Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/C2

501 – 520

 * 1) Aron Mendes Chumaceiro JE (JE | ) Ḥakam of Curaçao, Dutch West Indies; born at Amsterdam Jan. 28, 1810; died there Sept. 18, 1882. He received the
 * 2) Church Councils S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Synods of the Roman Catholic Church, possessing legislative power in matters pertaining to doctrine and discipline. The Apostles' synod at
 * 3) Church Fathers S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The early teachers and defenders of Christianity. The most important of the fathers lived and worked in a period when
 * 4) Abraham David Churriker (JE | ) Beni-Israel soldier and police officer; born 1822; died at Puna Nov. 2, 1867. He enlisted in the Third Regiment of
 * 5) Chushan-Rishathaim S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) A king of Mesopotamia, or, more specifically, of Aram-naharaim ("Aram of the two rivers"), probably a kingdom in northern Mesopotamia
 * 6) Daniel Abramovich Chwolson JE S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Russian Orientalist; born at Wilna Dec. 15, 1819. As he showed marked ability in the study of Hebrew and Talmud,
 * 7) Marcus Tullius Cicero S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Roman statesman and orator; born 106; died 43 B.C. In 59 he delivered in the Aurelian Forum at Rome a
 * 8) Ciciruacchio (JE | ) -- See B1533: Brunetti, Angelo
 * 9) Cid S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The conqueror of Valencia (1094) and popular hero of the Spanish nation. Lacking money to pay his knights, he negotiated
 * 10) Cilicia S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Ancient province of southeastern Asia Minor, separated from Syria by the Taurus-Amanus range. In native Phenician inscriptions the name is
 * 11) Cincinnati, Ohio >> History of the Jews in Cincinnati S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Seat of Hamilton county, Ohio, U. S. A. Its Jewish community is the oldest west of the Alleghany Mountains. In
 * 12) Cinnamon S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The bark of the Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a plant so called botanically because growing best in Ceylon. A variety often substituted
 * 13) Cipher S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See G128: Gema&#7788;ria
 * 14) Circumcision (Brit milah) S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) A religious rite performed on male children of Jews on the eighth day after birth; also on their slaves, whether
 * 15) Circumstantial Evidence (JE | ) Evidence consisting of circumstances which afford reasonable ground for believing in the guilt or innocence of an accused person. Circumstantial
 * 16) Circus S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) In antiquity a large enclosure used for horse-and chariot-races, and sometimes for gladiatorial combats, etc. Public games and theatrical representations
 * 17) Cisterns S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See W116: Well
 * 18) Cities of Refuge S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See A2067: Asylum
 * 19) Citron (Etrog) S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See E506: Etrog
 * 20) Samuel Löb Citron (JE | ) Hebrew writer of fiction and literary critic; born at Minsk, Russia, May 24, 1862. He attended the rabbinical school at

521 – 540

 * 1) City S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The Hebrews distinguished in size between villages and cities. The individual homesteads (V04p104001.jpg, Ex. viii. 9; Lev. xxv. 31; Josh.
 * 2) Ciudad Real (JE | ) Capital of the former province of La Mancha (now the province of Ciudad Real) in New Castile, founded in 1255
 * 3) Cividali (JE | ) Italian city, in the province of Udine. It is a part of the ancient duchy of Friuli, now divided between
 * 4) Emil Claar (JE | ) Austrian poet, playwright, and actor; born Oct. 7, 1842, in Lemberg. Early in life he went to Vienna with the
 * 5) Classical Writers and the Jews (JE | ) The name Ιουδαὶος is apparently first mentioned by Theophrastus, a philosopher of the fourth century B.C. He regards the Jews
 * 6) Claudius S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Roman emperor, 41-54 C.E. Claudius was the second son of Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius. Being of a
 * 7) Ritius Namatianus Claudius (JE | ) Roman poet. He held high public offices in Rome, but returned (416) to Gaul, the land of his birth, after
 * 8) Isaiah Clava (JE | ) Spanish poet of Amsterdam. He translated from Hebrew into Spanish a Purim song, under the title "Cancio de Purim, Establecido
 * 9) Robert Clavering (JE | ) Bishop of Peterborough and Christian Hebraist; born in 1671; died July 21, 1747. He was regius professor of Hebrew at
 * 10) Clay S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) A word used in the Old Testament to denote several kinds of soil, including the clays of the East as
 * 11) Clean and Unclean animals (JE | ) Animals ceremonially pure and fit for food, and such as are not. Biblical Data: The distinction between clean and unclean
 * 12) Cleanness and Uncleanness (JE | ) -- See P616: Purity
 * 13) Daniel Chayyim Cleif (Daniel Hayyim Cleif) (JE | ) Russian rabbi; born in Amsterdam 1729; died there May 14, 1794. He settled in Hasenpoth, in the government of Courland,
 * 14) Clement XIV S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Two hundred and fifty-sixth pope; born at San Arcangelo, near Rimini, Oct. 31, 1705; elected May 19, 1769; died Sept.
 * 15) Clementina (JE | ) A series of kindred works of a Judæo-Christian sect of the second century, of which only the Homilies, the Recognitions,
 * 16) Cleopatra S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Queen of Egypt 52-30 B.C.; daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. Through her association with the rulers of Rome, Cleopatra was of
 * 17) Cleopatra of Jerusalem (JE | ) One of the nine wives of Herod I., whom he married late in life. She bore to him Herod and
 * 18) Clergy S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See P523: Priest and Priesthood
 * 19) Clerical errors (JE | ) Errors made in the writing of documents, especially legal documents, for the prevention of which the Jews have many stringent
 * 20) Clermont-Ferrand (JE | ) Chief town of the department of Puy-de-Dôme, France. The origin of the Jewish community of Augusta-Nemetum (Clermont) is usually assigned

541 – 560

 * 1) Cleve, Germany (JE | ) -- See J720: J&#220;lich
 * 2) Elijah Cleve (JE | ) See Gomperz Family.
 * 3) Cleveland, Ohio >> History of the Jews in Cleveland (JE | ) Capital of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, U. S. A.; situated at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and an important port
 * 4) Climation (JE | ) The adaptation of the individual to a new climate. It has been observed that when people emigrate to a strange
 * 5) Clisson (JE | ) Town in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, formerly belonging to the province of Brittany. Clisson was a center of Jewish
 * 6) Cloak S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See M161: Mantle
 * 7) Cloud S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The Hebrew equivalents for "cloud" are: (1) "'Anan," (Gen. ix. 13, 14; Ex. xiii., passim), which occurs once in the
 * 8) Pillar of Cloud (JE | ) When Israel was marching through the wilderness, Yhwh, wrapped in a pillar of cloud, preceded the people in order to
 * 9) Coal S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Expressed in the Bible by two words, V04p123009.jpg (Prov. xxvi. 21; Isa. xliv. 12, liv. 16) andV04p124001.jpg (Ps. xviii. 9
 * 10) Coat S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) An outer garment with sleeves, for the upper part of the body; in the Bible it is an article of
 * 11) Coat of Arms S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Armorial bearings of families to which the right to bear arms has been granted by the recognized heraldic authorities. This
 * 12) Adolphe Coblence (JE | ) French army surgeon; born at Nancy May 11, 1812; died in Paris Sept 18, 1872. He entered the service of
 * 13) Coblenz (Koblenz) S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Prussian city on the Rhine. Jews settled there between 1135 and 1159, and are first mentioned in the "Judenschreinsbuch" (Archives)
 * 14) Gerson ben Isaac Moses Coblenz (JE | ) French rabbi and author; born about 1717; died at Metz in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was
 * 15) Cobo (JE | ) -- See C840: Covo
 * 16) Johannes Cocceius (Johannes Koch) S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) German theologian and Hebraist; born at Bremen 1603; died at Leyden Nov. 5, 1669. He was appointed professor of Hebrew
 * 17) Joseph ben Abraham Cochabi (JE | ) -- See K336: Kokabi, Joseph ben Abraham
 * 18) Cochin Jews S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) State of India, within the Madras Presidency. The Jews in Cochin numbered 1,142 in 1891, and are divided into two
 * 19) Cock S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The male of the domestic fowl. The original habitat of the domestic fowl is generally supposed to be India, whence
 * 20) Cockatrice S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See B392: Basilisk

561 – 580

 * 1) Codes S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See L107: Laws, Codification of
 * 2) Codicil S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) -- See W188: Will
 * 3) Coele-Syria S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The name, occurring in the Greek apocryphal writings, of a Persian province lying between Egypt and the Euphrates. In old
 * 4) Coen (JE | ) Physician-in-ordinary at the court of Prince Vassile Lupu, hospodar of Moldavia from 1634 to 1654. The dates of his birth
 * 5) Achille Coen (JE | ) Italian soldier; born at Leghorn in 1851. He studied at the military academy of his native town, and was appointed
 * 6) Benjamin Vitale Coen (JE | ) Italian rabbi; born at Alessandria della Paglia in the second half of the seventeenth century; died at Reggio nell' Emilia
 * 7) Giuseppe Coen (JE | ) Italian painter; born in Ferrara 1811; died in Venice Jan. 26, 1856. He was descended from an old and distinguished
 * 8) Graziadio Vita Anania Coen (JE | ) Italian, rabbi and scholar; born at Reggio nell' Emilia about 1750: died March 28, 1834. He studied under Sansone Naḥmani
 * 9) Jacob Coen (JE | ) Eldest son of Abraham Coen, and receiver-general ("contador mayor") of Count Maurice of Nassau, Stadtholder of the United Provinces of
 * 10) Jan Pieterszoon Coen S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Governor-general of Java, and founder of the Dutch colonial system; born at Hoorn, Holland, Jan. 8, 1587; died in 1629.
 * 11) Josef di Michele Coen (JE | ) One of the Jewish boys of Rome baptized under Pope Pius IX.; born 1854. In 1864 he was apprenticed to
 * 12) Moses Vita Coen (JE | ) Banker at Ferrara, Italy, in the eighteenth century. He often transacted business with Pope Clement XIII. and with his successor,
 * 13) Raffaelo del Fu Vitale Coen (JE | ) Austrian physician; born at Spalato, Dalmatia, Jan. 19, 1839. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and
 * 14) Coen-Cantarini (JE | ) -- See C99: Cantarini
 * 15) Coffee S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) A decoction of the berry of the Coffea Arabica, supposed to be indigenous to Abyssinia, and introduced into Arabia in
 * 16) Coffin S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The custom of using coffins is probably borrowed from the Egyptians. It is recorded of Joseph that he was "put
 * 17) Cohen S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) The most usual surnames of European Jews. It indicates a family claiming. descent from Aaron, the high priest. "Cohen" is
 * 18) Cohen (JE | ) A Baltimore family, originally from Bavaria, which has occupied an important place in the Jewish community and in municipal life
 * 19) Abner Cohen (JE | ) The pioneer of Krugersdorp, Transvaal Colony; born about 1860; emigrated to South Africa in 1881; worked his way north, and
 * 20) Abraham Cohen (editor) (JE | ) (1887-1957); editor of Soncino Books of the Bible and participated in the Soncino translation of the Talmud and Midrash.

581 – 600

 * 1) Abraham Cohen (JE | ) Assistant rabbi in Tunis; died 1840 at Safed, whither he had made a pilgrimage in his old age. He was
 * 2) Abraham Cohen (JE | ) Chief rabbi of Djerba, an island near Tunis; died in 1870. He was the author of a Hebrew poem, "Shir
 * 3) Alfred J. Cohen (JE | ) American dramatic critic; born May 14, 1861, at Birmingham, England, where he attended King Edward's School. Then followed three years'
 * 4) Anne-Jean-Philippe-Louis Cohen de Vinkenhoff (JE | ) French litterateur; born at Amersfort, in the Netherlands, Oct. 17, 1781; died in Paris April 6, 1848. Beginning as a
 * 5) Aristide Félix Cohen (JE | ) French author; born at Marseilles Dec. 31, 1831; died in Paris Feb. 17, 1896; brother of the composer Jules Cohen.
 * 6) Arthur Cohen JE S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) English barrister and king's counsel; born in London Nov. 18, 1830. After three years' study at the gymnasium in Frankfort-on-the-Main,
 * 7) Benjamin Louis Cohen (JE | ) British politician and communal worker; member of Parliament for East Islington since 1892; born in London in 1844; son of
 * 8) Benoit Cohen (JE | ) Philanthropist; born 1798 in Amsterdam; died in Paris July 15, 1856. He went to Paris as a young man, and
 * 9) David Cohen S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Rabbi (1902) of the island of Djerba, near Tunis. He is the author of the following Hebrew works: "Shire David"
 * 10) David de Lara Cohen (JE | ) -- See C590: Lara, David Cohen de
 * 11) Edward Cohen (JE | ) Australian statesman; born in London 1822; died March, 1877. He received his early education in Australia, and entered into business
 * 12) Elias Cohen (JE | ) Turkish physician; born in 1844. He belongs to a family many members of which have been distinguished in medicine. His
 * 13) Ellen Gertrude Cohen (JE | ) English painter; studied at the Slade and Royal Academy schools, London, and in Paris under Constant and Laurens; first exhibited
 * 14) Emil Wilhelm Cohen (JE | ) German mineralogist; born at Aakjaer, near Horsens, Jutland, Oct. 12, 1842. He studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin,
 * 15) Francis Cohen (JE | ) -- See P36: Palgrave, Francis
 * 16) Francis Lyon Cohen (JE | ) English rabbi, author, and expert on Hebrew music; born at Aldershot Nov. 14, 1862, and educated at Jews' College and
 * 17) Halifa Cohen (JE | ) Tunisian rabbi residing (1902) at Djerba. He is the author of two Hebrew works: "Sifte Renanot" (Joyful Lips), a commentary
 * 18) Chayyim Cohen (Hayyim Cohen) (JE | ) Tunisian rabbi; lived in the second half of the nineteenth century, on the island of Djerba, near Tunis. He is
 * 19) Henri Cohen (JE | ) French composer and numismatist; born at Amsterdam 1805; died at Bry-sur-Marne May 17, 1880. Cohen's parents went to France in
 * 20) Henry Cohen (JE | ) American rabbi; born in London April 7, 1863. He was educated in London, and when only eighteen traveled in Africa

601 – 620

 * 1) Henry Emanuel Cohen (JE | ) Judge of the supreme court of New South Wales; born at PortMacquarie Dec., 1840. After receiving an ordinary education he
 * 2) Hermann Cohen S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) German philosopher; born in Coswig, Anhalt, Germany, July 4, 1842. He early began to study philosophy, and soon became known
 * 3) Isaac Cohen (JE | ) English theatrical manager; born about 1835. He is one of the oldest of the London managers, having, first on the
 * 4) Jacob Raphael Cohen (JE | ) American ḥazzan; believed to have been born in the Barbary States; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept., 1811. Cohen lived in
 * 5) Jacob da Silva Solis Cohen (JE | ) Amerrican laryngologist; born in New York city Feb. 28, 1838. He was educated at the Central High School of Philadelphia,
 * 6) Joseph Cohen (JE | ) French journalist; born at Marseilles Nov. 1, 1817; died in Paris 1899. After finishing his studies at Aix, he was
 * 7) Josiah Cohen (JE | ) American lawyer and judge; born at Plymouth, England, Nov. 29, 1841, of a family long settled in Cornwall. He is
 * 8) Judah ben Isaac ben Moses Cohen (JE | ) Provençal philosopher of the middle of the fourteenth century. He was a disciple of Samuel of Marseilles, and a relative
 * 9) Jules Emile David Cohen (JE | ) French composer; born at Marseilles Nov. 2, 1830; died in Paris Jan., 1901; studied at the Paris Conservatoire, under Zimmerman,
 * 10) J. I. de Lissa Cohen (JE | ) Mauritius journalist; died May 31, 1879, at Curepipe. He was connected for nearly twenty years with journalism, and was editor
 * 11) Katherine M. Cohen (JE | ) American sculptor and painter; born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 18, 1859. She early evinced a taste for art, especially for
 * 12) Léonce Cohen (JE | ) French musician; born at Paris Feb. 12, 1829; died 1884. He studied at the Conservatory of Paris under Leborne. In
 * 13) Levi A. Cohen (JE | ) Journalist and champion of the Jews of Tangier; born at Mogador in 1844; died at Tangier Nov. 9, 1888. He
 * 14) Levi Ali Cohen (JE | ) Dutch physician and medical author; born Oct. 6, 1817, at Meppel, province of Drenthe, Holland; died Nov. 22, 1889, at
 * 15) Levy Barent Cohen (JE | ) English financier and communal worker; born at Amsterdam 1740; died in England 1808; son of Barent Cohen, a wealthy merchant
 * 16) Lionel Louis Cohen JE (JE | ) English financier, politician, and communal worker; born in London 1832; died there June 26, 1887; son of Louis Cohen, founder
 * 17) Louis Cohen (JE | ) English communal worker; born in London Sept., 1799; died there March 15, 1882. For two generations Cohen was a commanding
 * 18) Louis S. Cohen (JE | ) Lord mayor of Liverpool in 1899; born at Sydney, New South Wales, in 1846; son of Samuel Cohen, who represented
 * 19) Menahem Cohen (JE | ) Chief rabbi of Serres, European Turkey, in 1862; was in office for twenty years; died a nonagenarian in Jerusalem. He was summoned to Constantinople by...
 * 20) Michel Cohen (JE | ) Dutch soldier; born Nov. 27, 1877, in Goes, province of Zeeland, Holland. After a common-school education at his native place,

621 – 640

 * 1) Moses Cohen (JE | ) Bulgarian journalist; born at Shumla, Bulgaria, in 1864. He published in French "Petite Histoire des Israélites," Philippopolis, 1897, a text-book
 * 2) Moses ben Eliezer Cohen (JE | ) Moralist; lived in Germany, probably at Coblenz, in the second half of the fourteenth century. He was the author of
 * 3) Nahum Cohen (JE | ) Russian journalist; born in 1863; died at Yekaterinoslav Jan. 27, 1893. His ghetto story, "V Glukhom Myestechkye" (In a Dull
 * 4) Naphtali Cohen JE S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) Russo-German rabbi and cabalist; born in 1649 at Ostrowo in the Ukraine; died at Constantinople Dec. 20, 1718. He belonged
 * 5) Raphael Cohen (JE | ) -- See R109: Raphael Ben Jekuthiel ha-Kohen
 * 6) Shabbethai Cohen (JE | ) -- See S525: Shabbethai Ben Me&#207;r ha-Kohen
 * 7) Saul Cohen (JE | ) African rabbi; born in Djerba, North Africa, in 1772; died there April, 1848. Although blind and very poor, he was
 * 8) Shalom ben Jacob Cohen (JE | ) Polish Hebraist; born at Meseritz (Mezhiryechye), Poland, Dec. 23, 1772; died at Hamburg Feb. 20, 1845. Prompted by a love
 * 9) Solomon ben Eliezer Lipmann Cohen of Lissa (JE | ) German scholar; lived at Posen at the end of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth. He
 * 10) Solomon da Silva Solis Cohen (JE | ) American physician; born at Philadelphia, Pa., Sept., 1857. Educated in the public schools, he graduated from the Central High School
 * 11) Uri ben Eliezer Liebermann Cohen (JE | ) French Talmudist; died May, 1806, at an advanced age in his native city, Metz. His father was a member of
 * 12) David Cohen-Carlos (JE | ) A writer resident in Hamburg in the seventeenth century. In 1631 he either translated the Song of Songs into Spanish
 * 13) Ephraim Cohen-Lipschütz (JE | ) Italian rabbi and author of the second half of the seventeenth century. He was one of the rabbis at Modena,
 * 14) Judah ben Abraham Cohen-Tanugi (JE | ) Rabbi and writer; died at Tunis about 1835, at an advanced age. He is the author of two Hebrew works,
 * 15) Abraham Cohen Yitzaqi (Abraham Cohen-Yizaki) (JE | ) Tunisian rabbi and writer; born at Tunis; died there in 1864. He is the author of the following Hebrew works,
 * 16) Adolphe Cohn JE S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) American philologist; born at Paris May 29, 1851. He was graduated "bachelier ès lettres" from the University of Paris in
 * 17) Albert Cohn JE (JE | ) French philanthropist and scholar; born in Presburg, Hungary, Sept. 14, 1814; died at Paris March 15, 1877. He belonged to
 * 18) Bernard Cohn (JE | ) German physician; born March 30, 1827, at Breslau; died there June 16, 1864. He was educated at the gymnasium and
 * 19) Emil Cohn (JE | ) German physicist; born at Neu-Strelitz Sept. 28, 1854; studied at the University of Strasburg, whence he was graduated as Ph.D.
 * 20) Falk Cohn (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Dessau Sept. 18, 1833; died at Bonn March 6, 1901. The son of a rabbi and

641 – 660

 * 1) Ferdinand Julius Cohn S 2007-03-04 (JE | ) German botanist and zoologist; born in Breslau Jan. 24, 1828; died there June 25, 1898; eldest son of Isaac Cohn,
 * 2) Georg Ludwig Cohn (JE | ) German jurist; born Sept. 19, 1845, at Breslau, Germany. He was honorary professor in German civil and commercial law at
 * 3) Gustav Cohn JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) German economist; born Sept. 12, 1840, at Marienwerder, West Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Jena. During
 * 4) Hermann L. Cohn (JE | ) German ophthalmologist; born at Breslau June 4, 1838. After graduating from the gymnasium of his native town he studied chemistry
 * 5) Lassar Cohn (JE | ) German chemist; born at Hamburg Sept. 6, 1858. After attending the gymnasium at Königsberg, he studied chemistry at different universities,
 * 6) Léon Cohn (JE | ) French statesman; born in Paris March 11, 1849; second son of Albert Cohn. His early training was received at the
 * 7) Leopold Cohn JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) German author and philologist; born Jan. 14, 1856, at Zempelburg, province of West Prussia. He received his education at the
 * 8) Ludwig Adolf Cohn (JE | ) German historian; born in Breslau May 22, 1834; died in Göttingen Jan. 13, 1871. He belonged to a prominent family
 * 9) Martin Cohn (JE | ) -- See M389: Mels, A.
 * 10) Meshullam Solomon Cohn (Meshullam Solomon Kohn) (JE | ) German rabbi; born about 1739; died at Fürth Dec. 17, 1819. After having spent a few years in the yeshibot
 * 11) Moritz Cohn (JE | ) Austrian writer; born at Kreuzburg, Silesia, Jan. 8, 1844. Educated at the high school of Brieg, he began life as
 * 12) Oskar Justinus Cohn (JE | ) German writer; born at Breslau Feb. 21, 1839; died at Bad Nauheim Aug. 6, 1893. Educated for a mercantile career,
 * 13) Rudolf Cohn (JE | ) German physiologist; born at Schneidemühl, Posen, Germany, April 23, 1862. He received his education at the Kneiphöf'sche Gymnasium and at
 * 14) Samuel Cohn (JE | ) German political economist; born at Bromberg 1862; died in Berlin July 30, 1900. He attended the Joachimsthal-Gymnasium, and studied philology
 * 15) Solomon Cohn (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Zülz, Prussian Silesia, March 24, 1822; died in Breslau Sept. 22, 1902. He was a grandson
 * 16) Tobias Cohn JE S 2007-03-06 >> Ma'aseh Toviyyah JE (JE | ) Polish physician; born at Metz, Germany, 1652; died at Jerusalem 1729. His grandfather was the physician Eleazar Kohn, who emigrated
 * 17) Tobias Cohn UNR ours is about another Tobis Cohn (JE | ) German rabbi and writer; born at Hammerstein, West Prussia, Feb. 2, 1826. After graduating from the normal school, he conducted
 * 18) Toby Cohn (JE | ) German physician and medical author; born at Breslau Dec. 26, 1866. Cohn was educated at the Elisabeth gymnasium of his
 * 19) Adalbert Dorotheus Solomon Cohnfeld (JE | ) German author; born in Pyritz, Pomerania, Aug. 3, 1809; died in Berlin Jan. 20, 1868. He lived in Ḅreslau during
 * 20) Julius Cohnheim JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) German pathologist; born at Demmin, Pomerania, July 20, 1839; died in Leipsic Aug. 15, 1884. He studied at the universities

661 – 680

 * 1) Paul Cohnheim (JE | ) German physician; born at Labes, in Pomerania, Dec. 2, 1867. He was educated at the gymnasium at Stettin and the
 * 2) Isidor Cohnstein (JE | ) German gynecologist; born at Gnesen, province of Posen, Prussia, Aug. 1, 1841; died at Charlottenburg, near Berlin, July 25, 1894.
 * 3) Coimbra S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) City of Portugal, capital of the province of Beira, in which there was formerly a "Juderia," or Jewish quarter, now
 * 4) Coin-Makers (JE | ) -- See M645: Minters.
 * 5) Coins, Coinage S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See N368: Numismatics
 * 6) Colchester (JE | ) County town of Essex, England. Jews are first mentioned as living in Colchester in 1185, and it is probable that
 * 7) John William Colenso S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Bishop of Natal and English Biblical critic; born at St. Austell, Cornwall, Jan. 24, 1814; died Jan. 20, 1883. He
 * 8) Collar S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A rendering in Judges viii. 26 of the Hebrew word V04p164001.jpg. In the other passage (Isa. iii. 19) in which
 * 9) Rabbinical Colleges (JE | ) See Seminaries, Rabbinical.
 * 10) Charlotte Collins (JE | ) Anglo-American actress; born in London, England, about 1865. She began her stage career at the age of five, when she
 * 11) Colmar (JE | ) Chief town of Upper Alsace, Germany, on the Lauch and the Fecht. At the beginning of the thirteenth century Colmar
 * 12) Abraham Cologna (JE | ) -- See A413: Abraham de Cologna
 * 13) Cologne >> History of the Jews in Cologne (JE | ) City of Rhenish Prussia. There are indications that a Jewish community existed here long before Christianity had become dominant.
 * 14) Colombia >> History of the Jews in Colombia (JE | ) -- See U33: United States of Colombia
 * 15) Colon S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See P48: Panama
 * 16) Joseph ben Solomon Colon JE (JE | ) The foremost Talmudist of Italy in the second half of the fifteenth century; born probably at Chambéry, Savoy, about 1420;
 * 17) Colonial Jewish Monthly (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 18) Jules Edouard Colonne (JE | ) French musician; born at Bordeaux July 23, 1838. He studied at the Paris Conservatory, where he was awarded the first
 * 19) Colophon (JE | ) An inscription or device placed at the end of books, generally with the intention of showing the title, the writer's
 * 20) Color (JE | ) It is noteworthy that Biblical Hebrew contains no term to express that property of light known as color. When a

681 – 700

 * 1) Colorado >> History of the Jews in Colorado (JE | ) One of the United States of North America; bounded on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska; east by Nebraska and
 * 2) Abraham Colorni (Abraham Colorno) (JE | ) Italian engineer; born at Mantua about 1530. His great skill in his profession caused him to be much sought after,
 * 3) Malachi Colorni (JE | ) Italian author; lived at Modena in the eighteenth century. He wrote a guide to letter-writing, "Megillat Sefer," still extant in
 * 4) Christopher Columbus and the Jews (JE | ) According to his own statement, Columbus had constant intercourse with Jews and Moors, with priests and laymen. He had personal
 * 5) Columbus, Georgia >> History of the Jews in Columbus, Georgia (JE | ) -- See G149: Georgia
 * 6) Columbus, Ohio >> History of the Jews in Columbus, Ohio (JE | ) -- See O37: Ohio
 * 7) Comets S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See A2052: Astronomy
 * 8) Commandment ours redirects to 10 commandments (JE | ) The rendering in the English Bible versions of the Hebrew V04p180001.jpg, which, in its technical sense, is used in the
 * 9) 613 Commandments (613 Mitzvot) (JE | ) That the law of Moses contains 613 commandments is stated by R. Simlai, a Palestinian haggadist, who says (Mak. 23b):
 * 10) Ten Commandments S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See D192: Decalogue
 * 11) Commentaries on the Bible ours discusses only Christian commentaries (JE | ) -- See B1029: Bible Exegesis
 * 12) Commentaries on the Talmud (JE | ) -- See C692: Talmud, Commentaries to the
 * 13) Commerce (JE | ) Sale or exchange of goods, generally on a large scale. During the Biblical period the Hebrews in Palestine had what
 * 14) Commercial Law (JE | ) According to Jewish law persons legally capable of entering into any form of contract are legally capable of making commercial
 * 15) Commission (JE | ) -- See B1502: Brokers
 * 16) Organization of Jewish communities (JE | ) At the beginning of the common era there were Jewish communities at Alexandria, Rome, Salamis, Corinth, Athens, Delos, etc.; at
 * 17) Commutation of sentence S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See J691: Judgment
 * 18) Como S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) City on the Italian lake of the same name. Como never possessed a Jewish community, although a single Jewish family,
 * 19) Compassion S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Sorrow and pity for one in distress, creating a desire to relieve, a feeling ascribed alike to man and God;
 * 20) Compensation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) See Fees, Legal.

701 – 720

 * 1) Ludwig Compiégne de Weil (JE | ) Convert to Christianity; lived at Paris, later at Metz, in the second half of the seventeenth century. He was a
 * 2) Comprat Vidal Ferussol (JE | ) -- See F49: Farissol, Jacob Ben &#7716;ayyim Comprat Vidal
 * 3) Mordecai ben Eliezer Comtino JE (JE | ) Turkish Talmudist and scientist; lived at Adrianople and Constantinople; died in the latter city between 1485 and 1490. The earliest
 * 4) Conaniah (JE | ) A Levite who in the reign of Hezekiah had charge of the offerings and tithes brought to the Temple. Associated
 * 5) Abraham ben Solomon Conat JE (JE | ) Italian printer, Talmudist, and physician: flourished at Mantua in the second half of the fifteenth century. He obtained the title
 * 6) Joseph ben Gershon Concio (JE | ) Italian author; lived at Asti and Chieri in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He published several Hebrew poems, including:
 * 7) Concordance (JE | ) An alphabetical list of all the words in a book, with references to the passages where each word is found.
 * 8) Concubinage S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See P313: Pilegesh
 * 9) Conditions S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Qualifications or limitations annexed to an agreement by which it may be continued, altered, or rendered of no effect upon
 * 10) Condom, France S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) County seat in the department of Gers, France. Jews were found there at the beginning of the fourteenth century. In
 * 11) Conduits S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See A1673: Aqueducts in Palestine
 * 12) Conegliano ours is about an Italian city (JE | ) A prominent Jewish family of northern Italy. The spelling "Conian," according to Kaufmann, is a misreading of the Hebrew V04p209003.jpg.
 * 13) Immanuel Conegliano (JE | ) -- See P431: Ponte, Lorenzo Da
 * 14) Coney S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A small herbivorous animal (Hyrax Syriacus or Hyrax Daman) mentioned in the Bible. "Coney" is the traditional rendering of the
 * 15) Rabbinical Conferences >> Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick JE (JE | ) Assemblies of rabbis to determine common courses of action or common principles of faith. Rabbinical conferences are a late phenomenon
 * 16) Confession of sin (JE | ) The Scriptures repeatedly prescribe confession of sin as a means to expiation and atonement. "It shall be that when he
 * 17) Confirmation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Solemn form of initiation of the Jewish youth into their ancestral faith. The rite is mentioned officially for the first
 * 18) Confiscation and Forfeiture S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Appropriation of private property to the public use or treasury. Confiscation of the property of peaceable aliens in Palestine who
 * 19) Confiscation of Hebrew books (JE | ) The first known decree directed against Hebrew literature is one of the emperor Justinian (553) forbidding the Jews to use
 * 20) Conflict of laws S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A disagreement between the laws of two states with reference to litigation affecting private rights claimed to be subject to

721 – 740

 * 1) Conflict of opinion (JE | ) Rarely did an opinion expressed by one of the rabbis of the Talmud pass unchallenged. In questions involving logical reasoning,
 * 2) Conflict of passages (JE | ) -- See H627: Hermeneutics
 * 3) David Conforte (or Conforti) JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Hebrew literary historian; born in Salonica about 1618; died about 1685. Conforte came of a family of scholars. His early
 * 4) Congregation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An assembly convoked for a certain time and purpose (V04p227001.jpg = ????????, I Kings viii. 65; Joel ii. 16;
 * 5) Congress of Jewish Women (JE | ) One of the denominational congresses of the World's Parliament of Religions, held at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Ill., 1893.
 * 6) Carlo Conigliani (JE | ) Italian jurist and political economist; born at Modena June 25, 1868; died there Dec. 6, 1901. After studying law at
 * 7) Conitz S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See K355: Konitz
 * 8) Conjunctive S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See A717: Accents in Hebrew
 * 9) Connecticut >> History of the Jews in Connecticut (JE | ) One of the six New England States, and one of the thirteen original states of theUnion. The first mention of
 * 10) Abraham ben Levi Conque JE (JE | ) Cabalist; lived at Hebron, Palestine, in the second half of the seventeenth century. Swayed by his cabalistic studies, Conque threw
 * 11) Joseph Conque (JE | ) Nephew of Abraham ben Levi Conque; lived in Hebron, Palestine, during the seventeenth century. He was the teacher of Isaac
 * 12) Conrad of Winterthur (JE | ) Burgomaster of Strasburg during the Black Death, in 1348. Together with the councilors Goffe Sturm (Schöppe) and Peter Schwarber, he
 * 13) Mase Conrat (JE | ) Professor and writer on Roman law; born in Breslau Sept. 16, 1848. His original name was Cohn, which he exchanged
 * 14) Consaguinity among Jews (JE | ) Owing to their dispersion among populations professing creed different from their own, Jews have married ear relatives more frequently than
 * 15) Consecration our is missing Judaism meaning (JE | ) The solemn setting apart of a person or thing to a special use or purpose. According to Fleischer (Levy, "Neuhebr.
 * 16) Consent S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A voluntary yielding of the will, judgment, or inclination to what is proposed or desired by another. A rational and
 * 17) Consistory JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An ecclesiastical court; in Jewish usage, a body governing the Jewish congregations of a province or of a country; also
 * 18) Consolation our article is about Dutch band :) (JE | ) Comfort; alleviation of sorrow (V04p233001.jpg); relief from grief (from V04p233002.jpg, meaning in pi'el form "to remove grief"); words of sympathy
 * 19) Benjamin Consolo (JE | ) Italian Hebraist; born at Ancona in 1806; died at Florence in 1887. He received his elementary instruction from Rabbi David
 * 20) Federico Consolo JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Italian violin virtuoso, composer, and scholar; born at Ancona in 1841. After studying the violin with Giorgetti in Florence and

741 – 760

 * 1) Consonants in Hebrew S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See H485: Hebrew Language
 * 2) Lake of Constance, Switzerland (JE | ) Region in the northeastern part of Switzerland. Of the Jewish communities designated as belonging to the district of the Lake
 * 3) Constantine I S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Roman emperor; born Feb. 27, 274; died May 22, 337; proclaimed emperor by the army in Gaul on the death
 * 4) Constantine, Algeria S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) City in Algeria; capital of the department of the same name. In ancient times it was the capital of Numidia.
 * 5) Abraham Constantinis (JE | ) Greek manufacturer, and president ("proëdros") of the Jewish community of Athens, Greece. He was born at Zante in 1865. After
 * 6) Constantinople >> History of the Jews in Constantinople (JE | ) Capital of the Ottoman empire, situated on the Bosporus; the "Byzantium" of the ancients. The earliest official document hitherto discovered
 * 7) Constantinov, Volhynia (JE | ) -- See S1043: Staro-Konstantinov
 * 8) Constanza S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Rumanian town in the province of Dobrudja. During the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1828 some Jewish purveyors came with the Russian
 * 9) Constellations S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Clusters of stars. The number of constellations named in the Biblical writings is small. In view of the extensive astronomical
 * 10) Constitution S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See G396: Government
 * 11) Consumption (Tuberculosis) S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An infectious disease, due to the entrance of the tubercle bacillus into the body. The question of the relative
 * 12) Contempt of court S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Disrespectful demeanor before, or disobedience of, a public authority. Courts of justice must be treated with respect, and their orders
 * 13) Contract S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) In law a formal agreement recognized as constituting an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing. Both
 * 14) Contros (JE | ) -- See K357: &#7730;on&#7788;res
 * 15) Controversial literature S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See P402: Polemics and Polemical Literature
 * 16) Conversion to Christianity S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Conversion is the Biblical term for the turning of the sinner from his evil ways to God (V04p249002.jpg). "Sinners shall
 * 17) Conversion to Islam S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See A1654: Apostasy and Apostates from Judaism
 * 18) Conversion to Judaism S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See P556: Proselyte and Proselytism
 * 19) Modern converts to Christianity (JE | ) : The number of post-Mendelssohnian Jews who abandoned their ancestral faith is very large. According to Heman in Herzog-Hauck, "Real-Encyc." (x.
 * 20) Convicts S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See C887: Crime

761 – 780

 * 1) Cookery S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The preparation of the meal was in ancient times a very simple process. The principal articles of diet were bread
 * 2) Cooking utensils S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Among the ancient Hebrews cooking was naturally entrusted to the women of the household (compare I Sam. viii. 13), as
 * 3) Copenhagen >> History of the Jews in Copenhagen (JE | ) The capital of Denmark. Shortly after the opening of Denmark in 1657 to settlement by Jews, a number are known
 * 4) Coponius JE (JE | ) First procurator of Judea, about 6 C.E. He was, like the procurators that succeeded him, of knightly rank, and "had
 * 5) Copper S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The first common metal to come into use, as it is easily obtained and readily worked. Burial-places in which utensils,
 * 6) Cor S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See W81: Weights and Measures
 * 7) Cor Ashan (JE | ) -- See C473: Chor-Ashan
 * 8) Coral S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A genus of polypus known to science as "coralligenous zoophytes"; also the hard structures secreted by these animals. The variety
 * 9) Corbeil (JE | ) City in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France. Jews were settled very early in Corbeil, occupying a special quarter, called the
 * 10) Corcos (JE | ) A family whose history can be traced back to the end of the thirteenth century, and members of which are
 * 11) Cordova >> History of the Jews in Cordova (JE | ) City in Andalusia, Spain. As early as the eighth century it included Jews among its inhabitants. They lived in
 * 12) Isaac Hezekiah ben Jacob Cordova (JE | ) Publisher in the latter part of the seventeenth and the first part of the eighteenth century; son of Jacob b.
 * 13) Joshua Hezekiah de Cordova (JE | ) Rabbi and preacher in Amsterdam about the middle of the eighteenth century; author of "Sermam Moral que Neste K. K.
 * 14) Aryeh Löb Cordovero (JE | ) Rabbi of Zamosz, Poland, at the end of the seventeenth century. He wrote a book called "Pene Aryeh Zuṭa" (The
 * 15) Gedalyah ben Moses Cordovero (JE | ) Talmudic scholar; lived at Safed in the sixteenth century. He was a son of the famous cabalist Moses Cordovero, a
 * 16) Moses Cordovero S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See M850: Moses Cordovero
 * 17) Moses ben Jacob Cordovero S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See R208: Moses b. Jacob Cordovero
 * 18) Coreo de Viena (JE | ) Judæo-Spanish journal printed in rabbinic characters, published at Vienna since 1870. It was for some years under the editorship of
 * 19) Corfu >> History of the Jews in Corfu (JE | ) Most northerly of the Ionian Islands. The native Jews of Corfu fall into three distinct divisions of different origin (Greek,
 * 20) Cori (Chore) S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Village of Campania, Italy, about thirty miles from Rome. There is a small Jewish community there, the origin of which

781 – 800

 * 1) Coriander S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An umbelliferous plant with white blossoms, which is peculiar to the Mediterranean district (Coriandrum sativum). It is widely cultivated in
 * 2) Coriat (JE | ) Jewish family of Morocco. In 1812 there appeared at Pisa a Hebrew work, under the title "Zekut Abot," in which
 * 3) David Chayyim Corinaldi (David Hayyim Corinaldi) (JE | ) Italian rabbi and author of the first half of the eighteenth century. He was a pupil of N. Pincherle, and
 * 4) Corinth >> History of the Jews in Corinth (JE | ) A city in ancient Argos, Greece, and the center of the cult of Aphrodite. Jews lived here, as in the
 * 5) Cormorant S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The translation given in the Bible (Lev. xi. 17; Deut. xiv. 17) of the Hebrew word V04p274001.jpg. In these passages
 * 6) Corn S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The seeds of cereal plants. (1) Barley ("se'orah"), which was and still is the most common grain of Palestine, is
 * 7) Cornerstone S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 8) Cornerstone (JE | ) The laying of the corneror foundation-stone (V04p275001.jpg, or V04p275002.jpg) (Job xxxviii. 4-6; Ps. xviii. 15, xxiv. 2) of the earth
 * 9) Cornwall S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Extreme southwest county of England; distinguished in early days by the tinmines which are said to have been visited by
 * 10) Coro S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A town in Venezuela, five miles from its seaport, La Vela de Coro, on the Caribbean Sea. It had, in
 * 11) Coronation Chair S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The so-called "Stone of Destiny," forming part of the coronation chair of the kings of England in Westminster Abbey, is
 * 12) Nachman Nathan Coronel (Nahman Nathan Coronel) (JE | ) Palestinian scholar of Sephardic-Ashkenazic parentage; born at Amsterdam 1810; died at Jerusalem Aug. 6, 1890. His teacher was R. Abraham
 * 13) Paul Nuñez Coronel (JE | ) Spanish Orientalist; born at Segovia; died Sept. 30, 1534. Though baptized before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in
 * 14) Augustine Coronel-Chacon (JE | ) Portuguese Jew and agent at the court of Charles II. of England; born in Beira, Portugal; died after 1665. After
 * 15) Corporal Punishment S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Physical chastisement inflicted as legal punishment. Corporal punishment is one of the oldest forms of chastisement known to the law.
 * 16) Corporation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A combination of several persons, for certain purposes and under a common name, into one artificial body, which the law
 * 17) Corpse S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A body of a dead human being polluted not only those that touched it, but also the dwelling, its inmates,
 * 18) Isabella Correa (Isabella Rebecca Correa) (JE | ) Spanish poetess of the seventeenth century; born in Spain; lived successively in Brussels, Antwerp, and Amsterdam; wife of the cosmographer
 * 19) Corregal (JE | ) -- See C198: Carregal
 * 20) Cesare Correnti S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Italian statesman and author; born in Milan Jan. 3, 1815; died at Lesa, Novara, Oct. 4, 1888. He was one

801 – 820

 * 1) Corriere Israelitico (JE | ) Italian monthly magazine devoted to Jewish history and literature; founded at Triest in 1863 by Abrama Vito Morpurgo, who edited
 * 2) Don Josée Cortissos (JE | ) Spanish army contractor; born 1656; died in London 1742. He was fifth in direct descent from Emanuel José Cortissos, Marquis
 * 3) Cos (JE | ) See Kos.
 * 4) Cosenza S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) City in southern Italy. Ferdinando Ughelli, in the ninth volume of his "Italia Sacra," reproduces two documents referring to the
 * 5) Lewi Cosin (JE | ) Rabbi at Salonica, and later a preacher at Venice; born in 1573; died in 1625. He was the author of
 * 6) Chayyim ben Naphtali Cöslin (Hayyim ben Naphtali Cöslin) (JE | ) Talmudical scholar and Hebrew grammarian of Berlin; died at Stettin, Prussia, March 21, 1832. He wrote the following works: (1)
 * 7) Cosmogony S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Theory concerning the origin ("begetting") of the world; the mythological or ante-scientific view, as preserved in the traditions, oral
 * 8) Cossacks' uprising (JE | ) Since the fifteenth century, semi-military bands of Cossacks have been scattered over the steppes of southern and southeastern Russia, and
 * 9) Da Costa family pedigree (JE | ) The family of Da Costa is probably identical with that of the Mendez da Costa. It has even been suggested
 * 10) Andrea Mendes da Costa (JE | ) Chamberlain of Queen Catherine of Bragança, wife of Charles II. of England; flourished about 1665. His position at court was
 * 11) Anthony da Costa (Moses da Costa) JE (JE | ) An opulent Jewish London merchant of the eighteenth century. He attained the position—unusual for a Jew in those days—of a .....
 * 12) Benjamin Mendez da Costa (JE | ) Bibliography: J. Picciotto, Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 89, 95, 155.J. G. L.
 * 13) Emanuel Mendez da Costa S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Librarian and fellow of the Royal Society of London, scientific writer, and fellow of the Antiquarian Society of London; born
 * 14) Isaac da Costa JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Dutch poet; born Jan. 14, 1798, at Amsterdam; died there April 28, 1860. His father, Daniel da Costa, a relative
 * 15) Israele di Emanuele Costa (JE | ) Italian rabbi; born 1819; died 1897. He succeeded Abraham Baruch Piperno as rabbi of Leghorn in 1864. Of his works
 * 16) Joseph da Costa (JE | ) Younger brother of Uriel Acosta or da Costa, to whom Manasseh Ben Israel dedicated his Spanish edition of the "Hope
 * 17) Michael Costa S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Musical composer and conductor; born at Naples of a Sephardic family Feb. 4, 1810; died in Brighton April 29, 1884.
 * 18) Solomon da Costa (JE | ) Donor of Hebrew library to the British Museum; flourished about 1760. A broker by profession, he acquired a considerable fortune,
 * 19) Costa Rica >> History of the Jews in Costa Rica (JE | ) See San Juan.
 * 20) Abraham Coster (JE | ) Dutch anti-Jewish preacher; lived at Amsterdam in the seventeenth century. He wrote "Histoire der Joden," a history of the Jews

821 – 840

 * 1) Costs S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The outlays made by suitors which are incident to the administration of justice. The question of costs is a twofold
 * 2) Costume S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The general Hebrew designation for "costume" is "beged," applied indifferently to the garments of rich and poor, male and female.
 * 3) Rodrigo Cota (JE | ) Spanish poet; born at Toledo; died 1497. He came of a Marano family, three members of which—Francisco Cota, Lopez Cota,
 * 4) Cottbus S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Important manufacturing city of Prussia. It includes about 500 Jews in a total population of 40,000 inhabitants. Jews lived here
 * 5) Cotton S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) This word does not occur in the A. V., but express mention is made of the material in Esth. i.
 * 6) Couch S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Structure on which to rest or sleep. The Hebrew term V04p303001.jpg, meaning "divan" as well as "bed," is synonymous with
 * 7) Count Heinrich von Coudenhove (JE | ) Austrian author, traveler, and diplomat; born in Vienna Oct. 12, 1859. Count Heinrich studied law at the University of Vienna;
 * 8) Council of the Four Lands S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The central body of Jewish autonomy in Poland for nearly two centuries�from the middle of the sixteenth to that of
 * 9) Council of Jewish Women (JE | ) An organization which came into being as a result of the Congress of Jewish Women, one of the denominational congresses
 * 10) Courage S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) That quality which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, calmness, and intrepidity; Hebrew, V04p309001.jpg ("Be of good
 * 11) Courland S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A government in the Baltic provinces of Russia, bounded on the west and north by the Baltic Sea; on the
 * 12) Court Jews JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Court Jews, called also court factors, and court or chamber agents, played a part at the courts of the Austrian
 * 13) Courtship S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See M213: Marriage
 * 14) Cousseri (Cousser) (JE | ) Jewish family of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; lived in Riva di Trento and neighboring towns of northern Italy. The
 * 15) Coutinho (Cuitiño) (JE | ) Name of a Jewish-Portuguese family, members of which, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, resided in Amsterdam, Hamburg, Brazil, and
 * 16) Fernando Coutinho (JE | ) Defender of the Jews, councilor of the supreme court, and afterward Bishop of Silves, in the reigns of Manuel and
 * 17) Covenant (JE | ) An agreement between two contracting parties, originally sealed with blood; a bond, or a law; a permanent religious dispensation. The
 * 18) Covetousness S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The inordinate desire to possess that to which one is not entitled, or that which belongs to another. Its prohibition
 * 19) Covilhão (JE | ) City in the province of Beira, Portugal, which in the thirteenth century had a Jewish congregation and was the seat
 * 20) Covo (JE | ) Name of a Jewish family of Salonica, Turkey, a branch of which lives at Widdin, Bulgaria. As the name indicates,

841 – 860

 * 1) Phineas Cowan (JE | ) English merchant, volunteer officer, and alderman; born at Chatham 1832; died at Buxton Oct. 22, 1899. From the first he
 * 2) Frederic Hymen Cowen S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) English conductor and composer; born at Kingston, Jamaica, Jan 29, 1852; at the age of four he was taken to
 * 3) Israel Cowen (JE | ) American lawyer and jurist; son of Bennett and Bertha Cowen; born in Houston, Texas, Dec. 12, 1861; received his early
 * 4) Laurence Cowen (JE | ) Journalist and politician; born in 1865 at Hull. For some years he lived at Newcastle-on-Tyne, where his father, E. Cohen,
 * 5) Lionel Cowen (JE | ) Painter; born 1846; died Aug., 1895; brother of Frederic H. Cowen, the composer. Cowen, a painter of considerable ability, was
 * 6) Philip Cowen (JE | ) Jewish publisher and communal worker; born in New York city in 1853; educated in the public schools; was one of
 * 7) Cozbi S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A Midianitish woman, daughter of Zur, the leader of a tribe. She was put to death along with the Israelite
 * 8) Cracow >> History of the Jews in Kraków (History of the Jews in Cracow) (JE | ) A city of Galicia, Austria, formerly the capital of the kingdom of Poland; founded about 700 C.E. There are no
 * 9) Yiddish Cradle Songs (JE | ) Songs written as lullabies; these exist in great variety and profusion among the Jews speaking Judæo-German or Yiddish, and among
 * 10) Crajova (JE | ) Chief town of the district of Dolschi; ancient capital of the Banat of Oltenie, Lower Wallachia. It may be assumed
 * 11) Crane (bird) S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A rendering, in the A. V., of the Hebrew word V04p333001.jpg or V04p333002.jpg, which in the R. V. is more
 * 12) Craniometry S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The methods of measuring skulls for the purpose of determining certain topographical relations, the most important measurement of the skull
 * 13) Creation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The bringing into existence of the world by the act of God. Most Jewish philosophers find in V04p336001.jpg (Gen. i.
 * 14) Book of Creation (Sefer Yetzirah) (JE | ) -- See Y40: Ye&#7826;irah, Sefer
 * 15) Era of Creation (JE | ) -- See E438: Era
 * 16) Creature S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A loose rendering in the A. V. of:1. "Nefesh" ("a breathing thing"; Gen. i. 20 et seq., ii. 19, ix.
 * 17) Creed S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See A1832: Articles of Faith
 * 18) Creeping things (JE | ) A loose expression used in the A. V. as the equivalent of V04p341003.jpg and V04p341004.jpg. V04p341005.jpg ("remes" = creeping—that is,
 * 19) Crefeld S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See K404: Krefeld
 * 20) Alexandre ben Baruch Créhange (JE | ) French Hebraist; born at Etain, in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1791; died in Paris Jan. 7, 1872. He acted as

861 – 880

 * 1) Michael Creizenach JE (JE | ) German educator and theologian; born in Mayence May 16, 1789; died in Frankfort-on-the-Main Aug. 5, 1842. Creizenach is one of
 * 2) Theodor Creizenach JE (JE | ) German poet and historian of literature; son of Michael Creizenach; born April 17, 1818, in Mayence; died Dec. 6, 1877,
 * 3) Cremation S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The act of burning the dead. Cremation was not the prevailing custom among the ancient Hebrews, as it was among
 * 4) Crémieu JE (JE | ) Town in the ancient province of Dauphiné, France. As early as the fifteenth century it had an important Jewish community.
 * 5) André Crémieu-Foa (JE | ) An officer in the French cavalry; born in Paris Jan. 20, 1857; died at Porto Novo, North Africa, Nov., 1892.
 * 6) Crémieux (colony) (JE | ) -- See A909: Agricultural Colonies in the United States
 * 7) Gaston Crémieux (JE | ) French socialist and writer; born at Nîmes June 22, 1836; died at Marseilles Dec. 1, 1871. He entered upon an
 * 8) Hananeel Crémieux (JE | ) French Hebraist and judge; born 1800; died 1878; son of Mordecai Crémieux. He was a Talmudic scholar, and was teacher
 * 9) Hector Jonathan Crémieux (JE | ) French dramatist; born at Paris Nov. 10, 1828; died there in 1892; of the same family as Isaac Adolphe Crémieux.
 * 10) Isaac Adolphe Crémieux S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) French statesman; born at Nîmes April 22, 1796; died in Paris Feb. 9, 1880. He was educated at the Lycée
 * 11) Mordecai ben Abraham Crémieux (JE | ) Rabbi at Aix, Provence; born at Carpentras in 1749; died May 22, 1825. He was the author of "Ma'amar Mordekai"
 * 12) Moses ben Solomon Crémieux (JE | ) Scholar; born at Carpentras, France, in 1766; died May 4, 1837. He was a nephew and son-in-law of Mordecai Crémieux.
 * 13) Cremona S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Italian city in the plain of Lombardy; capital of the province of Cremona. The beginnings of the Jewish community in
 * 14) Abiathar ibn Crescas ha-Kohen (JE | ) Physician in ordinary to King Juan II. of Aragon (1458-79); skilful oculist and learned astrologer. In Sept., 1468, he freed
 * 15) Astruc don Crescas (JE | ) Provençal scholar; lived probably at Perpignan, in the fourteenth century. Samuel, son of Solomon Shalom of Perpignan (compare Azulai, "Shem
 * 16) Chasdai ben Abraham Crescas (Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas) >> Or Adonai JE (JE | ) Religious philosopher; born in Barcelona, Spain, 1340; died 1410. He was of an illustrious and learned family, in "Ḳore ha-Dorot"
 * 17) Mordecai en Crescas of Orange (JE | ) Prominent member of the community of Carcassonne, France; lived in the second half of the thirteenth century. As leader (syndic)
 * 18) Vidal Crescas de Caslar (JE | ) Physician and liturgical poet of Avignon; member of the Yiẓhari family of that place. In 1327 Crescas translated into Hebrew
 * 19) Vidal Crescas of Perpignan (JE | ) French Talmudist; flourished in the first half of the fourteenth century. He was probably a native of Spain, going to
 * 20) Julius Bernhard Crescenz (JE | ) Anti-Jewish writer in Germany at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He wrote "De Judæorum Privilegiis," Darmstadt, 1604-12; "Geistliches Bedenken,

881 – 900

 * 1) Alexander Crescenzi (JE | ) Jewish convert to Christianity; lived at Rome in the seventeenth century. In 1666 he translated from the Spanish into Italian
 * 2) Elias Crespin (JE | ) Rumanian rabbi, teacher, and journalist; born about 1850 at Eskee Sara, eastern Rumelia; he fled to Rumania after the Turco-Russian
 * 3) Samuel Crespin (JE | ) Turkish rabbinical author; lived at Smyrna in the first half of the nineteenth century; son of Joshua Abraham Crespin, grand
 * 4) Cresques lo Juheu (JE | ) Chartographer who flourished at Majorca and Barcelona at the end of the fourteenth century. Prince Juan of Aragon sent to
 * 5) Warder Cresson JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Religious enthusiast, and convert to Judaism. Born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 13, 1798; died in Jerusalem, Palestine, Nov. 6, 1860.
 * 6) Crete >> History of the Jews in Crete (JE | ) Island in the Mediterranean, about 55 miles south of the Morea. Jews had settled there long before the Christian era
 * 7) Crime S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An act forbidden by human law and punished by human authority, in contrast to sinful acts which are thought to
 * 8) Crimea >> History of the Jews in the Crimea (JE | ) Peninsula of southern Russia, on the northern shore of the Black Sea. It was formerly known as Krim-Tartary, and
 * 9) Criminal Procedure S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The method indicated by law for the apprehension, trial, and for fixing the punishment of those persons who have broken
 * 10) Criminality S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The average tendency to commit crime. The critics of the Jews have always contended that the general standard of morality
 * 11) Isaac bin Crispin (JE | ) Spanish moralist and poet; lived at the beginning of the twelfth century. Judah al-Ḥarizi praises him among the renowned poets
 * 12) Crispus (JE | ) The ruler of the synagogue at Corinth, who became a Christian, with all his house, through the preaching of Paul
 * 13) Croatia >> History of the Jews in Croatia S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Southwestern part of the Hungarian crown provinces; consists of Croatia, Slavonia, and the Military Frontier, included since 1868. The earliest
 * 14) Crocodile S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) This well-known amphibious reptile (Crocodilus vulgaris or niloticus) is not mentioned by a specific Hebrew name in the Bible. There
 * 15) Oliver Cromwell S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The Whitehall Conference.The first question which arose for consideration was whether there existed any law forbidding the readmission of the
 * 16) Benjamin ben Solomon Croneburg (JE | ) German publicist; lived at Neuwied, Prussia, in the eighteenth century. In 1758 he founded at Neuwied the Jewish periodical "Der
 * 17) Cronica Israelitica (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 18) Joseph Crool (JE | ) Teacher and controversialist; flourished in England about 1838. He gave lessons in Hebrew to a few students in the University
 * 19) Cross S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The stake (??????? = V04p368001.jpg or V04p368002.jpg) used by the Romans at crucifixion. This was so familiar to the Jews
 * 20) Cross-examination S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See E530: Evidence

901 – 920

 * 1) Crown S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The translation employed for five distinct Hebrew words in the Bible. It renders, first, "zer," a technical term used frequently
 * 2) Crown of the Law (JE | ) A coronet, usually made of gilded silver, with bells, bearing the Hebrew inscription V04p372001.jpg. It is placed upon the upper
 * 3) Crowns of the Righteous (JE | ) The future bliss of the righteous is described by Rab in Ber. 17b: "There is neither eating and drinking nor
 * 4) Stefan Cruceanu (JE | ) Rumanian author; born at Jassy April 25, 1868. On receiving his bachelor's degree in 1889 he entered the University of
 * 5) Crucifixion S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The act of putting to death by nailing or binding to a cross. Among the modes of Capital Punishment known
 * 6) Cruelty S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The disposition to inflict pain and to gloat over suffering. Widely prevalent among, if not characteristic of, savages and barbarians,
 * 7) Cruelty to animals S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The Bible contains no comprehensive principle regarding the rightsof animals. In the Biblical account of creation man is made sole
 * 8) Crusades S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Expeditions from western Europe to recover Jerusalem and the holy sepulcher from the control of the infidel. The undisciplined mobs
 * 9) Crypto-Jews JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Jews professing another religion but practising Jewish rites in secret in their own homes. There was some tendency toward this
 * 10) Crystal S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See G259: Glass
 * 11) Karl Csemegi (JE | ) President of the Hungarian Supreme Court of Judicature; born in Csongrad May 3, 1826; died March 18, 1899. Csemegi received
 * 12) Rosa Csillag JE (JE | ) Hungarian opera-singer; born about 1840. She attracted much attention in the chorus of the Hungarian National Theater at Budapest. Trained
 * 13) Therese Csillag JE (JE | ) Hungarian actress; born at Duna-Adony May 17, 1862. For many years she was a popular comedienne at the National Theater
 * 14) Cuba >> History of the Jews in Cuba (JE | ) Island in the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of the West Indian groups. The relations of the Jews with the
 * 15) Cubit S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See W81: Weights and Measures
 * 16) Cuckoo S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The A. V. rendering of V04p382001.jpg (sha?af) in Lev. xi. 16 and Deut. xiv. 15. In both places it occurs
 * 17) Cucumber S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The rendering of the Hebrew V04p382002.jpg (Num. xi. 5). There are at least two kinds of cucumbers in Palestine (Hasselquist,
 * 18) Cuenca S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) City in New Castile, Spain, which, after its conquest by Alfonso VII., possessed Jewish inhabitants. In the "fuero," or charter,
 * 19) Jacob Culi JE S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Talmudist and Biblical commentator of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; died at Constantinople Aug. 9, 1732. He belonged to an
 * 20) Culturverein der Juden (JE | ) -- See V55: Verein f&#252;r Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden

921 – 940

 * 1) Ventidius Cumanus S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Roman procurator in Judea (48-52). According to Tacitus ("Annales," xii. 54), he divided the procuratorship with Felix; the latter being
 * 2) Mordecai ben Eliezer Cumatiano (JE | ) -- See C703: Comtino, Mordecai b. Eliezer
 * 3) Richard Cumberland S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) English dramatist; born in the Master's Lodge, Trinity College, Cambridge, Feb. 19, 1732; died at Tunbridge Wells May 7, 1811.
 * 4) Cumin S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The seed of the Cuminum Cyminum, an umbelliferous plant, which, coming originally from Mediterranean countries, spread to many parts of
 * 5) Petrus Cunaeus (JE | ) Dutch Christian and rabbinical scholar; born at Flushing 1586; died at Leyden Dec. 2, 1638. From 1617 until his death
 * 6) Cuneiform Inscriptions (JE | ) -- See A2047: Assyriology and the Old Testament
 * 7) Cuneo S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Capital of the Italian province of the same name. According to local traditions, a Jewish community, founded probably after the
 * 8) Cup S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The word most commonly used in the Old Testament for drinking-vessel is V04p384001.jpg (Gen. xl. 11, 13). V04p384002.jpg first occurs
 * 9) Cup of Benediction (JE | ) The cup of wine taken immediately after grace has been recited at the conclusion of a meal. The custom is
 * 10) Cup of Salvation (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 11) Cupbearer (JE | ) The officer who served the cup to the king. Like the Cup, the cupbearer is first mentioned in the Old
 * 12) Curaçao S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An island of the Dutch West Indies, captured from Spain in 1634. It is probable that Jews from Holland were
 * 13) Curiel (JE | ) A wealthy Marano family which settled in the Netherlands and at Hamburg about the sixteenth century. They intermarried largely with
 * 14) Jacob Curiel (JE | ) Resident of the Portuguese court at Hamburg about the middle of the seventeenth century; died there in 1665. He had
 * 15) Curse S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The expressions used for "cursing" it in the Bible are: (1) V04p389002.jpg; (2) V04p389003.jpg; (3) V04p389004.jpg (verb and noun) and
 * 16) Curtain S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An adjustable drapery, usually hung before a window or passageway to insure privacy. In Ex. xxvi. and xxxvi., containing the
 * 17) Nicolaus de Cusa (JE | ) Philosopher and theologian; born in Cusa, or Kues, on the Moselle, 1401; died in Todi, Umbria, 1464. He was Bishop
 * 18) Cush S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) A nation whose founder is mentioned in Gen. x. 6; I Chron. i. 8 as brother to Mizraim (Egypt) and
 * 19) Custom S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) An old and general usage, or a religious practise, not based on any particular Biblical passage, and which has, through
 * 20) Customs S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) -- See B1469: Bridegroom of the Law

941 – 960

 * 1) Cuthah JE (JE | ) One of five cities from which Sargon, King of Assyria, brought settlers to take the places of the exiled Israelites
 * 2) Cuttings S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) In Biblical usage, incisions or gashes in the flesh. The Law forbids the Israelites to make any cuttings in the
 * 3) Sema Cuzzeri (JE | ) Italian poet; resident at Padua. He witnessed the terrible attack on the ghetto of Padua on Aug. 20, 1684. He
 * 4) Cymbals S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Musical instruments of percussion. The term is used in the A. V. in all passages except one (Zech. xiv. 20)
 * 5) Cypress S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Generally, the tree known to botanists as Cupressus sempervirens, and common to southern Europe and western Asia. In modern Palestine
 * 6) Cypros (JE | ) Wife of King Agrippa I., daughter of Phasaelus and Salampsio, and granddaughter of Herod I. She had three daughters, Berenice,
 * 7) Cypros (JE | ) A woman of noble Arabian family; married about 75 B.C. the Jewish governor Antipater, to whom she bore five children,
 * 8) Cyprus >> History of the Jews in Cyprus S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The large island in the easternmost basin of the Mediterranean, probably deriving its name from the Cyprus flower (??????), the
 * 9) Cyrene (JE | ) A large and important city in Cyrenaica, the district of Upper Libya on the north coast of Africa, west of
 * 10) Cyril (JE | ) Apostle of the Slavonians and author of the Slavonic alphabet (Cyrillitza), which is probably a modification of an older Slavonic
 * 11) Cyrus S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) The founder of the Persian empire. The name is also found in India as "Kurus," and is evidently Aryan. The
 * 12) Cyzicenus Antiochus (JE | ) -- See A1594: Antiochus
 * 13) Tadeusz Czacki JE (JE | ) Polish statesman and author; born in Poryck, government of Volhynia, Russia, Aug. 28, 1765; died in Dubno, Volhynia, Feb. 8,
 * 14) Stefan Czarniecki S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Polish general; born 1599; died at the village of Sokolovka, Volhynia, Feb. 12, 1664. Czarniecki distinguished himself in the wars
 * 15) Czarnikau (JE | ) Town in the district of Bromberg, province of Posen, Germany. The Jewish community of this town probably dates back to
 * 16) Prince Adam Georg Czartoryski (JE | ) Polish statesman and patriot; born in Warsaw Jan. 14, 1770; died in Montfermeil Castle, near Paris, July 15, 1861. After
 * 17) Baruch Czatzkes (JE | ) One of the Neo-Hebraic poets of the beginning of the nineteenth century; lived at Lutzk, Volhynia. Delitzsch ("Zur Gesch. der
 * 18) Martin Czechowic JE (JE | ) Polish Unitarian priest; born at Zbaszynie about 1530; died 1613. Czechowic lived at a time when religious restlessness was prevalent
 * 19) Czenstochow (JE | ) -- See C422: Chenstochov
 * 20) Czernigov (JE | ) -- See C431: Chernigov

961 – 980

 * 1) Czernowitz S 2007-03-06 (JE | ) Capital of the province of Bukowina, Austria, situated near the banks of the Pruth, about 150 miles from Lemberg. Jews
 * 2) Czestionev (JE | ) Village in the government of Warsaw, Russian Poland. It is the seat of a Jewish agricultural college, which was completed
 * 3) Jan Czynski (Jean Czynski) (JE | ) Polish lawyer, author, and journalist; born June 20, 1801; died in London, England, Jan. 31, 1867. The son of Jewish