Wikipedia:Meetup/SDGs/Communication of environment SDGs



Project title: Improving communication of climate change knowledge through Wikipedia

This is the website for a Wikipedia communications project that runs from mid 2022 to mid 2024. The work includes collaborations between Wikipedia editors and content experts from a range of universities and institutions.

The project selects relevant Wikipedia articles dealing with climate change topics that have significant daily pageviews and at the same time require updating and improvement in content and quality. The project team scores the quality of these Wikipedia articles at the start and at the end of the project using ten quality parameters. We also interact with published experts who advise us on necessary content edits. The core project team is made up of academics who have scientific and climate change expertise and also know how to edit Wikipedia.

This project is important because there are gaps between what various stakeholder groups find on the internet and the published scientific work on climate change-related topics. That much of the specialized literature containing critical knowledge is unavailable to the informed public is a handicap in the dissemination of climate change information. Wikipedia articles usually appear at the top of internet search results but are incomplete in many areas. Wikipedia therefore has a key role in helping promote climate change knowledge and the improvement of the key articles making use of available scientific expertise is necessary.

Anyone with an interest in Wikipedia editing on climate change topics is welcome to participate. This project follows the Friendly Space policy and the Code of conduct for Wikimedia technical spaces.

The project is administered by Stockholm Environment Institute and funded by Formas, a Swedish government research council for sustainable development.

The previous Phase 1 of the project (2020 to 2022) had the title "Communication of SDG-related research knowledge in water and sanitation (SDG 6), climate action (SDG 13) and life below water (SDG 14) in Wikipedia while engaging professional networks".

Basic project facts (Phase 2)

 * Start: 1 Aug 2022
 * End: 31 July 2024
 * Project title: "Phase 2 - Communicating current SDG 13 knowledge through Wikipedia - a collaboration between Wikipedia editors and content experts at SEI, IPCC, UNFCCC and other organisations"
 * Administrating organisation: Stockholm Environment Institute
 * Funder: Formas - a Swedish government research council for sustainable development and a state authority under the Swedish Ministry of the Environment. Formas also has funds and assignments from the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
 * Wiki projects in focus: English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons

Team members:
 * Arno Rosemarin (User:ASRASR): project manager, senior scientist at Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
 * Richard Taylor (User:Richarit): researcher at Stockholm Environment Institute
 * Brenda Ochola (User:Bradextw): communications officer at Stockholm Environment Institute
 * Selorm Kugbega (User:Selormkobla): communications officer at Stockholm Environment Institute
 * Elisabeth von Muench (User:EMsmile): freelancer, Germany
 * Jonathan Lynn (User:Jonathanlynn): freelance consultant in France, formerly IPCC secretariat
 * David Tetta (User:Dtetta): freelance consultant in the United States, formerly USEPA
 * Euphemia Uwandu (User:Ptinphusmia), environmental manager and biologist, freelancer, volunteer on this project

List of names (Phase 2)
We had the following content experts who helped us with improving the Wikipedia articles in Phase 2:
 * 1) Darold Batzer, University of Georgia, United States (Wikipedia article: Wetland)
 * 2) Magnus Benzie, Stockholm Environment Institute, United Kingdom (Climate change adaptation, Climate risk)
 * 3) Christian Berg (User:Seemountain), Clausthal University of Technology, Germany (Carbon footprint)
 * 4) Kevin Blanchard, DRR Dynamics (natural disaster)
 * 5) Derik Broekhoff, Stockholm Environment Institute, United States Carbon accounting, Carbon offsets and credits)
 * 6) Kristie L. Ebi, University of Washington, United States (Effects of climate change on human health)
 * 7) Thian Y Gan, University of Alberta, Canada (Effects of climate change on the water cycle)
 * 8) Michael Gillenwater, Greenhouse Gas Management Institute, United States (Carbon accounting, Carbon offsets and credits)
 * 9) Elisabeth Gilmore, Carleton University, Canada (economics of climate change)
 * 10) Michael Grubb, University College London, United Kingdom (carbon tax)
 * 11) Tim Jickells, University of East Anglia, UK (Ocean, ocean deoxygenation, ocean stratification, ocean temperature, ocean heat content)
 * 12) Gabriella Kitch, NOAA Ocean Acidification Program, United States (Ocean acidification); together with Abed El Rahman Hassoun (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel), Richard Feely (NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory), Libby Jewett (NOAA Ocean Acidification program)
 * 13) Paul O'Hare, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK (disaster risk reduction, natural disaster)
 * 14) Vivienne Reiner, University of Sydney, Australia (Carbon footprint)
 * 15) Kevin Trenberth, National Center for Atmospheric Research and University of Auckland, New Zealand (effects of climate change, effects of climate change on the water cycle)

Methods of collaboration
The content experts helped us greatly by revising existing texts (sometimes cutting out content or moving content to sub-articles), proposing new content, proposing a new structure, adding new references, proposing new images.

Almost all of the content experts provided their comments either in the form of marked-up Word documents or during video interviews with shared screens. Only very few content experts (two or three) made edits directly in Wikipedia. Two people took up Wikipedia logins which they used to write on talk pages. Only very few experts were able to provide new images to us (often, the requirement of being open access was a problem for them).

Quality scoring system for Phase 2
We have changed our quality scoring system a bit compared to Phase 1. The main changes are:
 * Reduced number of parameters from 10 to 6. Should make it easier to work with all the data later (was very time consuming in Phase 1 to analyse all 10 parameters for everything).
 * Trying to stay closer to the Wikipedia quality parameters for Good Articles and Featured Articles.

Small disadvantage: scores for individual parameters can no longer be directly compared between Phase 2 and Phase 1 (except for readability and the parameter about comprehensiveness)

See here our current scoring system.

In a nutshell, for the main text we use these six quality parameters (M is machine assessment, E is expert assessment):
 * M1 - Reading ease score (determined with Web-FX)
 * E1 – Comprehensiveness and factual accuracy and due weight for topics (no copyright infrinfements)
 * E2 – References & Verifiability: quality of references and being up to date and formatted consistently
 * E3 – Images and other media (quality and quantity)
 * E4 - Formatting and adherences to style guide and logical structure (not too many quotes, not written like a literature review)
 * E5 – Appropriate level of focus compared to sub-articles, correct length, interlinking with sub-articles

We also analyse the lead separately and use these four parameters:
 * L-M1 - Reading ease score (determined with Web-FX)
 * L-M2 - Length
 * L-E1 - Quality of summary
 * L-E2 - Images

Further details is available here

Criteria for selection of articles (Phase 2)
The criteria for inclusion of Wikipedia articles in this project phase include (in order of importance):
 * The topic is related to climate change.
 * The Wikipedia article has high pageview rates (ideally more than 300 views per day).
 * Preference will be given to those Wikipedia articles that have high view rates and low quality scores.
 * The quality score is not yet very high (say less than 85); however, in some cases quality scores are high but the climate change content in the article is still quite poor.
 * Existence of a maintenance template on an article (if they are there, it’s a good indicator that the article needs some editing to improve it, plus it’s something that readers see so I would include this as a factor that would decrease an articles score and raise its priority.)
 * The topic is mentioned in the targets and indicators of SDG 13, see List of SDG targets and indicators.

Pageviews

 * You can check pageviews for groups of articles here.
 * For our analysis we are using the time period 1 Jan to 30 June 2022 as the baseline for the pageviews.

Lists that were used for inspiration

 * WikiProject Climate change metrics: top importance (currently 60) and high importance (currently 400) articles
 * Glossaries of the three IPCC AR6 reports: Working Group I, Working Group II, Working Group III
 * List of improved articles from Wiki4Climate edit-a-thon: here
 * WeAdapt website

List of articles for Phase 2
We had 135 articles in our list but 3 of them have been merged ("carbon credit" merged into carbon offsets and credits; "economic impacts of climate change" merged into economic analysis of climate change; "natural hazard" merged into natural disaster). So that means 132 articles remain in our list.

Note: only those articles with a priority of 3 or higher will be tackled in this phase. The priority ratings are average values of seven team members' assessments.


 * 82 articles have a priority of 3.0 to 5.0.
 * 42 articles have a priority of 4.0 to 5.0.
 * 40 articles have a priority of 3.0 to 3.9.
 * 84 articles have a priority lower than 3.0.
 * Total number of considered articles: 166

Edit this table

Articles considered but decided against
Also considered but not included:
 * Alkalinity, views: 250 (this is much broader than just climate change aspects)
 * Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
 * Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, views: 7, class: C
 * Country articles (ensure they all have something on climate change, possibly a link to sub-article)
 * Bushfires in Australia, views: 1280, class: C
 * Climate change in country X articles (category is here) - Most of them are around 50 pageviews per day but there are outliers, e.g. the climate change in South Africa article gets 275 views per day, climate change in India article gets 245 views per day. See all pageviews here.
 * Climate change in Sweden, views: 25, class: C
 * Climate Information Service (Climate services)
 * Developed country, views: 2446, quality scores: 80, 56 (was in Phase 1)
 * Global citizenship, views: 348
 * Global citizenship education, views: 61
 * GHG Protocol - this is part of carbon accounting and does not need its own article for now (we don't have time for it)
 * Greenhouse gas emissions by country X articles; See category here (6 articles so far: Australia, Brazil, China, Russia, Turkey, UK), the highest is greenhouse gas emissions by China with 59 pageviews per day
 * Land use, views: 174
 * Marine ecosystem, views: 294 (was already in Phase 1)
 * Planetary boundaries (was in Phase 1)
 * Regenerative agriculture
 * Soil health
 * Sustainable Development Goal 7, views: 186 (was in Phase 1)

Small selection of articles in French Wikipedia (test case)
Perhaps these few articles should be improved in the French Wikipedia (to be discussed):


 * Climate change
 * Climate change adaptation
 * Climate change mitigation
 * Effects of climate change
 * IPCC
 * SDG 13

Wikipedia articles that we worked on and their quality score improvements (Phase 1)
The SDG-related Wikipedia articles identified for further improvement are listed below. To sort the list by view rates, click on the arrows in the table headers. The view rate figures are the average number of views each day, for several years up to July 2020. The terms that are shown in red don't have a Wikipedia article yet.

Criteria for selection of articles (Phase 1)
The criteria for inclusion of Wikipedia articles in this project include:
 * The terms being mentioned in the targets and indicators of the goals, see List of SDG targets and indicators.
 * A preference on terms with high view rates (ideally more than 200 views per day).
 * Concepts or technology that are not mentioned in the indicators but which are important to achieve the indicators.
 * Closely related topics that are of relevance (see also "reader topic relationships" with this tool).

Preference will be given to those Wikipedia articles that have high view rates and low quality scores.

Articles relevant for all SDGs
The selected articles with a relation to all SDGs are: Sustainable Development Goals, Developing countries, Sustainability, International development, Sustainable development. For simplicity reasons, these general articles have been included in the SDG 6 grouping.

SDG 6 articles with scores before and after
The selected articles related to SDG 6 are listed below. Note the table also includes (at the end) those terms that are relevant for all three SDGs.

Most of the articles would be of relevance to WikiProject Sanitation and WikiProject Limnology & Oceanography.

Edit this table

SDG 13 articles with scores before and after
The selected articles related to SDG 13 are listed below.

All of the articles would be of relevance to WikiProject Climate change.

Edit this table

SDG 14 articles with scores before and after
The selected articles related to SDG 14 are listed below.

Most of the articles are of relevance to WikiProject Limnology & Oceanography.

Edit this table

Why score lead and main text separately
We scored the articles' leads separately as the leads are the most important segment of the article which readers read. The lead should be a good summary of the article and be about four paragraphs long. More information is here: WP:LEAD.

We had originally planned to improve the lead for twice as many articles as full articles but did not manage this workload.

Scoring system and results summary for main text
The quality of articles was assessed on a scale of 0 to 100 by using the following parameters. The assessment time "before" was the 1 Sept 2020 version of the article or nearest older date. The assessment time afterwards was around May/June 2022.

Edit this table

Scoring system and results summary for leads only
The quality of articles' leads was assessed on a scale of 0 to 100 by using the following parameters:

Edit this table

Targets
We planned to measure the direct project impacts and set measurable targets for ourselves as follows:
 * Leads: Number of article leads to be improved: 300 (100 per SDG) - with a quality score at the end of the project of 100 out of 100 (average across all articles) - this was not achieved as we realised we could not really improve the leads before the articles were not substantially improved (in most cases)
 * Full articles: Number of full articles to be improved: 150 (50 per SDG) - with a quality score at the end of the project of 85 out of 100 (average across all articles) - this was nearly achieved
 * Professional networks: Number of professional networks or groups of scientists to be engaged: 30 (10 per SDG)
 * View rates: Increase in user traffic (view rates) for the edited articles - 15% after two years compared to start of project. (not achieved, some articles increased in pageviews, others dropped; overall there was an 11% drop.

Reasons for not improving the scores of some articles
We did work on nearly all of the articles that we had pre-selected but some articles - which we later called “not improved” - have received only minor improvements which did not change the score. For example, adding a sentence about SDG 13 did improve the article but did not change its score.

The reasons that we didn’t work on (or did not improve the scores for) all of the articles that we had selected included one or several of the following:
 * Very low pageviews (less than 100)
 * Quality score at the base line was already quite high (higher than 80)
 * Could not identify suitable experts
 * Experts were contacted but either did not reply or did not send in comments on time
 * Relevance to the particular SDG was fairly low
 * Ran out of time (moved some of the articles to Phase 2)

Further options for SDG 6 articles
Possible additional articles or articles that we decided against:


 * Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), views: 624, rating: B
 * Helminthiasis, views: 309, rating: B
 * Toilet, views: 982, rating: C (the term is not mentioned in SDG 6 targets but it is related and has high view rates)
 * Water efficiency, views: 65, rating: C
 * Water politics, views: 49, rating: C
 * Water quality, views: 534, rating: C
 * Water conflict, views: 195, class: C

If there was time left over, we could also improve these articles:
 * Global Goals Week (article recently created in August 2020), views: 25, rating: C
 * Global North and Global South (article renamed in June 2021), rating: C
 * Human Development Index, views: 6884, rating: B
 * Least developed countries, views: 115, rating: C
 * United Nations General Assembly, views: 1190, rating: C
 * Small Island Developing States, views: 135, rating: C
 * United Nations, views: 9659, rating: A- or GA (good article)

Further options for SDG 14 articles
Articles considered but decided against:
 * Biological pump / marine carbon pump; views: 76
 * Blue carbon; views: 52, class: B
 * Climate change and fisheries; views: 19 (article only created in late 2020)
 * Environmental issues with coral reefs / Human impact on coral reefs; views: 193
 * Great Barrier Reef; views: 1716, class: C
 * Human impact on marine life; views: 62
 * Integrated coastal zone management, views: 59, class: C
 * Marine biogeochemical cycles; views: 25 (article only created in June 2020)
 * Oceanic carbon cycle / Marine carbon cycle; views: 62
 * Ocean governance; views: 16, class: C
 * Ocean solutions a term used a lot at this conference: Ocean Visions 2021 Summit
 * Seagrass meadow; views: 50 (since May 2020)
 * Source to sea
 * United Nations-Oceans; views: 19
 * Whaling views: 687, class: B but is a level 4 VA; topic often highly controversial so maye worth including
 * World Oceans Day (8 June), views: 103, class: start
 * Blue economy / Sustainable ocean economy, views: 146, rating: start
 * Blue justice, views: 10, rating: start
 * Baltic sea, views: 1301, rating: B
 * Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), views: 239, class: B
 * Coastal management / coastal resilience, views: 147, rating: C
 * Ecosystem-based management, views: 32, rating: B
 * Environmental protection, views: 1187, rating: C
 * Fisheries science, views: 75, rating: start
 * Marine biology, views: 346, rating: C
 * Oceanography, views: 493, rating: C
 * Offshore wind power

How to edit for beginners
Information on how to edit for beginners is included here, on the project page of the Wiki4Climate edit-a-thon in 2020.

Video tutorials for Wikipedia editing
See our Youtube Playlist for several video tutorials for Wikipedia editing here.

Promotional videos about Wikipedia editing
WikiProject Limnology & Oceanography (which is closely related to SDG 14) commissioned creation of two videos to describe the importance of contributing aquatic content to Wikipedia, and how to do so.

Guide for written peer reviews
A guide for peer reviews is provided by WikiEdu here.

In general, the best Wikipedia articles have five elements:
 * A lead section that is easy to understand
 * A clear structure
 * Balanced coverage
 * Neutral content
 * Reliable sources

Guiding questions for reviewers (each should be answerable with "yes"):

Lead
 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * Does the Lead include only information that is present in the article?
 * Is the Lead concise and not overly detailed? Does the lead not contain redundant information
 * Does the lead not give more weight to certain parts of the article over others?

The lead is the first section of an article. It usually states the most important information about the article's subject, and gives a good overview of the rest of the article. Good leads don't get too bogged down in detail, and don't simply repeat what's in the article below. You should be able to read the lead and feel like you have a pretty good grasp of what the article is about.

Content
 * Is the content relevant to the topic?
 * Is the content up-to-date?
 * Is there no content missing and all content belongs?
 * Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? If so: Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?
 * Does it not repeat content in too much detail which is better off in a sub-article?

Tone and Balance
 * Is the content neutral?
 * Are there no claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there no viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Does the content not attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Sources and References
 * Is all content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Does the content accurately reflect what the cited sources say? (You'll need to refer to the sources to check this.)
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Are the sources current?
 * Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
 * Are there no better sources available, such as peer-reviewed articles in place of news coverage or random websites? (You may need to do some digging to answer this.)
 * Check a few links. Do they work?

Organization
 * Is the content well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Does the content have no grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Is the content well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Images and Media
 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Examples of good feedback
A good article evaluation can take a number of forms. The most essential things are to clearly identify the biggest shortcomings, and provide specific guidance on how the article can be improved.


 * Peer review of "Homemaking"
 * Peer review of this article about a famous painting

Interviews with experts
Examples of interviews with experts:
 * Interview to investigate if an article is correctly emphasising the right topics
 * in Spanish: Filmed discussion about an article about a river in Argentina which led to a listing of recommendations, see talk page of Río Matanza-Riachuelo

Possible new categories or navigation boxes

 * New category: Climate change and international development (compare with existing category on economic development and category on international development)
 * New category: Topics about developing countries (see discussion here)
 * Or a new navigation box for topics about developing countries? Compare with navigation box about the SDGs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sustainable_Development_Goals

Basic project facts (Phase 1)

 * Start: 1 Aug 2020
 * End: 31 July 2022
 * Project title: "Phase 1: Communication of SDG-related research knowledge in water and sanitation (SDG 6), climate action (SDG 13) and life below water (oceans) (SDG14) in Wikipedia while engaging professional networks"
 * Administrating organisation: Stockholm Environment Institute
 * Funder: Formas - a Swedish government research council for sustainable development and a state authority under the Swedish Ministry of the Environment. Formas also has funds and assignments from the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
 * Wiki projects in focus: English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, and a small component of Swedish Wikipedia

Core team members:
 * Arno Rosemarin (project manager), Stockholm, Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
 * Elisabeth von Muench (project team member), Brisbane, Ostella Consulting, Australia/Germany
 * Olle Terenius (project team member), Uppsala, Uppsala University, Sweden (first six months only)

Publications about the project:
 * Giving the public better understanding about the Sustainable Development Goals through Wikipedia: a call to action (blog post on SEI website)

WikiProjects and Wikipedia initiatives that we engaged with: All SDGs: WikiProject International Relations, WikiProject United Nations, WikiProject Globalization, WikiProject Sustainability, WikiProject International Development,  (no significant responses received through any of these)

SDG 6: WikiProject Sanitation, WikiProject Pollution (no significant responses received)

SDG 13:
 * WikiProject Climate change
 * “Wiki4Climate”: A week of editing on climate change topics from 24 November - 1 December 2020 - The Wiki4Climate initiative is ongoing and you can continue to collaborate using the Slack channel to jointly edit Wikipedia articles on climate change topics. The twitter handle is @Wiki4Climate.

SDG 14:
 * WikiProject Environment, WikiProject Fisheries and Fishing, WikiProject Oceans (no significant responses received)
 * WikiProject Limnology & Oceanography (some few responses received)

Project Dashboard: Participants can join by adding their Wikipedia login names to the project dashboard here (after logging into to Wikipedia; if the link it clicked while not logged in it will ask for a passcode; the way the dashboard is set up is that it will only log edits made to predetermined Wikipedia articles) - we didn't really use this tool in the end.

Background (Phase 1)
This project has its main focus on three SDGs that are directly impacted by changes to the environment (freshwater, climate and oceans). There are also linkages to agriculture (irrigation, reuse of nutrients from excreta, eutrophication) and to spatial planning and infrastructure (water supply, sanitation infrastructure such as sewer systems, renewable energy systems). The project will emphasize the communication of cross-cutting issues between the SDGs - integrating socio-political, economic and environmental aspects.

This project is important because there are gaps between what various stakeholder groups find on the internet and the published scientific work on SDG-related topics. That much of the specialized literature containing critical knowledge is unavailable to the informed public is a handicap in the dissemination and implementation of the SDGs. Wikipedia articles usually appear at the top of internet search results but are incomplete in many areas. Wikipedia therefore has a key role in helping promote the SDGs but the improvement of the key articles making use of available scientific expertise is necessary.

It is also part of the meetups on SDGs and connected to a larger initiative called "Wiki loves SDGs" which is supported by members of Wikimedians for Sustainable Development.

Diversity aspects
The project will emphasize gender and diversity aspects as well as content provided by research from the Global South.

Goals and objectives (Phase 1)
The overall goal of this project is to inform the public about the SDGs, initially focusing on SDGs 6, 13 and 14. This will be done by using Wikipedia as communication channel for the products of the work and for how we communicate with other Wikipedia editors. The project target group is the informed public searching the internet for information. This includes researchers, educators, local government decision makers, journalists, students, entrepreneurs and consultants.

Another target group for participation is high school students. We believe that the strength among the coming generation is to be taken seriously and that integrating writing about SDGs will not only teach them about the goals, but also how to write technically (in English) and how to value and cite different sources of information.

The specific objectives of the project are to:
 * assist scientists/scholars to bring their work to Wikipedia as a medium to convey their knowledge about SDG-related topics;
 * focus on readability for laypersons and those with first language not English;
 * involve experts from low-income countries; not just the volunteers/researchers from the Global North that dominate Wikipedia editing efforts today;
 * encourage more subject matter experts to write in Wikipedia, rather than only relying on volunteers with limited topics of interest;
 * bridge the gap between experts and those who are looking for information on Wikipedia about SDGs;
 * make use of professional networks on both sides of the ledger in order to reach out and market the project work
 * teach Swedish high school students at some selected pilot schools to add content to SDG-related articles (for the English Wikipedia) and to translate part of the SDG articles developed into Swedish Wikipedia. (we had to drop this activity due to Corona-related school closures)

List of content experts (Phase 1)
We had 39 content experts who helped us with improving the Wikipedia articles in Phase 1:

SDG 6 topics:
 * 1) Darold Batzer, University of Georgia, United States (Wikipedia article: Wetland)
 * 2) Edward A. Laws, Louisiana State University, United States (Water pollution)
 * 3) Guy Geltner, University of Amsterdam and Monash University, The Netherlands and Australia (public health, early history)
 * 4) Linda Strande, EAWAG, Switzerland (Fecal sludge management)
 * 5) Marcos von Sperling, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil (Sewage treatment, Wastewater treatment, Sewage)
 * 6) Mesfin Mekonnen, The University of Alabama, United States (Water scarcity)
 * 7) Oliver Jones, RMIT University, Australia (Water pollution)
 * 8) Sally Bloomfield, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK (Hygiene)
 * 9) Tom Crook, Oxford Brookes University (Public health)
 * 10) Virginia Berridge, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (Public health)
 * 11) Anonymous reviewer 1 (Capacity building)

SDG 13 topics:
 * 1) Baylor Fox-Kemper (User:Baylorfk), Brown University, United States (an IPCC AR 6 report author worked with his students on e.g. sea surface temperature, climate change in Antarctica)
 * 2) Blair Trewin, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia (Instrumental temperature record) - an IPCC AR 6 report author
 * 3) Fiona Charlson, University of Queensland, Australia (Effects of climate change on mental health)
 * 4) Henry Shue, Merton College, Oxford, UK (Climate Justice)
 * 5) Ian Hamilton, University College London, UK (Effects of climate change on human health)
 * 6) Gonéri Le Cozannet (User:Goneri Le Cozannet), BRGM French Geologic Survey / Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, France (Sea level rise) - an IPCC AR 6 report author
 * 7) Jonathan Lynn (User:Jonathanlynn), France (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
 * 8) Nick Watts, National Health Service (NHS England & NHS Improvement), UK (Effects of climate change on human health)
 * 9) Peter Alexander, University of Edinburgh (User:PAlandus), UK (Effects of climate change on agriculture) - an IPCC AR 6 report author
 * 10) Pierre Friedlingstein, University of Exeter, UK (carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere)
 * 11) Richard Taylor, Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden (Climate change adaptation)
 * 12) Thian Yew Gan, University of Alberta, Canada (Effects of climate change) - an IPCC AR 6 report author

SDG 14 topics:
 * 1) David A. Fennell, Brock University, Canada (Sustainable tourism)
 * 2) Gianluca Ferraro, University of Portsmouth, UK (Marine plastic pollution)
 * 3) Michael Petterson, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand (Sustainable Development Goal 14)
 * 4) Ivan Nagelkerken, University of Adelaide, Australia (Coast)
 * 5) Tim Jickells, University of East Anglia, UK (Ocean, eutrophication, harmful algal bloom, coastal waters, effects of climate change on oceans)
 * 6) F. Stuart Chapin III (Terry Chapin), University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States (Ecosystem)

Topics related to several SDGs: Contributor with a focus on readability improvements and standard structure for "climate change by country" articles:
 * 1) Ben Purvis, University of Sheffield, UK (Sustainability)
 * 2) Christian Berg (User:Seemountain), Clausthal University of Technology, Germany (Sustainability)
 * 3) Lisa M. Butler Harrington, Professor Emeritus, Kansas State University, United States (Sustainability)
 * 4) Michael Medley, Center for Social Development Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (Official development assistance)
 * 5) Murray W. Scown, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (Sustainable development goals)
 * 6) Sarah Cornell, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden Planetary Boundaries
 * 7) Thomas Hickmann, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (Sustainable development goals)
 * 8) Tom Kuhlman (User:TK26), retired from Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands (Sustainability)
 * 9) William C. Clark (Bill Clark), Harvard University, USA (Sustainable development)
 * 1) Diane Kellogg (User:PlanetCare), Bentley University (Emerita), United States (Sustainability, sustainable tourism, Sustainable Development Goals, Climate change in Finland, Ocean, Water pollution, Climate change in Kenya, Climate change in Ghana, Climate change in Brazil, Climate change in Mexico, Ecosystem, Climate change in Norway, Climate change in Sweden)

Books and publications provided by content experts (Phase 1)
Some content experts sent us pdf files of their own books or their own publications that are behind paywalls so that we could utilise them without having to purchase a copy. The following is an incomplete list (focused on textbooks):


 * For sewage, wastewater, sewage treatment, wastewater treatment: Von Sperling, M. (2015). "Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal". Water Intelligence Online. 6: 9781780402086. doi:10.2166/9781780402086. ISSN 1476-1777 (this book is in fact open access already)
 * For ecosystem and eutrophication by Terry Chapin: Chapin, F. Stuart, III (2011). "Chapter 1: The Ecosystem Concept". Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. P. A. Matson, Peter Morrison Vitousek, Melissa C. Chapin (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-9504-9 . OCLC 755081405.
 * For water pollution by Oliver jones: Jones OA, Gomes RL (2013). "Chapter 1: Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its Control". Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control (5th ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-84973-648-0.
 * For sustainable tourism by David Fennell: Fennell, David A.; Cooper, Chris (2020). Sustainable Tourism: Principles, Contexts and Practices. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. pp. 198, 234. doi:10.21832/9781845417673. ISBN 978-1-84541-767-3 . S2CID 228913882.
 * For sustainability by Christian Berg: Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action : overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1 . OCLC 1124780147.
 * For water security by David Grey: Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020), "Water Security", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609, ISBN 978-0-19-938941-4, retrieved 2022-04-12