Splendor), Leghorn...
 * 18) Avites, Avims (JE | ) -- See A2181: Avvites
 * 19) Avitus of Auvergne (JE | ) Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand, France, in the sixth century. While the Roman bishops at that time generally treated the Jews...
 * 20) Avlona (JE | ) Varying names of a town and seaport of Albania, on the Gulf of Avlona, on the Adriatic. From early times there seems to have...

2181 – 2200

 * 1) Avvites, Avva, Avvim (JE | ) A people mentioned in Deut. ii. 23 as being dispossessed by the Caphtorim. This, however, could not have taken place before...
 * 2) Ishak ibn al-Awani (JE | ) Head of the Academy of Bagdad until displaced by a rival; lived in the thirteenth century. He was a contemporary of Al-&#7716...
 * 3) Rab Awia (JE | ) Babylonian amora of the fourth generation (fourth century), contemporary of Abaye and Raba (Ber. 28b; Shab. 46a), and brother-in-law...
 * 4) Rab Awia Saba (The Elder) (JE | ) Babylonian halakist of the third amoraic generation (third and fourth centuries), a contemporary of Rab Pappa (the Elder)...
 * 5) Rab & (JE | ) Babylonian amora of the third and fourth generations (fourth century); contemporary of Abaye and Safra&#8212;the latter speaking...
 * 6) Auguste Axenfeld (JE | ) French physician; born at Odessa Oct. 25, 1825; died at Paris Aug. 25, 1876. He was a son of Israel Aksenfeld. After completing...
 * 7) L& (JE | ) Interpreter of the French army in the Algerian campaign against Abd-el-Kader; died 1846. He received several wounds in the...
 * 8) & (JE | ) the sixteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Its numerical value is seventy. In its earlier form it was a circle, a rude picture...
 * 9) Solomon ben Jacob Ayllon JE (JE | ) Haham of the Sephardic congregations in London and Amsterdam and follower of Shabbethai Zebi; born in the Orient 1664...
 * 10) Jacob Moses Ayyas (JE | ) Son of Judah Ayyas; lived at Jerusalem, whence he was sent abroad to collect money for the Palestine poor. In 1783 he visited...
 * 11) Judah Ayyas (JE | ) A commentator and casuist; born in North Africa about 1690; died at Jerusalem Sept. 11, 1760. He pursued his Talmudic studies...
 * 12) Az Shesh Meot (JE | ) A poem of three stanzas by R. Elias Priscus, introduced in the northern liturgy at the conclusion of the piyyu&#7789;im in...
 * 13) Azal (JE | ) A place near Jerusalem, but the exact position can not be determined (Zech. xiv. 5). It is supposed by some to be the same...
 * 14) Saadia b. Levi Azankot (V02p361003jpg) (JE | ) Orientalist of Morocco; lived in Holland in the first half of the seventeenth century. He was teacher of Jewish literature...
 * 15) Azareel (JE | ) 1. One of those who came to David at Ziklag (I Chron. xii. 7).2. Son of Jeroham, chief of the tribe of Dan when David made...
 * 16) Azaria ben Joseph ibn Abba Mari (JE | ) One of the last Jewish writers coming from Perpignan, France. He flourished in the first half of the fifteenth century. A...
 * 17) Azaria b. Moses de Rossi (JE | ) -- See R431: Rossi.
 * 18) Azariah (JE | ) the name given to twenty-six different persons in the Old Testament. The most important are:1. A noble in the court of Solomon...
 * 19) Azariah (JE | ) A Palestinian scholar of the fourth amoraic generation (fourth century), often quoted in conjunction with R. Acha (Lev...
 * 20) Menahem ha-Kohen Azariah (JE | ) Author and translator; born at F&#252;rth, Germany; flourished at Amsterdam in 1727. He edited Eliezer ha-&#7730;a&#7789;an&#39...

2201 – 2220

 * 1) Azarias (JE | ) General in the army of Judas Maccabeus, who, together with Joseph, son of Zacharias, was left in command of the Judean army...
 * 2) Azaz (JE | ) A Reubenite, father of Bela and son of Shema (I Chron. v. 8). G. B. L.           					  						  							  							  							This...
 * 3) Azazel (JE | ) the name of a supernatural being mentioned in connection with the ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi.). After Satan...
 * 4) Azaziah (JE | ) 1. A Levite who took part in the choral services on the return of the Ark to Jerusalem (I Chron. xv. 21). 2. Father of Hoshea...
 * 5) Mordecai ben Isaac Azban (JE | ) Cabalist and rabbi in Leghorn; born in the interior of Africa; died at Jerusalem 1740. At Leghorn he had a controversy with...
 * 6) Azbuk (JE | ) Father of Nehemiah; assisted in repairing the wall at Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 16).J. Jr. G. B. L.           					  						  							...
 * 7) Azekah (JE | ) A city in the Shephelah, or plain of Judah; about midway between Jerusalem and the Philistine boundary, in a southwestern...
 * 8) Azel (JE | ) A Benjamite descended from Saul (I Chron. viii. 37, 38; ix. 43, 44).J. Jr. G. B. L.           					  						  							  							...
 * 9) Daniel Cohen D& (JE | ) &#7716;akam in Amsterdam; died in 1823; son and successor of the &#7716;akam David Cohen d&#39;Azevedo. He is the author of...
 * 10) David Cohen D& (JE | ) &#7716;akam of Amsterdam in the eighteenth century; died in 1792. He devoted himself to rabbinical studies and was elected...
 * 11) David Salom D& (JE | ) Diplomat, of the seventeenth century; died 1699. He was minister resident at Amsterdam of the dey of Algeria, and in that...
 * 12) Francisco D& (JE | ) Portuguese Marano of the seventeenth century. He was sent in 1673 to Rome to implore the papal curia to curb the inhumanity...
 * 13) Moses Cohen D& (JE | ) Haham of London; son of Daniel Cohen d&#39;Azevedo; born in Amsterdam about 1720; died in 1784. He succeeded, in 1761, Moses...
 * 14) Azgad (JE | ) the Bene Azgad returned with Zerub babel from the captivity (Ezra ii. 12; Neh. vii. 17). Their number is variously given as...
 * 15) Azharot (JE | ) the "613" Precepts. Liturgical poems treating of the precepts of the Law. The Babylonian Talmud (Mak. 23b) contains an utterance...
 * 16) Aziel (JE | ) A Levite singer in the Temple; assistant to Asaph, Heman, and Ethan (I Chron. xv. 20). In I Chron. xv. 18 he is called "Jaaziel...
 * 17) Azilut (JE | ) Cabalistic term for "emanation" or "eradiation"; but philosophical authors prefer "shefa&#39;" or "hashpa&#39;ah." the word...
 * 18) Azmaveth ((redirects to King David's Warriors JE)) (JE | ) the Barhumite; one of the thirty heroes of David (II Sam. xxiii. 31; I Chron. xi. 33). His sons joined David at Ziklag (I...
 * 19) Azores (JE | ) Group of islands in the Atlantic ocean, northwest of Africa, belonging to Portugal. It was a place of refuge for the Jews...
 * 20) Azotus (JE | ) the equivalent of Ashdod; found in the Apocrypha (Judith ii. 28; I Macc. iv. 15, etc.) and in the New Testament (Acts viii...

2221 – 2240

 * 1) Azov (JE | ) A town in the government of Ekaterinoslav, Russia, on the left bank of the Don, about twenty-four miles from Rostov and five...
 * 2) Azriel (JE | ) Father of one of the men deputed by Jehoiakim to capture Baruch, the scribe of Jeremiah (Jer. xxxvi. 26).2. Chief of one of...
 * 3) Azriel b. Hayyim Trabotta (JE | ) -- See T287: Trabot
 * 4) Azriel (Ezra) ben Menahem (Ben Solomon) (JE | ) Founder of the speculative Cabala, and called "The Saint"; born at Gerona in 1160; died in 1238. As to the identity of Azriel...
 * 5) Azriel b. Moses ha-Levi (JE | ) -- See A1953: Ashkenazi
 * 6) Azriel ben Moses Meshel, of Wilna (JE | ) Grammarian; lived at the end of the seventeenth and at the beginning of the eighteenth century. About 1700 he left his native...
 * 7) Azriel b. Yehiel Ascoli (JE | ) See Trabot Family.
 * 8) Azrikam (JE | ) Ancestor of a Levite residing in Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah (Neh. xi. 15 = I Chron. ix. 14).2. Son of Neariah, occurring...
 * 9) Azubah (JE | ) Daughter of Shilhi and mother of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah (I Kings xxii. 42 = II Chron. xx. 31).2. Wife of Caleb, the son...
 * 10) Joseph b. Nehorai Azubib (JE | ) Rabbi at Algiers; died at Blida, Algeria, January, 1794. At an early age he assisted his father in his duties as rabbi of...
 * 11) Nehorai b. Saadia Azubib (JE | ) Rabbi at Algiers; died October, 1785. He composed several prayers for the anniversary instituted by the community in commemoration...
 * 12) Azulai, Azulay >> Abraham Azulai JE, Chaim Joseph David Azulai JE, Raphael Isaiah Azulai JE (JE | ) A family descended from Spanish exiles who, after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, settled in the city of Fez...
 * 13) Azzur (JE | ) Father of Hananiah, a false prophet, contemporary with Jeremiah (Jer. xxviii. 1).2. A leader who sealed the covenant with...
 * 14) & (JE | ) A term applied to an impudent person. The phrase "&#39;az panim" occurs in Deut. xxviii. 50 ("a nation of fierce countenance")...