Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/P2

501 – 520

 * 1) Precentor (JE | ) -- See H458: &#7716;azzan
 * 2) Precious Stones (JE | ) -- See G131: Gems
 * 3) Predestination (JE | ) the belief that the destiny of man is determined beforehand by God. "Predestination" in this sense is not to be confounded...
 * 4) Preexistence (JE | ) Existence previous to earthly life or to Creation, attributed in apocryphal and rabbinical writings to persons and things...
 * 5) Preexistence of the Soul (JE | ) -- See S985: Soul
 * 6) Prefaces and Dedications (JE | ) the general Hebrew name for a preface is "hakdamah." the saying "A book without a preface is like a body without a soul"...
 * 7) Pregnancy (JE | ) -- See C451: Childbirth
 * 8) Premeditation (JE | ) -- See I161: Intention
 * 9) Shabbethai Premsla (JE | ) Galician grammarian and scribe of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; lived at Przemysl. He was the author of a commentary...
 * 10) Prerau (JE | ) Town in Moravia. The Judengasse of Prerau is mentioned as early as Charles IV. (1339-1349), but the settlement of Jews in...
 * 11) Benjamin Wolf Prerau (JE | ) Moravian Hebraist; lived at Prerau in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He published Bedersi&#39;s "Bak&#7731...
 * 12) Presburg (JE | ) City of Hungary, situated on the River Danube. Its location on a commercial highroad makes it probable that its Jewish community...
 * 13) Presbyter (JE | ) from the time of Moses down to the Talmudic period the "zekenim" (elders) are mentioned as constituting a regular communal...
 * 14) Presbyter Judaeorum (JE | ) Chief official of the Jews of England in pre-expulsion times. The office appears to have been for life, though in two or three...
 * 15) Moses Alexandrovich Press (JE | ) Russian engineer and technologist; born 1861; died at Sankt Blasien 1901. After passing through the St. Petersburg Institute...
 * 16) La Presse Isra& (JE | ) -- See P199: Periodicals
 * 17) Prester John (JE | ) -- See T325: Tribes, The Lost Ten
 * 18) Birds of Prey (JE | ) While few clean birds are named in the Old Testament (see Poultry), there are given in Lev. xi. (13-19) and Deut. xiv. (12-21)...
 * 19) Alfred Pribram (Przibram) (JE | ) Austrian physician; born at Prague May 11, 1841; educated at the university of his native city (M.D. 1861). He established...
 * 20) Richard P& (JE | ) Austrian chemist; born at Prague April 21, 1847; educated at the Polytechnic and the University of Prague, and at the University...

521 – 540

 * 1) Julius Mendes Price (JE | ) English traveler, artist, and journalist; born in London about 1858; educated at University College (London), at Brussels...
 * 2) Humphrey Prideaux (JE | ) English Orientalist; born at Padstow, Cornwall, May 3, 1648; died at Norwich Nov. 1, 1724; educated at Christchurch, Oxford...
 * 3) Priest (JE | ) One consecrated to the service of the sanctuary and, more particularly, of the altar. This definition, however, holds true...
 * 4) Priestly Code (JE | ) Name given by modern scholars to that stratum of the Pentateuch which deals with ceremonial regulations, especially those...
 * 5) Aryeh Löb Priluk (Przyluk; Purlik; Frilock) (JE | ) Polish author of the seventeenth century. He wrote a commentary on the Zohar from the pericope "Shemot" to "&#7716;u&#7731...
 * 6) Samuel Primo (JE | ) Shabbethaian sectary of the seventeenth century; born in Jerusalem; died probably at Constantinople. He was one of the earliest...
 * 7) Primogeniture (JE | ) in the Old Testament as well as in the rabbinical legislation a distinction is made between the first-born of inheritance...
 * 8) Princeps Judaeorum (JE | ) -- See M436: Mendel
 * 9) Princes of the Captivity (JE | ) -- See E548: Exilarch
 * 10) Principal and Agent (JE | ) -- See A894: Agency, Law of
 * 11) Nathaniel Pringsheim (JE | ) German botanist; born at Wziesko, Oberschlesien, Nov. 30,1823; died at Berlin Oct. 6, 1894. He was educated at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium...
 * 12) Printers; Printing (JE | ) -- See T372: Typography
 * 13) Printers&s (JE | ) Signets, coats of arms, or pictures printed, from engravings, at the end of a book or, later, on the title-page. Their use...
 * 14) Priority (JE | ) the rules as to priority among deeds conveying the lands of a grantor, or among bonds operating as liens upon all the obligor&#39...
 * 15) Prison (JE | ) -- See I121: Imprisonment
 * 16) Right of Privacy (JE | ) See Joint Owners; Neighboring Landowners.
 * 17) Private Way (JE | ) -- See R295: Right of Way
 * 18) Procedure in Civil Causes (JE | ) Jewish jurisprudence, both in Biblical and in Talmudic times, attached the greatest importance to the laws of property and...
 * 19) Process (JE | ) -- See P538: Procedure
 * 20) Procurator Ad Capitularia Judaeorum (JE | ) -- See F183: Fiscus Judaicus

541 – 560

 * 1) Procurators >> List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers REF:JE, Cnaeus Pompeius Longinus JE, Marcellus (prefect of Judea) JE, Salvidenus JE, Tiberianus JE (JE | ) Title of the governors who were appointed by Rome over Judea after the banishment of Archelaus in the year 6 C.E., and over...
 * 2) Production of Documents (JE | ) -- See E530: Evidence
 * 3) Profanation and Profanity (JE | ) See Cursing; Desecration.
 * 4) Professions (Statistics) (JE | ) Until quite recent times the Jews were debarred from all professional occupations except that of medicine. Till entrance to...
 * 5) Profiat (JE | ) Name used by Jews in Provence and northern Spain. In Hebrew it is written in various forms:, ; or , with the substitution...
 * 6) Prognostication (JE | ) -- See O61: Omen
 * 7) Prometheus (JE | ) See Adam; Fire.
 * 8) Promissory Notes (JE | ) -- See E542: Exchange, Bills of
 * 9) Modern pronunciation of Hebrew (JE | ) Like Syriac, and probably under its influence, Hebrew has been handed down with a twofold pronunciation, the Ashkenazic and...
 * 10) Proof (JE | ) -- See E530: Evidence
 * 11) Propaganda literature (JE | ) -- See P402: Polemics and Polemical Literature
 * 12) Property (JE | ) -- See C390: Chattels
 * 13) False Prophet (JE | ) Deuteronomy is the only book containing laws concerning the false prophet (xiii. 2-6 [A. V. 1-5], xviii. 20-22). He is designated...
 * 14) Prophets and Prophecy (JE | ) Though many ancient peoples had their prophets, the term has received its popular acceptation from Israel alone, because,...
 * 15) Prosbul (JE | ) An abbreviated form of the Greek phrase &#960;&#961;&#8056;&#962; &#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#8135; &#946;&#959;&#965;&#955...
 * 16) Proselyte (JE | ) Term employed generally, though not exclusively, in the Septuagint as a rendering for the Hebrew word "ger," designating a...
 * 17) Moser Proser (JE | ) Russian Hebraist; born at Keidani, government of Kovno, Jan. 1, 1840. Proser pursued the conventional course of Hebrew education...
 * 18) Proskurov (JE | ) Russian town, in the government of Podolia. The Jewish community there has one large and eight smaller synagogues, and a Talmud...
 * 19) Prossnitz (JE | ) Austrian manufacturing town, in the province of Moravia. Probably its earliest Jewish settlement dated from the latter half...
 * 20) L&#246;bele (Prostiz) Prossnitz JE (JE | ) Cabalistic impostor; born about the end of the seventeenth century at Brody, Galicia; died about 1750. He left his native...

561 – 580

 * 1) Abraham ben David Proven& (JE | ) -- See A421: Abraham ben David Proven&#231;al
 * 2) Moses ben Abraham Proven& (JE | ) -- See M839: Moses ben Abraham Proven&#231;al
 * 3) Provence (JE | ) Province of ancient France lying between the Rhone, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Maritime Alps, although medieval Jewish...
 * 4) Proverbs (JE | ) Wise, witty, and pithy maxims or aphorisms. Jewish proverbs are derived from the following sources: (1) Biblical collections...
 * 5) Book of Proverbs (JE | ) One of the Ketubim, or Hagiographa, belonging to the group of "&#7716;okmah," or "Wisdom" books. The Masoretic superscription...
 * 6) Midrash to Proverbs JE (JE | ) Haggadic midrash to Proverbs, first mentioned, under the title "Midrash Mishle," by R. Hananeel b. &#7716;ushiel (first half...
 * 7) Providence (JE | ) the term occurs only in the Apocryphal books (Wisdom xiv. 3, xvii. 2), and has no equivalent in Biblical Hebrew, the later...
 * 8) Providence (JE | ) -- See R262: Rhode Island
 * 9) Provins (JE | ) French town, in the department of Seine-et-Marne. Jews were settled there as early as the twelfth century. Thibaut, Count...
 * 10) Prussia (JE | ) Kingdom and the largest unit of the German empire. The kingdom of Prussia grew out of the margravate of Brandenburg, which...
 * 11) Pruzhany (JE | ) Russian town in the government of Grodno. It had a Jewish community at the end of the sixteenth century, when Joel Sirkes...
 * 12) Przemysl (JE | ) City of Galicia; once the capital of Red Russia. While Przemysl is referred toby the Russian chronicler Nestor in the year...
 * 13) Psalmomancy (JE | ) the employment of the Psalms in incantations. The general use of the Bible for magic purposes has been discussed under Bibliomancy...
 * 14) Psalms (JE | ) Name derived from the Greek &#968;&#945;&#955;&#956;&#972;&#962; (plural &#968;&#945;&#955;&#956;&#959;&#943;), which signifies...
 * 15) Midrash to Psalms (Midrash Tehillim) (JE | ) Haggadic midrash, known since the eleventh century, when it was quoted by Nathan of Rome in his "&#39;Aruk" (s.v. ), by R...
 * 16) The Psalms of Solomon (JE | ) Pseudepigraphic work not contained in the Septuagint (and therefore not included in the Apocrypha). At present it exists only...
 * 17) Psaltery (JE | ) -- See H298: Harp and Lyre
 * 18) Jacob ben Zelig Psantir (JE | ) Rumanian historical writer; born at Botoshani June 6, 1820; died in Bucharest March 22, 1901. From his childhood he devoted...
 * 19) Pseudepigrapha (JE | ) Literally "books having false titles," fraudulently or erroneously ascribed to the authors whose names they bear. "Thus Dionysius...
 * 20) Pseudo-Artapanus (JE | ) -- See A1826: Artapanus

581 – 600

 * 1) Pseudo-messiahs (JE | ) Persons who claim to be the deliverers of Israel divinely appointed to bring about the establishment of the promised Messianic...
 * 2) Pseudo-Phocylides (JE | ) A Jud&#230;o-Hellenistic poet and the author of a didactic poem in epic style of 250 verses. He assumed the name of the ancient...
 * 3) Pseudonymous Literature and Writers (JE | ) the habit of adopting literary disguises is a very old one in Hebrew literature. According to the views of higher criticism...
 * 4) Ptolemy (JE) >> 1) JE Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus)  Prince (tetrarch) of Iturea and Chalcis ; 2) Ptolemy (son of Abubus)  Strategus of Jericho; son of Abubus...
 * 5) Ptolemy I (JE | ) At first satrap (322-307 B.C.), then king (305-285), of Egypt. He founded the dynasty of the Ptolemies, which, from his father&#39...
 * 6) Ptolemy II (JE | ) King of Egypt from 285 to 247 B.C. He continued the struggle for C&#339;le-Syria and Palestine and established himself permanently...
 * 7) Ptolemy III (JE | ) King of Egypt from 247 to 222 B.C.; referred to in Dan. xi. 7-9. According to that passage, the Egyptian king made great conquests...
 * 8) Ptolemy IV (JE | ) King of Egypt from 222 to 205 B.C.; hero of the events described in Dan. xi. 11-12. The passage in question refers to battles...
 * 9) Ptolemy V (JE | ) King of Egypt from 205 to 182 B.C. He was a child of five when he came to the throne. The protracted struggle for the possession...
 * 10) Ptolemy VII (JE | ) King of Egypt from 182 to 146 B.C.; eldest son of Ptolemy V. With him the power over Egypt passes into unworthy hands. Philometor...
 * 11) Ptolemy IX (JE | ) King of Egypt from 146 to 117 B.C. After the death of Ptolemy Philometor, his brother, Euergetes II., tried to overthrow his...
 * 12) Ptolemy Macron (JE | ) General of King Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria; sent by the prefect Lysins with two other generals, Nicanor and Gorgias, to...
 * 13) Puah (JE | ) One of the two midwives who were ordered by Pharaoh to kill all the Hebrew male children (Ex. i. 15). Philo ("Quis Rerum Divinarum...
 * 14) Age of Puberty (JE | ) -- See M91: Majority
 * 15) Publican (JE | ) Local tax-farmer; the office existed among the Jews under the Roman dominion. The Romans were accustomed to farm out, generally...
 * 16) Solomon Pucher (JE | ) Rabbi; born 1829 at Neustadt-Sherwint, Poland; died Nov. 23, 1899, at Riga. Educated at the yeshibah of Georgenburg and at...
 * 17) Judah L& (JE | ) Russian rabbi, cabalist, and author; lived in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. He was rabbi at Pinsk, and in his...
 * 18) Walter, Count P& (JE | ) German anti-Semitic agitator; born Oct. 9, 1860, at Rogan, near Breslau. He graduated from the University of Breslau with...
 * 19) Pugilism (JE | ) -- See A2086: Athletes
 * 20) Pul (JE | ) A usurper who ascended the throne of Babylonia in 745 B.C. and reigned until 737; identical with Tiglath-pileser III. He appears...

601 – 620

 * 1) Isaac ben Joseph ibn Pulgar JE (JE | ) -- See I37: Ibn Pulgar, Isaac ben Joseph
 * 2) Joseph Pulitzer (JE | ) American editor and journalist; born April 10, 1847, at Budapest. Hungary; educated privately. In 1863 he left his native...
 * 3) Pulpit (JE | ) in the earliest time a post ("&#39;ammud" was used instead of a pulpit; from it the king spoke to the people, and from it...
 * 4) Pumbedita (JE | ) -- See A710: Academies in Babylonia
 * 5) Aaron Elijah b. Aryeh Löb Pumpianski (JE | ) Russian government rabbi and author; born at Wilna in 1835; died at Riga April 26, 1893. He graduated from the rabbinical...
 * 6) Punctuation (JE | ) When the Biblical text received its final form in the schools of Palestine during the first and second centuries, and the...
 * 7) Punishment (JE | ) It has been shown in the articles Capital Punishment, Crime, Homicide, and Stripes that a court may inflict for the violation...
 * 8) Pupils and Teachers (JE | ) -- See P140: Pedagogics
 * 9) Purchase and Sale (JE | ) -- See S71: Sale
 * 10) Purchase Under Mistake (JE | ) -- See F356: Fraud and Mistake
 * 11) Purgatory (JE | ) An intermediate state through which souls are to pass in order to be purified from sin before they are admitted into the heavenly...
 * 12) Purification (JE | ) -- See T18: &#7788;aharah
 * 13) Purim (JE | ) Jewish feast celebrated annually on the l4th, and in Shushan, Persia, also on the 15th, of Adar, in commemoration of the deliverance...
 * 14) Purim plays (JE | ) Jewish folk-comedies, written for performance in Jewish family circles or before a Jewish public during the month of Adar...
 * 15) Special Purims (JE | ) Certain fast- and feast-days specially observed in some Jewish communities, in imitation of the national Purim, to commemorate...
 * 16) Purity of Race (JE | ) the question whether the Jews of to-day are in the main descended from the Jews of Bible times, and from them alone, is still...
 * 17) Purple (JE | ) Mention is made in the Old Testament of two kinds of purple, or purple dye: (1) "argaman" (Aramaic, "argevan"; Greek, &#960...
 * 18) Pygarg (JE | ) Clean animal mentioned in Deut. xiv. 5, following the Septuagint. The identity of the animal has not been established.Bibliography:...
 * 19) Lionel Edward Pyke JE (JE | ) English barrister; born at Chatham April 21, 1854; died in Brighton March 26, 1899. He was the second son of Joseph Pyke,...