Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/F

1 – 20

 * 1) Fable (JE | ) A moral allegory in which beasts, and occasionally plants, act and speak like human beings. It is distinct from the beast-tale...
 * 2) Da& JE (JE | ) Karaite physician; born at Cairo 1161; died there about 1242. Having studied medicine under the Jewish physician Hibat Allah...
 * 3) Fadus Cuspius (JE | ) Procurator of Judea after the death of Agrippa I. Appointed by Emperor Claudius in 44 C.E., he went to Palestine in the same...
 * 4) Faenza (JE | ) City in the province of Ravenna, and the family seat of the Finzi according to a tradition of the family; Mazlia&#7717...
 * 5) Paul Fagius (Paul B&) (JE | ) Christian Hebraist; born at Rheinzabern, in the Kurpfalz, 1504; died at Cambridge, England, Nov. 13, 1549. He studied at the...
 * 6) Fairs (JE | ) Periodical assemblies for the purchase and the sale of goods. Talmudic authorities were opposed to the attendance of Jews...
 * 7) Fairy-tales (JE | ) -- See F245: Folk-Tales
 * 8) Faith (JE | ) in Biblical and rabbinical literature, and hence in the Jewish conception, "faith" denotes not belief in a dogmatic sense...
 * 9) Baruch ben Solomon Faitusi (JE | ) Preacher in Tunis toward the end of the eighteenth century. He was inclined toward mystical and cabalistic studies. His "Me&#7731...
 * 10) Jacob ben Abraham Faitusi JE (JE | ) Talmudist; lived in Tunis, and later in Jerusalem; died at Algiers July, 1812. He traveled in the interest of the Jerusalem...
 * 11) Falaise (JE | ) Capital of the arrondissement of the department of Calvados, in Normandy, France, and till 1206 under English rule. It seems...
 * 12) Shem-Tob ben Joseph Falaquera (Palquera) JE (JE | ) Spanish philosopher and poet: born 1225; died after 1290. He was well versed in Arabic and Greek philosophy, and had a fine...
 * 13) Falashas (JE | ) Jews of Abyssinia. A colony of Jews exists in Abyssinia known under the denomination of "Falashas" or "Emigrants." They are...
 * 14) Falces (JE | ) A town near Lerin, Navarre. Its Jewish community suffered greatly during the persecution of 1328. In 1366 it contained only...
 * 15) Falcon (JE | ) -- See P518: Prey, Birds of
 * 16) Abraham Aboab Falero (JE | ) Portuguese philanthropist; died at Verona 1642. At the beginning of the seventeenth century or perhaps even at the end of...
 * 17) Eduard Falk (JE | ) German publicist; died in Paris July 7, 1863. Originally destined for a mercantile career, he later turned to study, and after...
 * 18) Hayyim Samuel Jacob Falk JE (JE | ) English cabalist and mystic; born about 1708; died in London April 17, 1782. Some writers give F&#252;rth, others Podolia...
 * 19) Jacob Joshua ben Zebi Hirsch Falk JE (JE | ) See Jacob Joshua ben Zebi Hirsch Falk.
 * 20) Joshua ben Alexander ha-Kohen Falk JE (JE | ) Polish Talmudist; born at Lublin; died at Lemberg March 29, 1614. His name occurs as "RaFaK" (= "R. Falk Kohen") and "Ma-HaRWaK"...

21 – 40

 * 1) Max Falk (JE | ) Hungarian statesman and journalist; born at Budapest Oct. 7, 1828. The straitened circumstances of his parents threw him at...
 * 2) Issachar Falkensohn Behr (JE | ) -- See B538: Behr, Issachar Falkensohn
 * 3) Ferdinand Falkson JE (JE | ) German physician and political writer; born at K&#246;nigsberg Aug. 20, 1820; died there Aug. 31, 1900. He was educated at...
 * 4) Fall of angels (JE | ) in Apocalyptic Writings. The conception of fallen angels&#8212;angels who, for wilful, rebellious conduct against God, or...
 * 5) Fall of Man (JE | ) A change from the beatific condition, due to the alleged original depravity of the human race. The events narrated in Gen...
 * 6) Fallow Deer (JE | ) -- See R338: Roebuck
 * 7) False Imprisonment (JE | ) -- See I121: Imprisonment
 * 8) False Witness (JE | ) -- See E530: Evidence
 * 9) Falsehood (JE | ) -- See L641: Lying
 * 10) Famiglia Israelitica (JE | ) -- See C779: Corfu
 * 11) Familianten Gesetz JE (JE | ) A law which required every Jew in "the countries of the Bohemian crown" (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia) to obtain a special...
 * 12) Famille de Jacob (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 13) Family and Family Life (JE | ) the family includes either those who are descended from a common progenitor, as "bet Dawid," the house (dynasty) of David...
 * 14) Family vault (JE | ) An exclusive burial-place for the members of a family. The desire of the ancient Hebrews to "lie with their fathers," and...
 * 15) Famine (JE | ) A general scarcity of food, resulting as from drought, war, hail, flood, or insects. The land of Canaan is said in the Bible...
 * 16) De Fanciulli (JE | ) -- See A837: Adolescentoli
 * 17) Fano (JE | ) Small town in the Papal States near Pesaro. Jewish bankers of Fano are known to have had a large financial transaction with...
 * 18) Fano >> Ezra ben Isaac Fano JE, Jacob Fano JE, Menahem Azariah da Fano JE (JE | ) Name of an Italian family, members of which have been prominent as scholars since the sixteenth century. Among them the following...
 * 19) Jucefe (Joseph) Faquin (JE | ) Spanish traveler of the fourteenth century; lived first at Barcelona, but settled in Majorca after having made a tour of the...
 * 20) Al-Farabi (JE | ) -- See A1190: Alfarabi

41 – 60

 * 1) Faraj ben Salim (JE | ) Italian physician and translator; flourished in the second half of the thirteenth century. He was engaged by King Charles...
 * 2) Jacob al-Faraji (JE | ) Rabbi at Alexandria, Egypt, in the middle of the seventeenth century; brother-in-law of Shabbethai Nawawi, rabbi of Rashid...
 * 3) Estori Farhi (Parhi) (JE | ) Explorer of Palestine; born about 1282 at Florenza, Spain; died in Palestine, probably in 1357. His father, Moses, sent him...
 * 4) Hayyim Mu& (JE | ) Minister of the Pasha of Damascus and Acre; born at Damascus about the middle of the eighteenth century; assassinated in 1820...
 * 5) Isaac Farhi (JE | ) Dayyan and almoner of Jerusalem; born at Safed; died at Jerusalem May 11, 1853. About 1840 Farchi was sent to Europe...
 * 6) Joseph Shabbethai Farhi (JE | ) Talmudic scholar and cabalist; born at Jerusalem about 1802; died at Leghorn, Italy, in 1882. Farchi was an earnest cabalist...
 * 7) Juan de Faria (JE | ) Marano poet. While residing at Brussels in 1672 he wrote a poem in honor of his friend Miguel de Barrios&#39; "Coro de las...
 * 8) Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol (Perizol) (JE | ) Italian scholar and geographer; born at Avignon, France, 1451; died, according to Gr&#228;tz ("Geschichte," ix. 44), in 1525...
 * 9) Jacob ben Hayyim Comprat Vidal Farissol (JE | ) Liturgical poet; born at Avignon; grandson of Vitalis Farissol, one of the three chief bailiffs of Avignon in 1400. He was...
 * 10) Judah Farissol (JE | ) Italian mathematician and astronomer; flourished at Mantua at the end of the fifteenth century. In 1499 he wrote "Iggeret...
 * 11) Benjamin L Farjeon (JE | ) English-Jewish novelist; born in London 1833; died there July 23, 1903; educated at private schools. He emigrated to New Zealand...
 * 12) Albert Farkas (JE | ) Hungarian journalist; born at Szil&#225;gy Somly&#243; Aug. 1, 1842; attended the gymnasium at Kolozsv&#225;r (Klausenburg)...
 * 13) Gyula (Julius) Farkas JE (JE | ) Hungarian mathematician and physicist; born at Puszta S&#225;rosd March 28, 1847; attended the gymnasium at Gy&#246;r (Raab)...
 * 14) Farmer of Taxes (JE | ) See Tax-Farming.
 * 15) Farming on Shares (JE | ) -- See L52: Landlord and Tenant
 * 16) Faro (JE | ) Capital of the Portuguese province of Algarve. It was the seat of the district rabbi, or chief justice, appointed by the chief...
 * 17) Abraham Farrar (Ferrar) (JE | ) Portuguese physician and poet; born at Porto; died at Amsterdam 1663. After practising medicine at Lisbon, Farrar emigrated...
 * 18) Hirsch B& (JE | ) Austrian rabbi and author; born at Boskowitz, Moravia, Aug. 21, 1802; died at Nagy-Kanizsa, Hungary, Dec. 27, 1883. After...
 * 19) Fasting and Fast-days (JE | ) Fasting is usually defined as a withholding of all natural food from the body for a determined period voluntarily appointed...
 * 20) Fat (JE | ) the rendering in the English versions of the Hebrew word "Cheleb," an animal substance of an oily character deposited...

61 – 80

 * 1) Fatalism (JE | ) the doctrine that every event is predestined and must inevitably take place. According to Josephus, the question of fate&#8212...
 * 2) Fate-books (JE | ) See Lots, Books of.
 * 3) Father (JE | ) the word denotes primarily the begetter or genitor of an individual. In a looser sense it is used to designate the grandfather...
 * 4) Fattori (JE | ) the executive body of the Roman community, consisting of three persons elected for one, later for one-half, year, by the representatives...
 * 5) Sir George Faudel-Phillips, Bart (JE | ) Lord mayor of London (1896-97); second son of Sir Benjamin Samuel Phillips; born in 1840. George Phillips, who derived the...
 * 6) Fault (JE | ) Harmful neglect of duty. The "culpa" of Roman law is treated to some extent under the heads of Accident and Bailments, the...
 * 7) Ladislaus Fayer (JE | ) Hungarian jurist; born at Kecskem&#233; in 1842. In 1870 he received the degree of doctor of law, three years later becoming...
 * 8) Fayyum (JE | ) -- See E67: Egypt
 * 9) Al-Fayyumi (JE | ) -- See S4: Saadia ben Joseph Gaon
 * 10) Nathanael al-Fayyumi (JE | ) Talmudic scholar and philosopher; flourished in Yemen about the middle of the twelfth century. He wrote a philosophical work...
 * 11) Fear of God (JE | ) the Hebrew equivalent of "religion." It is the mainspring of religion, morality, and wisdom, and is productive of material...
 * 12) Fear of Man (JE | ) Respect of parents is especially enjoined by both Scripture and Talmud (Ex. xx. 12; Deut. v. 16). The Talmud makes reverence...
 * 13) Feasts (JE | ) -- See F125: Festivals
 * 14) Tobias Gutmann Feder (JE | ) Polish poet and grammarian, born at Przedborz about 1760; died at Tarnopol, Galicia, 1817. He followed in turn the professions...
 * 15) Federation of American Zionists (JE | ) Zionist association organized in 1897 under the name of "Federation of Zionist Societies of Greater New York and Vicinity...
 * 16) Fee (JE | ) A payment for service done or to be done, usually for professional or special services, the amount being usually fixed by...
 * 17) Washing of Feet (JE | ) Since the Israelites, like all other Oriental peoples, wore sandals instead of shoes, and as they usually went barefoot in...
 * 18) Joseph Feilbogen (JE | ) Austrian rabbi; born 1784; died at Strassnitz, Moravia, March 3, 1869. He officiated as rabbi successively at Piesling, Pirnitz...
 * 19) Gabriel Fabian Feilchenfeld (JE | ) German rabbi and author; born at Schlichtingsheim, Silesia, June 18, 1827. He received his first training in rabbinical literature...
 * 20) Solomon Feinberg (JE | ) Russian financier and philanthropist; born at Yurburg, near Kovno, in 1821; died at K&#246;nigsberg, Prussia, May 21, 1893...

81 – 100

 * 1) Aryeh L& (JE | ) Russian scholar; born at Damachev, near Brest-Litovsk, Dec. 6, 1821; died there Jan. 20, 1903. Feinstein studied the Talmud...
 * 2) Jacob Feis (JE | ) German merchant and author; died on July 7, 1900, in London, where he had resided for many years. He devoted his literary...
 * 3) Levy Feistel (JE | ) French army officer; born 1789; died 1855. After receiving a Talmudic training, he went to Mayence in 1806, and was admitted...
 * 4) Uri Shraga ben Solomon Feiwel (Phoebus) (JE | ) Rabbi of Dubrovno, government of Mohilev, Russia, at the end of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth...
 * 5) Joseph Fekete (JE | ) Hungarian journalist; born in Kecskem&#233;t Nov. 19, 1854; studied law at Berlin and Leipsic. At the latter city he founded...
 * 6) Louis Felberman (JE | ) Author and journalist; born in Hungary in 1861. In 1881 he went to England, and subsequently joined the staff of the society...
 * 7) Julius Feld (JE | ) Rumanian artist; born at Botuschany, Rumania, June 21, 1871. At an early age he went to France and studied at the Ecole des...
 * 8) Sigmund Feld (Rosenfeld) (JE | ) Hungarian actor and theatrical manager; born at Sp&#225;cza, Hungary, 1849. In 1867 he appeared at the Josefst&#228;dter Theater...
 * 9) Feldkirch (JE | ) -- See T376: Tyrol
 * 10) Wilhelm Feldman (JE | ) Polish author; born at Warsaw 1868. Since 1886 he has published the following works, in which he advocates theassimilation...
 * 11) Leopold Feldmann (JE | ) German dramatist; born at Munich May 22, 1802; died in Vienna March 26, 1882. He was one of the most prolific farce- and comedy-writers...
 * 12) Hugo Feleki (JE | ) Hungarian physician; born at Lovasber&#233;ny March 23, 1861; studied medicine at the University of Budapest, where he became...
 * 13) Felix (Antonius Felix) (JE | ) Procurator of Judea. Felix, who was a freedman of the empress Antonia, was administrator of Samaria, and probably of Judea...
 * 14) Elisa-Rachel F& (JE | ) French actress; born in the Soleil d&#39;Or, the principal inn of the village of Munf, in the canton Aargau, Switzerland,...
 * 15) Ludwig Felix (JE | ) Austrian economist; born at Horitz, Bohemia, Feb. 22, 1830. He attended lectures on commerce in Vienna, and devoted himself...
 * 16) Felix Pratensis JE (JE | ) Jewish apostate; born at Prato, Italy, in the second half of the fifteenth century; died at Rome in 1539. He received a good...
 * 17) Rebecca F&#233;lix (JE | ) French actress; born at Lyons 1829; died at Eaux-Bonnes June 19, 1854. She gave early evidence of talent, was trained by her...
 * 18) Sophie F& (JE | ) French actress; eldest of the sisters of Elisa-Rachel F&#233;lix (Rachel); born in a small village near Frankfort-on-the-Main...
 * 19) Bernhard Felsenthal (JE | ) German-American rabbi and author; born Jan. 2, 1822, at M&#252;nchweiler, near Kaiserslautern, Germany. He was educated at...
 * 20) Fence to the Law (JE | ) -- See G203: Gezerah

101 – 120

 * 1) Fences (JE | ) -- See B1368: Boundaries
 * 2) Adolf F& (Fischmann) (JE | ) Hungarian painter; born at Kecskem&#233;t April 28, 1867; son of J. H. Fischmann, rabbi of that town. Though he first attracted...
 * 3) Adolf Fenyvessy (JE | ) Chief of the bureau of stenography of the Hungarian Parliament; born at Zala-Egerszeg 1837; completed his studies at Sz&#233...
 * 4) Feodosi Pecherski (JE | ) -- See K211: Kiev
 * 5) Boris Ferber (JE | ) Russian author; born in Jitomir 1859; died in St. Petersburg 1895. He entered the University of St. Petersburg, where he took...
 * 6) Ferdinand II (JE | ) Emperor of Germany; born July 9, 1578; elected Aug. 28, 1619; died Feb. 15, 1637. On the whole his reign was favorable for...
 * 7) Ferdinand III (JE | ) King of Castile and Leon; son of Alfonso IX., King of Leon, and the pious Berenguela; born 1200; ascended the throne 1217...
 * 8) Ferdinand IV (JE | ) King of Castile and Leon (1295-1312); son of Sancho IV.; came to the throne in his youth. He had for his confidential friend...
 * 9) Ferdinand and Isabella (JE | ) King of Spain; born 1452; died 1516; son of Juan II. of Aragon by his second wife, Juana Enriquez, daughter of Fredrique Enriquez...
 * 10) Philip Ferdinand (JE | ) Hebrew teacher; born in Poland about 1555; died at Leyden, Holland, 1598. After an adventurous career on the Continent, during...
 * 11) Fermosa JE (JE | ) A Jewess of Toledo named "Rahel," afterward called "Fermosa" (The Beautiful) because of her rare beauty. She held Alfonso...
 * 12) Manuel Fernandez da Villareal (JE | ) Political economist and dramatist; born in Lisbon of Marano parents. He attended the University of Madrid, and served for...
 * 13) Philip Fernandez (JE | ) -- See F110: Ferdinand, Philip
 * 14) Francisco Fernandez y Gonzalez (JE | ) Spanish Orientalist; professor in the University of Madrid; member of the Academia de la Historia. He is a son-in-law of the...
 * 15) Aaron Fernando (JE | ) Teacher and reformer at Leghorn, Italy; died 1830. He held a position under the first Napoleon, for whom he had the greatest...
 * 16) Ferrara (JE | ) City in central Italy; capital of the province and former duchy of the same name. The Jewish community of Ferrara was one...
 * 17) Ferrara Bible (JE | ) -- See B1028: Bible, Editions
 * 18) Moses ben Me& (JE | ) Italian tosafist of the thirteenth century. He was a contemporary of Eleazar ben Samuel and of Isaiah ben Mali. No details...
 * 19) Ferreolus (JE | ) Bishop of Uz&#232;s, France (553-581). As soon as he had obtained the bishopric he showed great zeal in trying to convert...
 * 20) Vicente Ferrer (JE | ) Spanish Dominican preacher; born at Valencia Jan. 23, 1350; died at Vannes, France, April 5, 1419. Basnage supposes that he...

121 – 140

 * 1) Ferret (JE | ) the rendering in the Authorized Version of the Hebrew "anakah" (Lev. xi. 30). The Septuagint has &#956;&#965;&#947;&#940...
 * 2) Peter Ferrus (JE | ) Jewish convert to Christianity; lived in Spain in the fifteenth century. A poet of ability, he exercised his talents in deriding...
 * 3) Comprat Vidal Ferussol (JE | ) -- See F49: Farissol, Jacob ben &#7716;ayyim
 * 4) Sigismund Fessler (JE | ) Austrian lawyer and author; born at Vienna Aug. 26, 1845; educated at the gymnasium and university of that city. He was appointed...
 * 5) Festivals (JE | ) the Hebrews designated a festival by the word "Chag" (the Arabic "Chajj"), originally implying a choragic rhythmic...
 * 6) Porcius Festus (JE | ) Procurator of Judea about 60-62 C.E., after Felix (Josephus, "Ant." xx. 8, &#167; 9; "B. J." ii. 14, &#167; 1). Although he...
 * 7) Fetters (JE | ) Chains or shackles by which the feet may be fastened either together or to some heavy object. The most usual term for fetters...
 * 8) Vincent Fettmilch (JE | ) Leader of the gilds of Frankfort-on-the-Main against the Jews in 1612, and instigator of the riots which led to the expulsion...
 * 9) Nathaniel Feuer (JE | ) Hungarian oculist; born in Szobotiszt, Hungary, Aug. 18, 1844. He studied at the University of Vienna (M.D., 1872). Assistant...
 * 10) Karl Feust (JE | ) German jurist; son of the chief rabbi of Bamberg; born at Bamberg Oct. 9, 1798; died at F&#252;rth Aug. 19, 1872. Having been...
 * 11) Fez (JE | ) Capital of the province of Fez in the sultanate of Morocco; built in the year 808 by Imam Idris II., who founded in Morocco...
 * 12) David of Fez (JE | ) -- See F131: Fez
 * 13) Joseph ben Solomon Fiametta (JE | ) Rabbi of Ancona, Italy; died in 1721. His name iswritten variously: Wolf, in the Latin transcription of his name, gives "Flamneta"...
 * 14) Benjamin-Eug& (JE | ) French painter; born in Paris Aug. 30, 1826; died there Feb. 7, 1895. After essaying historical painting he turned his attention...
 * 15) Jacob ben Abraham Fidanque (JE | ) English scholar; died at London in 1701. He was one of the first Jews after the Return to busy himself with the study of rabbinic...
 * 16) Fields (JE | ) -- See A904: Agrarian Laws
 * 17) Fig and Fig-tree (JE | ) the fig-tree (Ficus Carica) and its fruit are designated in Hebrew by the same word, "te&#39;enah" (Deut. viii. 8; Judges...
 * 18) Figah (JE | ) River in the Damascene, affluent of the Barada (the Biblical "Abana"). "Figah" comes from the Greek &#960;&#951;&#947;&#8052...
 * 19) Azariah ben Ephraim Figo (Pigo) (JE | ) Preacher at Venice; died at Rovigo 1647. Figo was an excellent scribe, and the scrolls which he wrote are highly prized. He...
 * 20) Filehne (JE | ) -- See P467: Posen

141 – 160

 * 1) Hirsch Filipowski (Phillip) (JE | ) Mathematician, linguist, and editor; born at Wirballen, Russia, 1816; died in London, England, July 22, 1872. At an early...
 * 2) Finance (JE | ) the supplying of capital for large undertakings, a characteristic of modern forms of commerce. As distinguished from the more...
 * 3) Raphael Finckenstein (JE | ) German physician and poet; born at Breslau Nov. 10, 1828; died there July 31, 1874. He was educated at the gymnasium and the...
 * 4) Finder of Property (JE | ) in law he who finds and takes up lost goods acquires thereby a special ownership as first occupant against all the world excepting...
 * 5) Fines and Forfeiture (JE | ) A fine or forfeiture, in the sense either that a sum of money is to be paid, or that the whole or a part of a man&#39;s property...
 * 6) Finger (JE | ) One of the digits. In the Bible the term is sometimes used in a figurative sense, denoting power, direction, or immediate...
 * 7) Finland (JE | ) Russian grand duchy; formerly part of Sweden. It has a small Jewish population, which finds itself in a somewhat peculiar...
 * 8) Julius Finn (JE | ) Russian - American chess-player; born April 28, 1871, at Vladislavovo, government of Suwalki, Russian Poland; emigrated to...
 * 9) Finta (JE | ) A Spanish term signifying a tax which is paid to the government. It is still used&#8212;for example, in London by the Spanish...
 * 10) Finzi (JE | ) An ancient Italian family, which probably derived its name from "Pinechas," through the Latin "Finea." the remotest known...
 * 11) Felice Finzi (JE | ) Italian Assyriologist; born at Correggio, 1847; died at Florence, 1872. While studying law at the University of Bologna he...
 * 12) Giuseppe Finzi (JE | ) Italian patriot and parliamentarian; born at Rivarolo Fuori, province of Mantua, 1815; died Dec. 17, 1886. He studied at Padua...
 * 13) Giuseppe Finzi (JE | ) Italian scholar and poet; born at Busseto Nov. 12, 1852. He has filled the chair of Italian literature in various gymnasia...
 * 14) Moses Finzi (JE | ) Italian lawyer; born at Florence in 1830. He studied law at Pisa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. For some years he was...
 * 15) Solomon Fiorentino (JE | ) Italian poet; born at Monte San Savino, Tuscany, March 4, 1743; died at Florence Feb. 4, 1815. He studied at Sienna, where...
 * 16) Jeremiah David Alexander Fiorino (JE | ) German miniature-painter; born at Cassel Feb. 20, 1796 (according to the catalogue of the Dresden Gallery, 1793); died at...
 * 17) Fir (JE | ) the usual Authoized Version rendering of (once of  the North-Palestinian pronunciation). In the Revised Version "cypress"...
 * 18) Fire (JE | ) the ordinary process of combustion, for which the Hebrew generally has, in Daniel (Aramaic) , and, with reference to the...
 * 19) Pillar of Fire (JE | ) -- See P316: Pillar of Fire
 * 20) Abraham ben Samuel Firkovich (Aben ReSheF) JE (JE | ) Russian Karaite archeologist; born in Lutsk, Volhynia, Sept. 27, 1786; died in Chu-fut-Kale, Crimea, June 7, 1874. He was...

161 – 180

 * 1) Firmament (JE | ) -- See C807: Cosmogony
 * 2) Joseph Firman (JE | ) Grecian rabbi and author; lived in the sixteenth century. According to Solomon Cohen, he...
 * 3) First-born (JE | ) -- See P527: Primogeniture
 * 4) Redemption of First-born (JE | ) According to Talmudic tradition, the first-born acted as officiating priests in the wilderness, until the erection of the...
 * 5) First-fruits (JE | ) As the firstling among the cattle, so the first-fruits of the field ("reshit," "Cheleb" [LXX. &#7936;&#960;&#945;&#961...
 * 6) The First-fruits of the West (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 7) Firuz (JE | ) -- See B52: Babylonia, Post-Biblical Data
 * 8) Firuz-shabur (JE | ) City of Babylonia; the "Sipphara" of Ptolemy and the &#914;&#951;&#961;&#963;&#945;&#946;&#8182;&#961;&#945; of Zosimus; situated...
 * 9) Abraham Jehiel ben Ze& (JE | ) German rabbi of the eighteenth century. He was the author of a work entitled "Imrah Zerufah," novell&#230; on several...
 * 10) Eliezer ben Isaac Fischel (JE | ) Russian Talmudist and cabalist; lived at Strizhov (Strizhovka) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He was the author...
 * 11) A Fischell (JE | ) Rabbi and historian; lived in the city of New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. He was for some time an assistant...
 * 12) Me&#239;r Fischels (JE | ) Austrian Talmudist, died at Prague, Dec. 16, 1769. He was called "Fischels" as the son of Ephraim Fischel of Bunzlau, while...
 * 13) Bernard Fischer (JE | ) Austrian rabbi and author; born at Budikau, a village in the district of Chrudim, Bohemia, Jan. 12, 1821; graduated from the...
 * 14) Karl Fischer (JE | ) Christian censor of Hebrew books in Prague; born in Lichtenstadt, Bohemia, July 5, 1755; died at Prague Jan. 22, 1844. He...
 * 15) Marcus (Maier) Fischer (JE | ) Austrian Hebraist; born in Vienna 1783; died at Prague May 22, 1853; son of Moses Fischer, rabbi of the Jewish community of...
 * 16) Moritz von Fischer JE (JE | ) Hungarian porcelain-manufacturer; born at Totis, Hungary, 1800; died there Feb. 25, 1900. He rendered distinguished service...
 * 17) Moses Fischer (JE | ) Austrian rabbi; born at Prague about 1756; died at Eisenstadt, Hungary, about 1833; son of the wealthy Talmudic scholar Me&#239...
 * 18) Nicolaus Wolfgang Fischer (JE | ) Physician and chemist; born Jan. 15, 1782, in Great Meseritz, Moravia; died Aug. 19, 1850, in Breslau. He studied at the universities...
 * 19) Adolf Fischhof JE (JE | ) Austrian writer and politician; born at Alt-Ofen, Hungary, Dec. 8, 1816; died at Emmersdorf, near Klagenfurth, Carinthia,...
 * 20) Joseph Fischhof (JE | ) Austrian pianist and composer; uncle of Robert Fischhof; born April 4, 1804, at Butschowitz in Moravia; died at Vienna June...

181 – 200

 * 1) Robert Fischhof (JE | ) Austrian musician; born in Vienna Oct. 31, 1857. When only seven years old Robert Fischhof played in public. He studied at...
 * 2) Nahman Isaac Fischmann (JE | ) Austrian author; died in 1873. His home was in Lemberg. He wrote: "Eshkol &#39;Anabim," a collection of Hebrew poems (Lemberg...
 * 3) Fiscus Judaicus (JE | ) the yearly Temple tax of half a shekel prescribed by the Law (Ex. xxx. 13; compare Shek. i. 1), and which the Jews of...
 * 4) Fish and Fishing (JE | ) the Bible does not mention any particular fish by name. "Dag" and "nun" are the generic terms covering all species, thus designated...
 * 5) Maurice Fishberg (JE | ) American physician; anthropologist; born Aug. 16, 1872, at Kamenetz, Podolsk, Russia; educated at the public school of his...
 * 6) Fiume (JE | ) Hungarian free city and Adriatic seaport, with a Jewish population in 1901 of about 2,000. That there were Jews at Fiume in...
 * 7) Five Scrolls (JE | ) -- See M338: Megillot, the Five
 * 8) Fixtures (JE | ) Things fastened to the ground, directly or indirectly. Doubt may arise with regard to them, whether or not they become in...
 * 9) Flaccus (JE | ) Governor of Egypt; enemy and persecutor of the Jews of Alexandria, for which reason Philo, in 42 C. E., directed a special...
 * 10) L Pomponius Flaccus (JE | ) Roman governor of Syria (32-35?); no particulars concerning his life are known. When Agrippa (afterward King Agrippa I.),...
 * 11) L Valerius Flaccus (JE | ) Proconsul of Asia Minor in 62-61 B.C. He is notorious in the history of the Jews for having seized for the public treasury...
 * 12) Flag (JE | ) A standard or banner having a certain color, emblem, and sometimes an inscription, and carried before a marching army to distinguish...
 * 13) Flagellants (JE | ) -- See F120: Ferrer, Vicente
 * 14) Flagellation (JE | ) -- See S1135: Stripes
 * 15) Le Flambeau (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 16) Theodor Simon Flatau (JE | ) German physician; born at Lyck, province of East Prussia, June 4, 1860. He received his education at the gymnasium of his...
 * 17) Flattery (JE | ) Insincere, obsequious, or venal praise. Flattery is condemned by Jewish moralists as an offense against sincerity (Ps. xii...
 * 18) Flavia Domitilla (JE | ) Convert to Judaism and martyr at Rome. An early branch of the imperial Flavian house was at one time inclined toward Judaism...
 * 19) Flavia Neapolis (JE | ) -- See S573: Shechem
 * 20) Flavius Clemens (JE | ) -- See F198: Flavia Domitilla

201 – 220

 * 1) Flavius Eborensis (JE | ) Poet; born at Evora, Portugal, April 4, 1517; died at Ragusa, Sicily, 1607. He belonged to the Adumim, an old Spanish family...
 * 2) Flavius Josephus (JE | ) -- See F202: Josephus Flavius
 * 3) Flavius (Raimundus) Mithridates JE (JE | ) Italian scholar; flourished at Rome in the second half of the fifteenth century. His Jewish name is unknown. About 1486 he...
 * 4) Flax (JE | ) the principal species of the natural order Linace&#230; which includes more than fifty other species. The culture of flax...
 * 5) Flea (JE | ) -- See I151: Insects
 * 6) Johann Friedrich Ferdinand Fleck (JE | ) German actor; born at Breslau 1757; died in Berlin Dec. 20,1801. He made his d&#233;but in 1777, at Leipsic, where he remained...
 * 7) Fleckeles (JE | ) One of the oldest Jewish families in Prague; probably "Falkeles" originally, from "Falk," a common name among Jews of the...
 * 8) Eleazar ben David Fleckeles (JE | ) Austrian rabbi and author; born in Prague Aug. 26, 1754; died there April 27, 1826. He was the pupil of Moses Cohen Rofe,...
 * 9) Max Fleischer (JE | ) Austrian architect; born in Prossnitz, Moravia, March 29, 1841. After graduating from the polytechnic high school of Vienna...
 * 10) Ernst Fleischl von Marxow (JE | ) Austrian physician; born at Vienna Aug. 5, 1846; died there Oct. 22, 1891. He received his education at the universities of...
 * 11) Julius Fleischmann (JE | ) American merchant; mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio; born at Riverside, Ohio, June 8, 1872. Fleischmann was a member of the staff...
 * 12) Abraham Flesch (JE | ) Rabbi in Vienna at the beginning of the seventeenth century. According to G. Wolf, he is identical with Abraham Austerlitz...
 * 13) Joseph Flesch (JE | ) German merchant; born in Rausnitz, Moravia; died there Dec. 17, 1839. Flesch wrote excellent Hebrew, was a collaborator of...
 * 14) Flesh (JE | ) the soft portions of the animal body, internally connected with the skeleton of bones and externally enclosed by the skin...
 * 15) Simon Flexner (JE | ) American physician and pathologist; born at Louisville, Kentucky, March 25, 1863. He received the degree of doctor of medicine...
 * 16) D I Flisfeder (JE | ) Russian physician and scholar; born about 1850; died in 1885 at Kishinev, where he had settled a few years previously. Flisfeder...
 * 17) Flogging (JE | ) -- See F145: Fines and Forfeiture
 * 18) The Flood (JE | ) (Gen. vi. 9-ix. 17): When God on account of man&#39;s wickedness resolved to destroy by a flood all mankind and all the animal...
 * 19) Flora (JE | ) -- See B1363: Botany
 * 20) Florence (JE | ) Capital of Tuscany, Italy. Jews settled here probably before 1400. They were not needed in this flourishing commercial city...

221 – 240

 * 1) Hayyim Samuel Florentin (JE | ) Rabbi of Salonica; lived in the seventeenth century. He was the author of a work entitled "Me&#39;il Shemuel" (Salonica, 1725)...
 * 2) Isaac Florentin (JE | ) -- See F221: Florentin, &#7716;ayyim Samuel
 * 3) Samuel ben David Florentin (JE | ) Rabbi of Salonica in the eighteenth century. He was a nephew of &#7716;ayyim Samuel Florentin. He wrote: "Bet ha-Ro&#39;eh...
 * 4) Solomon ben Samuel Florentin (JE | ) Turkish Talmudist; lived at Salonica in the seventeenth century. He wrote "Doresh Mishpa&#7789;," a collection from the marginal...
 * 5) Florida (JE | ) the most southern of the United States of America, forming a peninsula washed on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on the...
 * 6) Gessius Florus (JE | ) Last procurator of Judea (64-66). Florus was notorious for his cruelty and rapacity, and was so much detested by the Jews...
 * 7) Flour (JE | ) the finely ground substance of any cereal. The earliest and most simple way of crushing grain consisted in pounding it in...
 * 8) Flowers of the Bible (JE | ) -- See B1363: Botany
 * 9) Flowers in the Home and the Synagogue (JE | ) As an agricultural people the Jews in their own land appreciated flowers as a means of natural decoration. The first crop...
 * 10) Flute (JE | ) -- See M1021: Music and Musical Instruments
 * 11) Fly (JE | ) A two-winged insect, especially the common house-fly (Musca domestica). It is referred to in Eccl. x. 1: "Dead flies cause...
 * 12) Foa (JE | ) French family; migrated from Italy in the eighteenth century. One branch of the family has been authorized to assume the name...
 * 13) Eliezer Nahman Foa (JE | ) Italian rabbi and author; died in Reggio after 1641. He was a pupil of R. Moses Isserles, and possessed an extensive knowledge...
 * 14) Esther-Eug& (JE | ) French authoress; born at Bordeaux 1795; died in Paris 1853. She was famous for her beauty. Under the nom de plume "Maria...
 * 15) Pio Fo& (JE | ) Italian pathologist; born at Sabbionetta Jan. 26, 1848. He attended the lyceum at Milan; studied medicine at Pavia, and took...
 * 16) Anton Fochs (JE | ) Hungarian philanthropist; died in Budapest May 31 1874. A few years before his death he sent an anonymous letter to the administration...
 * 17) Armin Fodor (JE | ) Hungarian jurist; born at Nagy Mih&#225;ly Jan. 27, 1862; studied law at Budapest, was admitted to the bar in 1886, and was...
 * 18) Baruch Benedict Foges (JE | ) Austrian author; born at Prague June 28, 1805; died Aug. 23, 1890, in Karolinenthal, a suburb of Prague, where he was principal...
 * 19) Foia Israelita (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 20) Foix (JE | ) Capital of the department of Ari&#232;ge, France. In the Middle Ages there were Jews here as well as in other towns in the...

241 – 260

 * 1) Hananel di Foligno (JE | ) Jewish convert to Christianity; lived at Rome in the sixteenth century. He made himself notorious by his slanderous attacks...
 * 2) Folk-lore (JE | ) the science dealing with those institutions, customs, literature, and beliefs of the folk or uncultured people that can not...
 * 3) Folk-medicine (JE | ) the ideas and remedies common among uncultured people with regard to the prevention and cure of diseases. They are found among...
 * 4) Folk-songs (JE | ) Songs or ballads originating and current among the common people, and illustrating the common life. Jewish folk-songs exist...
 * 5) Folk-tales (JE | ) Stories usually containing incidents of a superhuman character, and spread among the folk either by traditions from their...
 * 6) Folly and Fool (JE | ) According to the Jewish conception, folly is the antithesis of morality and piety (Prov. xiii. 19; Job xxviii. 28), as well...
 * 7) Hans Folz (JE | ) German playwright and physician of the fifteenth century; said to have been bornin Worms. He is mentioned as "Hans Falz zu...
 * 8) De Fonseca (Fonsequa) (JE | ) Jewish-Portuguese family of Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, southern France, and America. Abraham de Fonseca:   Died at Hamburg...
 * 9) Fontainebleau (JE | ) French town in the department of Seine-et-Marne. The nucleus of the community was formed about 1787. The oldest document relating...
 * 10) David Fontanella (JE | ) -- See F150: Finzi
 * 11) Israel Berechiah ben Joseph Jekuthiel Fontanella (JE | ) Italian rabbi and cabalist; lived at Reggio Emilia, later at Rovigo, at the end of the seventeenth century and in the first...
 * 12) Food (JE | ) There are two main divisions of food, vegetable and animal. I. Vegetable Food:   As among all the Oriental peoples, and as...
 * 13) Forbidden Degrees (JE | ) -- See M216: Marriage Laws
 * 14) Forbidden Food (JE | ) -- See D351: Dietary Laws
 * 15) Foreign Attachment (JE | ) in modern law, the seizure of a debtor&#39;s property in a jurisdiction within which the debtor himself can not be found,...
 * 16) Forest (JE | ) in the English versions the word "forest" is employed for the rendering of four different Hebrew words: (1) "ya&#39;ar," which...
 * 17) Forfeiture (JE | ) -- See C718: Confiscation and Forfeiture
 * 18) Forgery (JE | ) the act of falsely making or materially altering, with intent to defraud, any writing which, if genuine, might be of legal...
 * 19) Forgiveness (JE | ) Forgiveness is one of the attributes ascribed to Yhwh: "to the Lord our God belong mercies and forgiveness" (Dan. ix. 9; comp...
 * 20) Forli (JE | ) City in the Romagna, Italy. It is mentioned for the first time in connection with Jewish history by Hillel of Verona, who...

261 – 280

 * 1) Zaddik ben Joseph Formon (JE | ) Turkish Talmudist and translator of the middle of the sixteenth century. He translated Bachya&#39;s "&#7716;obot ha-Lebabot"...
 * 2) Solomon Formstecher JE (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Offenbach July 28, 1808; died there April 24, 1889. After graduating (Ph.D. 1831) from the Giessen University...
 * 3) Fornaraki Affair (JE | ) Accusation of ritual murder which was made in Egypt in 1881, and which agitated the European press for nine months. On May...
 * 4) Fornication (JE | ) Cohabitation between a man, married or unmarried, and an unmarried woman. While the common law speaks of intercourse between...
 * 5) Anna Forstenheim (JE | ) Austrian writer and poetess; born at Agram Sept. 21, 1846; died at Vienna Oct. 19, 1889. She went to Vienna in 1867, and founded...
 * 6) Fort Smith (JE | ) -- See A1781: Arkansas
 * 7) Fort Wayne (JE | ) -- See I131: Indiana
 * 8) Fort Worth (JE | ) -- See T169: Texas
 * 9) Baruch Uzziel ben Baruch Forti (Chaschetto) (JE | ) Italian rabbi and editor; lived at Ferrara and Mantua in the sixteenth century. "Forti" is the Italian translation of "&#7716...
 * 10) Hortensius (Johanan) Hazak Forti (JE | ) Jewish convert to Christianity; lived in the sixteenth century; born at Gorima, and settled at Prague under Maximilian II...
 * 11) Leone Fortis (JE | ) Italian critic, journalist, and dramatist; born at Triest Oct. 5, 1828; died at Milan 1895. He was baptized while a child...
 * 12) Fortress (JE | ) A permanent fort or fortified place. The Israelites, when advancing into the country west of the Jordan, found a considerable...
 * 13) Der Fortschritt Im Judenthum (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 14) The Number Forty (JE | ) in the Bible, next to the number seven, the number forty occurs most frequently. In Talmudical literature it is often met...
 * 15) Fostat (JE | ) -- See E67: Egypt
 * 16) Achille Fould (JE | ) French statesman and financier; born at Paris Nov. 17, 1800; died at Tarbes Oct. 5, 1867. The son of a wealthy banker, he...
 * 17) Benoit Fould (JE | ) French politician; born at Paris Nov. 21, 1792; died there July 28, 1858. In 1827 he was nominated judge of the tribunal of...
 * 18) &#201;douard Mathurin Fould (JE | ) French politician; born at Paris Dec. 18, 1834; died at Moulins April 8, 1881. On June 1, 1863, he was elected deputy for...
 * 19) Gustave Eugène Fould (JE | ) French politician and author; born at Paris Feb. 19, 1836; died at Asni&#232;res Aug. 27, 1884. On June 6, 1869, he was elected...
 * 20) Foundation-stone (JE | ) -- See C787: Corner-Stone

281 – 300

 * 1) Foundling (JE | ) A deserted child whose parents are unknown. The question as to the status of such a child in the Jewish community was chiefly...
 * 2) Fountain (JE | ) A natural spring of water. Although Palestine as a whole is scantily supplied with water, it has a number of fountains. These...
 * 3) Four Countries (JE | ) -- See C828: Council of Four Lands
 * 4) Fowls (JE | ) -- See P485: Poultry
 * 5) Fox (JE | ) There are at present two species of fox inhabiting Palestine: the Canis flavescens, found in the north, and the C. niloticus...
 * 6) Foy (JE | ) Branch of the family Foa, settled in the southwest of France since the middle of the eighteenth century. Special mention may...
 * 7) Fraga (JE | ) City in Aragon. In 1328 Alfonso IV. confirmed all the privileges which the Moncadas had granted to the Jews of Fraga. Four...
 * 8) France >> History of the Jews in France JE (JE | ) Country forming the most westerly part of Central Europe. Church Laws Against Jews.&#8212;Roman-Gallic Epoch: the banishment...
 * 9) Immanuel ben David Frances JE (JE | ) Italian poet and rabbinical scholar; born in Mantua July 22, 1618 (?); died at Leghorn after 1703. He received his instruction...
 * 10) Jacob ben David Frances (JE | ) Italian scholar and poet; born at Mantua in 1615; died at Florence in 1667. After having been thoroughly grounded in the Talmud...
 * 11) Joseph Frances (JE | ) Spanish scholar; lived at Ferrara, Italy, about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was the author of a commentary to...
 * 12) Franche-Comt& (JE | ) Ancient province of France, also called "Haute-Bourgogne" or "Comt&#233; de, Bourgogne"; now divided into the departments...
 * 13) Augusto Franchetti (JE | ) Italian lawyer and historian; born at Florence July 10, 1840; attended the lyc&#233;e at Marseilles; studied law at Pisa,...
 * 14) Leopoldo, Baron Franchetti (JE | ) Italian deputy; born at Florence in 1847; studied law at Pisa. In company with Deputy Sidney Sonnino he undertook a journey...
 * 15) Guglielmo Dei Franchi (JE | ) Jewish convert to Christianity; born at Rome; died there about 1600. Embracing Christianity, he joined the monastic order...
 * 16) Francia (JE | ) A family of Spanish descent, whose arms, according to D&#39;Hozier, were: Argent, a crown bearing the letters "G. F. R." sable...
 * 17) Francia de Beaufleury (JE | ) A Jew of Spanish descent, who went to Bordeaux, probably from London, about 1760. He is the author of various works, among...
 * 18) Franciscans (JE | ) -- See F384: Friars
 * 19) Adolphe Franck (JE | ) French philosopher; born at Liocourt, department of the Meurthe, Oct. 9, 1809; died at Paris April 11, 1893. Destined for...
 * 20) Franco (JE | ) A Jewish family which derived its name from a place near Navarre, Spain. There were Francos at Amsterdam, Venice, Tunis, Constantinople...

301 – 320

 * 1) Isaac Asher Francolm (JE | ) German preacher and religious teacher; born at Breslau Dec. 15, 1788; died there July 1, 1849; Ph.D., Leipsic, 1817. After...
 * 2) Hayyim Frangi (JE | ) Turkish rabbinical author; born in 1833 at Constantinople; died there in 1903. He has published two Hebrew works: "Yisma&#7717...
 * 3) B& (JE | ) Hungarian scholar; born in Presburg about 1777; died there on the second day of the Feast of Weeks, 1845. He was sho&#7717...
 * 4) Eve Frank (JE | ) -- See F305: Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists
 * 5) Jacob Frank and the Frankists (JE | ) the Frankists were a semi-Christian religious organization which came into being among the Jews of Poland about the middle...
 * 6) Kathi Frank (Katharina Frankl) (JE | ) Austrian actress; born at B&#246;sing, near Presburg, Oct. 11, 1852. She appeared for the first time at the Viktoria Theater...
 * 7) Mendel Frank (JE | ) Polish rabbi of the first half of the sixteenth century. He was at first rabbi of Posen, and a decision rendered by him there...
 * 8) Nathan Frank (JE | ) American lawyer; member of the national House of Representatives; born in Peoria, Illinois, Feb. 23, 1852; educated in the...
 * 9) Julia Frankau (JE | ) British author and novelist; born in Dublin, Ireland, July 30, 1864. Julia Frankau was educated by Madame Paul Lafargue, daughter...
 * 10) Fr& (Frankel) (JE | ) A family of scholars and Talmudists, the earliest known member of which was Koppel Fr&#228;nkel (1650), the richest Viennese...
 * 11) Albert Fr& JE (JE | ) German physician; born March 10, 1848, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He received his education at the gymnasium of his native...
 * 12) Alexander Fr& (JE | ) Austrian physician; born at Vienna Nov. 9, 1857. After attending the gymnasium and university of that city, he received the...
 * 13) Benjamin Fr& (JE | ) Russian scholar; lived at Warsaw in the first half of the nineteenth century. He traveled in Germany and England. He published...
 * 14) David ben Naphtali Fr& JE (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Berlin about 1704; died there April 4, 1762. For a time he was rabbi of Dessau, and became chief rabbi...
 * 15) Elkan Fr&#228;nkel (JE | ) Court Jew (1703-12) to the margrave William Frederic of Brandenburg-Ansbach; died in the state prison of W&#252;lzburg, near...
 * 16) Ernst Fr&#228;nkel JE (JE | ) German physician; born at Breslau May 5, 1844; studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Vienna, and Breslau (M.D. 1866)...
 * 17) Gabriel Fr& (JE | ) Court Jew of the margraves of Ansbach about 1700. He was very influential at court, and highly esteemed by the Jews of the...
 * 18) Hirsch Fr& (JE | ) Chief rabbi in the margravate of Ausbach, with residence at Schwabach, 1709-13; died in prison 1723. He was a brother of Elkan...
 * 19) Jonas Fr& JE (JE | ) German banker and philanthropist; son of Joel Wolf, grandson of David Fr&#228;nkel, the author of "&#7730;orban &#39;Edah"...
 * 20) Ludwig Fr&#228;nkel (JE | ) German writer; born at Leipsic Jan. 24, 1868. He studied at the universities of Leipsic and Berlin, and in England, receiving...

321 – 340

 * 1) Ludwig F. Fr&#228;nkel (JE | ) German physician; born May 23, 1806, at Berlin; died there July 6, 1872. He received his education at the University of Berlin...
 * 2) Moses ben Abraham Fr& (JE | ) German rabbi; father of David Fr&#228;nkel; born at Berlin June 30, 1739; died at Dessau Feb. 20, 1812. In 1787 he settled...
 * 3) Seckel Isaac Fr& (JE | ) German banker; born at Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 14, 1765; died at Hamburg June 4, 1835.He acquired by private study...
 * 4) Sigmund Fr& (JE | ) Austrian physician and chemist; born at Cracow May 22, 1868. After completing his course at the gymnasium of Gratz (Styria)...
 * 5) Simon Wolf Fr& (Frankel-spira) (JE | ) Head of the Jewish community in Prague for two decades beginning May 20, 1724, and a stanch defender of his oppressed coreligionists...
 * 6) Wolfgang Bernhard Fr& (JE | ) German physician; born at Bonn Nov. 11, 1795; died at Elberfeld March 5, 1851. He took an active part in the campaigns of...
 * 7) Zecharias Frankel JE (JE | ) German theologian; born at Prague Sept. 30, 1801; died at Breslau Feb. 13, 1875. Frankel was the founder and the most eminent...
 * 8) Abraham von Frankenberg (JE | ) German mystic of the seventeenth century; friend and correspondent of Manasseh ben Israel. He was a nobleman and the most...
 * 9) Wolf Frankenburger (JE | ) German deputy; born at Obbach, Bavaria, June 8, 1827; died at Nuremberg July 18, 1889. While a student at W&#252;rzburg he...
 * 10) Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim (JE | ) German physicist; born in Brunswick June 29, 1801; died in Dresden Jan. 14, 1869; educated at the gymnasia of Wolfenb&#252...
 * 11) Adolph L. Frankenthal (JE | ) United States consul at Bern, Switzerland; born July 1, 1851, at L&#252;beck, Germany. Frankenthal was educated at the public...
 * 12) Frankfort-on-the-Main >> History of Frankfurt am Main JE (JE | ) City in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, Germany. The date of the organization of its Jewish community is uncertain...
 * 13) Frankfort-on-the-Oder (JE | ) Chief town of a district of the same name in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, and situated on the left bank of the River...
 * 14) Akiva ben Jacob Frankfurt (JE | ) German preacher and author; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main 1597. He was the son-in-law of R. Simeon Guenzburg of Frankfort...
 * 15) Bernhard Frankfurter (JE | ) German teacher and writer; son of Rabbi Moses Frankfurter; born at Herdorf March 15, 1801; died Aug. 13, 1867. In 1822 he...
 * 16) Judah L& (JE | ) See Judah L&#246;b b. Simon.
 * 17) Moses Frankfurter (JE | ) Dayyan and printer of Amsterdam; born 1672; died 1762. It appears from his epitaph (M&#230;lder, "Jets over de Bergraafplaatsen...
 * 18) Naphtali Frankfurter (JE | ) German preacher; brother of Bernhard Frankfurter; born at Oberdorf Feb. 13, 1810; died April 13, 1866; studied at the universities...
 * 19) Simon ben Israel Frankfurter (JE | ) Dutch rabbinical scholar; father of Moses Frank, furter; born at Schwerin, Germany; died at Amsterdam Dec. 9, 1712. He was...
 * 20) Solomon Frankfurter (JE | ) Austrian librarian and archeologist; born at Presburg, Hungary, Nov. 9, 1856. He studied at Vienna (Ph.D., 1883) and Berlin...

341 – 360

 * 1) Frankincense (JE | ) Frankincense was not indigenous to Palestine&#8212;the assumption that the tree from which it is derived was at home in the...
 * 2) Frankists (JE | ) -- See F305: Frank, Jacob
 * 3) Lothar Amadeus Frankl, Ritter von Hochwart (JE | ) Austrian neuropathist; born at Vienna June 12, 1862; son of Ludwig August Frankl; educated at the Schottengymnasium and at...
 * 4) Ludwig August Frankl, Ritter von Hochwart JE (JE | ) Austrian poet and writer; born at Chrast, Bohemia, Feb. 3, 1810, died at Vienna March 12, 1894. He received his early education...
 * 5) Otto Frankl (JE | ) Austrian jurist; born in Prague Oct. 4, 1855; studied at the universities of Prague, G&#246;ttingen, and Leipsic; made privat-docent...
 * 6) Pinkus Friedrich Frankl (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia, Jan., 1848; died at Johannisbad Aug. 22, 1887. After attending the yeshibah...
 * 7) Adolf Frankl-Gr&#252;n (JE | ) Austrian rabbi; born at Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia, Jan. 21, 1847. He received his education at the schools of his native town...
 * 8) Benjamin A. Franklin (JE | ) Jamaica merchant; born at Manchester, England, 1811; died at Kingston, Jamaica, April 26, 1888. He went to the island about...
 * 9) Fabian Franklin (JE | ) American mathematician, editor, and author; born in Eger, Hungary, Jan. 18, 1853; son of Morris Joshua and Sarah Heilprin...
 * 10) Jacob Abraham Franklin (JE | ) English journalist and philanthropist; born at Portsmouth 1809; died Aug. 3, 1877. On his retirement from business he went...
 * 11) Franks (JE | ) American Jewish family which included a number of officers of some distinction engaged on both sides in the American Revolutionary...
 * 12) Karl Emil Franzos (JE | ) Austrian author; born Oct. 25, 1848, in the Russian government of Podolia. His childhood was spent at Czortkow, Galicia, the...
 * 13) Frat Maimon JE (JE | ) Proven&#231;al scholar; flourished in the second half of the fourteenth century. The name "Frat" is, according to Neubauer...
 * 14) Fraternitatea (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 15) Fraternities (JE | ) Societies for mutual benefit. If it be true that "the origin of the friendly society is probably in all countries the burial...
 * 16) Fraud and Mistake (JE | ) Where in a transaction one of the parties loses by the fraud, i.e., the misrepresentation, of the other, or by his suppression...
 * 17) Ezrat nashim (JE | ) That part of the synagogue which is reserved for women, whether an annex, as in the Altneuschul of Prague and in the synagogue...
 * 18) Christian Martin Julius Frauenst& JE (JE | ) German student of philosophy; born at Bojanowo, Posen, April 17, 1813; died at Berlin Jan. 13, 1879. He was educated at the...
 * 19) Max Frauenthal (JE | ) American soldier; born at Marienthal, Rheinpfalz, Bavaria, in 1836; emigrated to America in 1851; lived for a time in Texas...
 * 20) Frederick II (JE | ) King of Prussia; born 1712; reigned from 1740 till his death in 1786. He was not friendly to the Jews, although he issued...

361 – 380

 * 1) Freemasonry (JE | ) the institutions, rites, and principles of a secret society devoted to the promotion of fraternal feeling and morality among...
 * 2) Freethinkers and Freethought (JE | ) See Rationalists; Skeptics.
 * 3) Free Will (JE | ) the doctrine that volition is self-originating and unpredictable. That man is free to choose between certain courses of conduct...
 * 4) Free-will offering ((redirects to Slaughter offering JE)) (JE | ) A term applied to gifts presented out of the benevolence or religious impulse of heart of the giver, and not in fulfilment...
 * 5) Abraham Solomon Freidus (JE | ) Bibliographer; born in Riga, Russia, May 1, 1867. He went to Paris in 1886, and thence to the United States in the autumn...
 * 6) J B Freiheim (JE | ) American lawyer and soldier; born in Bavaria 1848; died at Camden, Ark., Aug. 22, 1899. Freiheim was an early Jewish resident...
 * 7) Aaron Freimann (JE | ) German librarian and historian; born Aug. 5, 1871, at Filehne, Posen. He is the son of Israel Me&#239;r Freimann, and grandson...
 * 8) Israel Me& (JE | ) German rabbi; born Sept. 27, 1830, at Cracow; died Aug. 21, 1884, at Ostrowo, He received his education from his father and...
 * 9) Der Freitagabend (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 10) Israel Frenkel (JE | ) Russian Hebraist and teacher; born at Radom, Russian Poland, Sept. 18, 1853. He was a pupil in Talmudic literature of Samuel...
 * 11) Israel Frenkel (JE | ) Russian physician; born at Rypin, government of Plotzk, June 29, 1857. At the age of twelve he had received only a religious...
 * 12) Solomon Frensdorff JE (JE | ) German Hebraist; born at Hamburg Feb. 24, 1803; died at Hanover March 23, 1880. While pursuing his studies at the Johanneum...
 * 13) David Fresco (JE | ) Turkish writer; descendant of Spanish exiles; born at Constantinople about 1850. He edited successively five Jud&#230;o-Spanish...
 * 14) Moses Fresco (JE | ) Turkish Talmudist; born at Constantinople 1780; died there 1850. He succeeded Samuel &#7716;ayyim as Chakam bashi (chief...
 * 15) Sigmund Freud (JE | ) Austrian physician; born May 6, 1856, at Freiberg in Moravia. He received his education at the University of Vienna, where...
 * 16) Berthold Freudenthal (JE | ) Professor of law at the Academy of Frankfort-on-the-Main; born at Breslau, Aug. 23, 1872; son of Jacob Freudenthal. Freudenthal...
 * 17) Jacob Freudenthal JE (JE | ) German philosopher; born June 20, 1839, at Bodenfelde, province of Hanover, Prussia. Freudenthal received his education at...
 * 18) Freudline (JE | ) -- See N51: Names
 * 19) Ernst Freund (JE | ) American jurist; born in New York Jan. 30, 1864; attended gymnasia at Dresden and Frankfort-on-the-Main, and the universities...
 * 20) Ernst Freund (JE | ) Austrian physician; born at Vienna Dec. 15, 1863; educated at the University of Vienna, whence he was graduated as M.D. in...

381 – 400

 * 1) Samuel ben Issachar B&#228;r Freund (JE | ) Bohemian Talmudist; born at Tuschkau Dec., 1794; died at Prague June 18, 1881. After studying under Eleazar of Triesch and...
 * 2) Wilhelm Freund (JE | ) German philologist and lexicographer; born Jan. 27, 1806, at Kempen, province of Posen; died June 4, 1894, at Breslau. He...
 * 3) Wilhelm Alexander Freund (JE | ) German gynecologist; born at Krappitz, Silesia, Aug. 26, 1833. He studied medicine at the University of Breslau, where he...
 * 4) Friars (JE | ) Before the institution of the mendicant friars the monastic orders did not play a prominent part in Jewish persecutions. The...
 * 5) Friday (JE | ) -- See S13: Sabbath
 * 6) Abraham Shalom ("har Shalom") Friedberg (JE | ) Russian Hebraist; born at Grodno Nov. 6, 1838; died in Warsaw March 21, 1902. At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to...
 * 7) Bernard Friedberg (JE | ) Austrian Hebraist; born at Cracow Dec. 19, 1876. Besides numerous contributions to Hebrew and other periodicals, he has published...
 * 8) Heinrich von Friedberg JE (JE | ) German statesman; born at M&#252;rkisch-Friedland, West Prussia, Jan. 27, 1813; died at Berlin June 2, 1895. Friedberg studied...
 * 9) Hermann Friedberg JE (JE | ) German physician, born at Rosenberg, Silesia, July 5, 1817; died at Breslau March 2, 1884. He studied at the universities...
 * 10) Karl Rudolph Friedenthal JE (JE | ) Prussian statesman; born in Breslau Sept. 15, 1827; died on his estate, Giesmannsdorf, near Neisse, March 7, 1890. He was...
 * 11) Markus B& JE (JE | ) German banker and scholar; born in 1779; died at Breslau Dec. 3, 1859. Although one of the leading bankers at Breslau, he...
 * 12) Friedenwald (JE | ) An American Jewish family, established in Baltimore, Md., by Jonas Friedenwald. His children were Bernard Stern, stepson (1820-73)...
 * 13) Heinrich Friedjung (JE | ) Austrian journalist and author, born at Rostschin, Moravia, Jan. 18, 1851; studied at Prague, Berlin, and Vienna (Ph.D.)....
 * 14) Friedland (JE | ) A family which came presumably from Friedland in the German duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (or perhaps from the Bohemian town...
 * 15) Moses Aryeh L& (JE | ) Russian philanthropist; born at D&#252;naburg, government of Vitebsk, Jan. 8, 1826; died at St. Petersburg Nov. 21, 1899....
 * 16) Camilla Friedl& (JE | ) Austrian painter; born in Vienna Dec. 10, 1856; daughter and pupil of Friedrich Friedl&#228;nder. She has devoted herself...
 * 17) Dagobert Friedl& (JE | ) Member of the Prussian Upper House; born in Kolmar, Posen, Feb. 19, 1826. From 1846 to 1857 he conducted a book business in...
 * 18) David Friedl& JE (JE | ) German writer and communal leader; born at K&#246;nigsberg Dec. 6, 1750; died Dec. 25, 1834, at Berlin, where he had settled...
 * 19) Friedrich Friedl& JE (JE | ) Genre painter; born Jan. 10, 1825, at Kohljanowitz, Bohemia. He studied at the Vienna Academy, and later under Professor Waldm&#252...
 * 20) Joseph Abraham Friedl&#228;nder (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Kolin, Bohemia, 1753; died at Brilon, Westphalia, Nov. 26, 1852. He was the nephew of David Friedl&#228...

401 – 420

 * 1) Julius Friedl&#228;nder JE (JE | ) German numismatist; born in Berlin June 25, 1813; died there April 4, 1884. After studying at the universities of Bonn and...
 * 2) Ludwig Friedl& JE (JE | ) German philologist; born at K&#246;nigsberg July 16, 1824. He studied at the universites of K&#246;nigsberg and Leipsic from...
 * 3) Ludwig Hermann Friedl&#228;nder (JE | ) German physician; born April 20, 1790, at K&#246;nigsberg, Prussia; died 1851 at Halle, Saxony. He entered the K&#246;nigsberg...
 * 4) Max Friedl&#228;nder JE (JE | ) Journalist; born June 18, 1829, at Pless, Prussian Silesia; died April 20, 1872, at Nice. After studying law at the universities...
 * 5) Max Friedl&#228;nder JE (JE | ) German writer on music and bass concert-singer; born in Brieg, Silesia, Oct. 12, 1852. A pupil of Manuel Garcia (London) and...
 * 6) Michael Friedl& JE (JE | ) Principal of Jews&#39; College, London; born at Jutroschin, Prussia, April 29, 1833. He studied at the universities of Berlin...
 * 7) Moritz Friedl& (JE | ) Austrian theologian; born in Bur Szt. Georgen, Hungary, 1842; now (1903) residing in Vienna. He was educated at the University...
 * 8) Solomon Friedl&#228;nder (JE | ) Preacher and physician; born at Brilon, Westphalia, Oct. 23, 1825; died in Chicago Aug. 22, 1860. He studied in Bonn and Heidelberg...
 * 9) Aaron Zebi Friedman (JE | ) Shoche&#7789;: born in Stavisk, Poland, March 22, 1822; died in New York city May 17, 1876. At the age of seventeen Friedman...
 * 10) L&#246;b Behr Friedman (JE | ) Author and pedagogue; born in 1865 at Suwalki, Russian Poland. He was educated at Boskowitz, Moravia, afterward removing to...
 * 11) Alfred Friedmann (JE | ) German poet and author; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Oct. 26, 1845. Brought up as a goldsmith, he renounced that occupation...
 * 12) Bern& JE (JE | ) Hungarian jurist and criminal lawyer; born in Grosswardein Oct. 10, 1843; studied law at the "Rechtsakademie" there and at...
 * 13) Me& (Ish Shalom) JE (JE | ) Austrian scholar; born at Kraszna, in the district of Kashau, Hungary, July 10, 1831. At the age of thirteen he entered the...
 * 14) Moritz Friedmann (JE | ) Hungarian cantor; born in Hrab&#243;cz, Hungary, March 7, 1823; died in Budapest Aug. 29, 1891. Up to 1848 he filled several...
 * 15) Paul Friedmann JE (JE | ) German philanthropist; born at Berlin in the middle of the nineteenth century. Friedmann is of Jewish descent, and is connected...
 * 16) Siegwart Friedmann (JE | ) German actor; born at Budapest April 25, 1842. He was a pupil of Dawison, who not only educated him for the stage, but took...
 * 17) David b. Zebi Hirsch Friedrichsfeld JE (JE | ) German and Hebrew author; born about 1755 in Berlin; died Feb. 19, 1810, in Amsterdam. In the Prussian capital he absorbed...
 * 18) Friedrichstadt (JE | ) Town in the government of Courland, Russia, with a population (1897) of 5,223, of whom 3,800 were Jews. With the admission...
 * 19) Friendship (JE | ) Personal attachment to an individual due to mutual interests or arising from close intimacy or acquaintance.The historical...
 * 20) Jakob Friedrich Fries (JE | ) Christian writer against the Jews; born at Barby, Saxony, Aug. 23, 1773; died at Jena Aug. 10, 1843. In 1801 Fries lectured...

421 – 440

 * 1) David ben Me& (JE | ) Bavarian mathematician; born at Friesenhausen about the middle of the eighteenth century; lived at Berlin, and later at Hunfalu...
 * 2) Jakob Frim (JE | ) Hungarian educator; born in K&#246;rmend May 1, 1852. On his return from a prolonged journey abroad, where he had studied...
 * 3) Fringes (JE | ) Threads with a cord of blue entwined, fastened to the four corners of the Arba&#39; Kanfot and the Tallit and pendent...
 * 4) David ben Saul Frischman (JE | ) Russian Hebraist; born in Lodz 1863; now (1903) residing in Warsaw. Frischman began very early to write both poetry and prose...
 * 5) Benedetto Frizzi (Benzion Raphael Kohen) (JE | ) Italian physician and writer; born at Ostiano, Mantua, in 1756; died there May 30, 1844. In his youth he was instructed by...
 * 6) Frog (JE | ) the Hebrew term generally occurs in the plural; twice only in the singular as collective, once with (Ex. viii. 2) and once...
 * 7) Regina Frohberg (JE | ) German writer; born at Berlin Oct. 4, 1783; date of death not known. She was the daughter of a very wealthy merchant by the...
 * 8) Charles Frohman (JE | ) American theatrical manager; born at Sandusky, Ohio, about 1858. He began his theatrical career as advance agent for Haverley&#39...
 * 9) Daniel Frohman (JE | ) American theatrical manager; brother of Charles Frohman; born at Sandusky, Ohio, 1853. He went to New York city in 1866, and...
 * 10) Frontlets (JE | ) -- See P290: Phylacteries
 * 11) Isaac Hayyim Frosoloni (JE | ) Italian poet of the eighteenth century; born at Sienna; died at Leghorn 1794. On the completion of his Hebrew and secular...
 * 12) Semion Grigoryevich Frug REF:JE (JE | ) Russian writer and poet; born 1860 in the Jewish agricultural colony of Bobrovy-Kut, government of Kherson. In 1880 there...
 * 13) Der Fr& (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 14) Fruit (JE | ) See Almond; Apple; Botany; Cookery; Etrog; Fig; Food; Grape; Mulberry; Nuts; Oil; Olive; Palm; Peach; Pear; Pompegrante; St...
 * 15) Israel Dov (B&#228;r) Frumkin JE (JE | ) Hebrew author; born in Dubrovna, Russia, Oct. 29, 1850. His father, Alexander Frumkin, when sixty years old emigrated to Jerusalem...
 * 16) Simone Fubini (JE | ) Italian physiologist; born May 26, 1841, in Casale Monferrato, Piedmont; died Sept. 6, 1898, at Turin. After finishing his...
 * 17) Isidor Fuchs (JE | ) Austrian journalist; born in Leipnik, near Biala, Galicia, Sept. 25, 1849. He has been active most of his life in journalism...
 * 18) Fuel (JE | ) Mineral coal was unknown to the ancient Hebrews, who used instead wood, manure, and grass for fuel. Wood was never abundant...
 * 19) Benjamin Fuenn (JE | ) Russian physician; son of Samuel Fuenn; born at Wilna in 1848; died there Aug. 12, 1901. Educated at the rabbinical seminary...
 * 20) Samuel Joseph Fuenn JE (JE | ) Russian scholar; born at Wilna Sept., 1819; died there Jan. 11, 1891. He received the usual Talmudic education, and also acquired...

441 – 460

 * 1) Fugitive (JE | ) -- See A2067: Asylum
 * 2) Aaron ben Moses Fuld (JE | ) German Talmudist; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Dec. 2, 1790; died there Dec. 2, 1847. Being both a man of means and very...
 * 3) Ludwig Fuld (JE | ) German lawyer and juridical author; born at Mayence Dec. 23, 1859. He received his education at the gymnasium of his native...
 * 4) Fulda (JE | ) District town, on the right shore of the River Fulda in the Prussian province Hessen-Cassel. The Jews settled at Fulda at...
 * 5) Ludwig Fulda (JE | ) German author; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main July 15, 1862. He studied German philology and philosophy at the universities...
 * 6) Nicolas de Oliver y Fullana (JE | ) Chartographer; born on the island of Majorca; lived there as "Capitan" or "Cavallero Mallorquin" as late as 1650. On Oct....
 * 7) Fuller (JE | ) A cloth-finisher or -cleaner. The Hebrew term is (Mal. iii. 2) or  (II Kings xviii. 17; Isa. vii. 3, xxxvi. 3), denoting...
 * 8) Das F& (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 9) Fulvia JE (JE | ) A Roman lady of high station, converted to Judaism through the teachings of a Jew who had sought refuge in Rome to escape...
 * 10) Isaac Fundam (JE | ) Spanish author and publisher; lived in Amsterdam about 1723. He wrote "Varios y Honestos Entretenimientos en Varios Entremeses...
 * 11) Fundão (JE | ) Chief town in the district of the same name, province of Beira, Portugal. Of the27,000 inhabitants of the entire "conselho"...
 * 12) Funeral Oration (JE | ) the expression of grief over the dead body of a relative or friend in words of lamentation or of praise is of very early origin...
 * 13) Funeral Rites (JE | ) Ceremonies attending the burial of the dead. After the body had been cleansed ("&#7789;ohorah") and placed on the bier (see...
 * 14) Funes (JE | ) Town in Navarre, in the district of Olite; received a fuero (charter) in 1120, containing several clauses in restraint of...
 * 15) Fünfkirchen (JE | ) See Pacs.
 * 16) Furnace (JE | ) Three kinds of structures or apparatus for baking, smelting, etc., were known to the ancient Hebrews: (1) the oven for baking...
 * 17) Household Furniture (JE | ) in the East the house is not as important as in northern countries, since the climate permits an outdoor life in the widest...
 * 18) Alexander Fürst (JE | ) German physician; born at Braunsberg April 15, 1844; died in Berlin May 25, 1898. He studied medicine at K&#246;nigsberg,...
 * 19) Julius Fürst (rabbi) (JE | ) German rabbi; born at Mannheim Nov. 14, 1826; died there Sept. 5, 1899. He received his secular education at the University...
 * 20) Julius Fürst JE (JE | ) German Hebraist and Orientalist; born May 12, 1805, at Zerkowo, Prussia, where his father, Jacob, was darshan; died at Leipsic...

461 – 480

 * 1) Livius F&#252;rst (JE | ) German physician; born at Leipsic, May 27, 1840; son of the Orientalist Julius F&#252;rst. Livius F&#252;rst studied at the...
 * 2) F& (JE | ) Town in Styria, Austria. Jews began to settle there in 1278, Rudolph of Habsburg having granted (1277) to its inhabitants...
 * 3) Jacob Raphael F& (JE | ) German poet, translator, and Hebrew writer; born in Glogau 1781; died at Breslau Feb. 16, 1855. F&#252;rstenthal&#39;s attention...
 * 4) Johann August L. F& (JE | ) German jurisconsult of the first half of the nineteenth century; a brother of Jacob Raphael F&#252;rstenthal. He embraced...
 * 5) Abraham Furtado (JE | ) French politician; born at London 1756; died at Bordeaux Jan. 29, 1816. His parents were members of a Portuguese Marano family...
 * 6) Auguste Furtado (JE | ) French banker; born at St. Esprit April 11, 1797; died at Bayonne May 20, 1883. He was a descendant of a Portuguese family...
 * 7) C& (JE | ) French philanthropist; born at Paris 1821; died at Rocquencourt (Seine-et-Oise) 1896. Her ancestors on both sides were prominent...
 * 8) F& (JE | ) City of Bavaria, Germany. On April 17, 1528, George the Pious, Margrave of Ansbach, permitted two Jews, Perman and Uriel Wolff...
 * 9) Meyer ben Elhanan F& (JE | ) German writer and teacher, who belonged only in a restricted sense to the school of the Meassefim, for he was a conservative...