Wikipedia:Main Page history/2023 April 13

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From today's featured article  Gold dinar of al-Hafiz Al-Hafiz ( c. &thinsp;1075 – 1149) was the eleventh caliph of the Fatimids from 1132 until his death. He rose to power as regent after his cousin al-Amir was killed in 1130 leaving an infant son. The army seized power, imprisoning al-Hafiz, but he was freed a year later. In 1132, he proclaimed himself caliph and imam. Many Isma'ili followers abroad refused to recognize him as imam, breaking away as the Tayyibi sect. There were repeated uprisings even in Egypt, although his reign saw little foreign aggression. He tried to restrain his overmighty viziers, with mixed success. He was repeatedly forced to give way to the demands of various military factions, and although for the last decade of his reign he ruled without a vizier, he was ultimately unable to halt the evolution of the vizierate into a de facto sultanate, independent of the caliph. His successors would be reduced to puppets at the hands of powerful viziers, until the end of the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171. (Full article...)

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Ongoing:  Recent deaths&#58;   On this day April 13: Night of Decree (Shia Islam, 2023)  Jefferson Memorial <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"> <ul><li>Arthur Matthew Weld Downing ( b. 1850)</li><li>Joe Hewitt  ( b. 1901)</li><li>Evelyne Daitz  ( b. 1936)</li></ul> More anniversaries: <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"/> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"/>
 * In the Myanmar civil war, the military junta's air force kills at least 130 civilians in Pazigyi.
 * In golf, Jon Rahm (pictured) wins the Masters Tournament.
 * Former U.S. president Donald Trump is arraigned on 34 charges of falsifying business records.
 * Finland joins NATO as its 31st member.
 * In the Andorran parliamentary election, the liberal coalition, led by Prime Minister Xavier Espot, wins an absolute majority of seats in the General Council.
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 * Russian invasion of Ukraine
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 * 1742 – German-British composer George Frideric Handel's celebrated oratorio Messiah was first performed in Dublin.
 * 1943 – The Neoclassical Jefferson Memorial (pictured) in Washington, D.C., was formally dedicated on the 200th anniversary of Thomas Jefferson's birth.
 * 1946 – Nakam, a Jewish organization seeking revenge for the Holocaust, attempted to poison thousands of SS prisoners at Langwasser internment camp, but did not kill anyone.
 * 1953 – Ian Fleming's novel Casino Royale was published as the first work to feature his British spy character James Bond.
 * 2017 – War in Afghanistan: In an airstrike in Nangarhar Province, the U.S. military dropped the most powerful conventional bomb ever used in combat.
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