Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2006 October 3

Symbols on a WWI French artillery shell decorated as "trench art"
Hello and thanks for reading this. I hope you can help as I have been working on this deciphering project for a good while. On this heavily embossed and hammered 75 mm shell there is a sheild-like shape that has three sets of two horizonal bars (pipes) that are stacked in a measured way on top of each other...Like this: ll                   ll                    ll This shell is dated 1918 and has been authenticated as being a piece of trench art made by French and American soldiers to send home or bring back as souveniers. I have deciphered many of the symbols that appear on several shells from the same period that seem to come from the Lorraine region of Eastern France. I have not been able to find any material that explains these marks. Can you help? Willow Pittman


 * Could they be trenches ?  Trench warfare was widespread in WW1. StuRat 10:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * To me the obvious answer is that they are celebrating the Armistice that ended World War I in 1918 on "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." Marco polo 00:07, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd vote for that answer. JackofOz 08:29, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Me too; it would seem to be blindingly obvious. White Guard 23:00, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Voting ages
Is there any country that does not have a voting age?


 * You mean a country that lets 5-year olds vote in national elections? I seriously doubt it. (Not that there's anything wrong with 5-year olds, I hasten to add before someone attacks me for being a child hater).  JackofOz 04:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * According to WP's article on voting age, Iran has the lowest voting age of any country (15 years). Burkina Faso's entry is marked 'universal' without referring to any age. The Vatican seems to have an upper limit at 80 years (cardinals only). There are organizations pushing for lowering the voting age to include children, but to no avail sofar. ---Sluzzelin 08:31, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I hope it happens. Governments decide about kids too, so I don't see why they shouldn't have a say. Choose a children's representative in the government at the very least. - Mgm|(talk) 08:45, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I favor lowering the voting age to 12 in the US. My justification:


 * The Senate has the right to declare war.


 * Senators are elected for 6 years.


 * At 18, people are eligible to be drafted.


 * People have a right to vote for anyone who could vote for a war in which they could be drafted and killed.


 * While voting just by 12 year olds would be frightening (I picture some teen idol winning elections), including teens in the mix should be OK. The effect on teens, by making them feel valued in society rather than disenfranchised, could have many benefits. StuRat 10:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Technically any country that doesn't allow voting at all doesn't have a voting age. DJ Clayworth 16:58, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe the former concept subsumes the latter. If I lived in an election-free dictatorship and said "We don't have a voting age in my country", that would suggest it's an exceptionally democratic country - when the truth is the opposite. JackofOz 20:13, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * When people are only 12, they sometimes think explosions are cool, don't know the history of their own country let alone others and believe that inventing hospitals that don't use injections is a top priority. Oh wait, lots of adults are like that too.:)Evilbu 19:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * By the way, it isn't the US Senate who has the power to declare war but the bi-cammeral United States Congress (i.e. the Senate and the House). At least that is what the article says. Flamarande 00:22, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Thats true. According to Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution, Congress, not simply the Senate has the authority to declare war. But if that doesn't convince you, how about a simple reductio argument: Since congress makes fiscal decisions affecting decades of future generations of Americans, I say they should allow, at the very least, newborn infants to vote as they'll surely be very strongly affected by these decisions. Loomis 04:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

A country without voting does not have a voting age, if you can count that. &mdash; D a  niel  (‽) 19:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * DJ Clayworth and I discussed this above. JackofOz 20:30, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Journeyman painters
Hi - Can anyone tell me the names of the various roles of the staff that would have worked alongside Michaelangelo during the painting of the Sistine Chapel? Sorry for the long sentence. Thanks Adambrowne666 03:55, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't have much to offer, but I'll post it anyway: This link only has unspecific mentionings of 'quarrymen, carpenters, and (ornamental) stonecarvers'. Another biography link features English translations of the colorful nicknames of Michelangelo's assistants (e.g. The Little Liar, The Goose, The Anti-Christ). ---Sluzzelin 13:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Better info might be found in Ross King's book Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling. ---Sluzzelin 13:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, yet again, Sluzzelin; I think I've asked the wrong question - I don't need the staff specific to Michaelangelo (although I love the nicknames), but the staff that might accompany any such painter. Adambrowne666 21:04, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Your question was clear, Adam. My answer was fuzzy.---Sluzzelin 22:43, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Thanks very much for trying, Sluzzelin. Adambrowne666 22:54, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

book title
i read a book a number of years ago and now i cannot remember the name or the author so i am hoping somebody can help. the plot basically consists of a handful of children waking up to nobody else existing in the world. cars still work and buildings still stand but there are no people there. they find each other and eventually start to unravel what is happening. at one part they see men in space suits watching them. they break the visor of a helmet of one of the men and they sufficate. it turns out that these kids posses a certain gift that allows whatever they believe to be reality actually be real. they are on a different planet i believe and are being used in an expirament. when they realize this they start to see the truth and it becomes hard to breathe. however a boy and a girl make themselves believe that they are still on earth so they can stay behind and live together. the only specific point i remember is that when they make-beleive this world they forget to believe clothing at the end and are standing there naked. if anybody can help me remember the name of this book i would be very greatful.
 * I'm afraid I can't help, but this certainly sounds like an interesting premise. I'd be interested as well in finding out the title... -Elmer Clark 01:57, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

define " non-theist "
most everybody would like to give a quick answer of " atheist " ; but, i know this is not true. my favorite author, erich fromm described himself as a non-theist but he focused on the experience of god, rather than, the conceptualization of him. in other words, fromm was a mystic, of sorts. thankyou, linguists of the world ! laura martin —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 4.131.87.178 (talk • contribs).
 * See Non-theism.nids(&#9794;) 09:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

The definition of "Strike Suit"
Dear everybody,

Does anyone know what is called "strike suit" ? It seems to be a type of derivative suit. If someone can give an accurate definition and some cases, it will be great. Many thanks.
 * Here is answers.com's definition, borrowed from Barron's Law Dictionary. ---Sluzzelin 13:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * You know what would be cool, if someone would create a strike suit article here too. --Kainaw (talk) 13:57, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Marketing
Do you think that all companies need to practice the marketing concept? How can marketing concept apply in public services such as post office services?
 * Sounds like a homework question to me. All I would say is that, sadly, the notion of public services is slowly being eroded by the operation of the markets.  In the UK, the government would love to open up post office services to competition, and will probably do so in the next few years.  So, public services are increasingly having to embrace the marketing concept. --Richardrj talkemail 14:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Freeza
What is fighting level of Freeza (Dragon Ball Z) in normal situation ad in first, second and third trasformation and on 100%? --Vess 14:32, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * It's been quite a while since I've seen the Freeza saga, but I think it's about 1,000,000 in form three. Try reading the article located at Freeza. A Clown in the Dark 15:30, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Actually, when Furiza went to his second form, he already claimed his power level was over one million. However, I think that they stopped using scanners in DBZ even before that.  So we don't know for sure.  That's why we will never know how strong Evil Buu really was:).Evilbu 18:36, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Power levels on Dragonball Z got very silly around that time; they seemed to increase exponentially. Guesses I've seen online put Buu, Level 3 Super Saiyans etc at billions, if not trillions, of power points. La  ï  ka  15:29, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Recitative
The question is content-related; it's on the opera talk page, but I thought someone knowledgeable could turn up here, too. Thanks in advance, --194.145.161.227 15:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Moral Standarda
Hi,I will glade if anybody can help me answer this question.(HOW DOES MORAL STANDARDS SOLVE SOCIAL CONFLICTS).


 * Moral standards ensure that people do their own homework. Have a look at morals, ethics and come back if you have specific questions. DJ Clayworth 16:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * See also "How does subject-verb agreement improve grammar?"Edison 17:03, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Moral Standards: examples set by the Western culture is clearly reflective of the deteriorating quality of culture & insanity.

INsane acts of sexual freedom is another example. Have a look at morals, ethics and come back if you have specific questions

political struggles of the seminole indians?
Im researching a project and can't find anything about modern day political struggles that the seminoles are facing. Can anyone help?


 * Have you read our seminal article on the Seminoles ? StuRat 17:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * What happened to the full 100% Noles? Clarityfiend 04:24, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Beer Tastes Bad
As a young male, I find myself frequently under pressure from my peers to drink beer. I always argue that beer tastes like crap and that people only drink it to get drunk as cheaply as possible. In all honesty, do most people who drink beer actually like the taste or do they rather become accustomed to the acrid bitter flavour, in the way an insulin-dependant diabetic gets used to the pain of pushing a needle through their skin? In times gone by, would a bitter fruit have not been rejected by hunter/gatherers in preference for something sweet? --Username132 (talk) 17:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I agree. I hate the taste of alcohol, and can only stand the bitterness if it's in a low proportion with enough sugar to compensate, like in wine coolers (and I'm someone who can drink straight lemon juice !).  There is a lot of difference between beers, however, with some cheap American beers being particularly bad.  I suspect different people must taste alcohol differently, as others don't describe it the same way that we do. StuRat 17:29, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * They genuinely enjoy it. If you really want to have a drink but don't like beer, try something else. Whiskey? - Rainwarrior 17:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * See acquired taste, for one. Also, bitter foods in general are less appreciated by younger people than by adults, I think. I disliked beer when I was a kid (which was kind of a pity in retrospect, since I lived in Germany), and developed a taste for it in my early 20s. You might try sampling a good beer -- some are more bitter than others (I think hops is quite certainly an acquired taste.) --jpgordon&#8711;&#8710;&#8711;&#8710; 17:34, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * As an adult, I still cannot stand American beers. I feel they are best labelled as one notch above rat piss.  However, when in Norway, Sweden, and Germany, I had much heavier/thicker beers.  I do not like the ones that, as far as I can tell, are fermented honey.  Far too thick and sweet.  But, I found many that I did like.  Funny thing is that my favorite one in Norway was Mack-Øl - which the Norwegians considered rat piss.  As for other alcohols, has anyone without sever alcohol induced brain damage ever sipped Jack Daniels and said, "Wow! That's smooth!" (read the label on Jack Daniels if you don't get it).  But, getting back to the point.  If you want to get drunk cheaply, beer is not the way.  Get a high proof cheap wine (just see what the local bums are drinking).  Thunderbird, Everclear, even a malt-liquer.  They are cheaper and will get you drunk much faster.  Remember: Beer to hard you're in the yard.  Hard to beer you're in the clear.  So, slam that thunderbird before you start drinking beer at the party. --Kainaw (talk) 17:41, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * To be picky, I think the correct spelling is "Makk-Øl". Norwegian uses the kk-spelling for native words. 惑乱 分からん 08:16, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * An image of the label is here. --Kainaw (talk) 15:59, 7 October 2006 (UTC)


 * So it's from a name??... These crazy Norwegians... 惑乱 分からん 15:43, 8 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Lots of things you dont like when your young, you like when your older. Beer is not an acquired taste, it just tastes good, obviously not everyone will like it, but people dont drink it to get drunk as cheap as possible (im guessing your possibly american, where over zealous drinking laws mean that kids never learn to drink responsibly, and everytime they get near beer, it has to be a piss up), Im 16 and I can honestly say I love the taste of beer, and lager, among other things, and I find extremely refreshing. Philc  TECI 17:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Actually I'm British but I think there are a lot of drinking problems in other parts of the world including France and the Netherlands. I guess I'll just have to put the taste down to a marmite thing. --Username132 (talk) 17:55, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Take this from a person who hasn't (voluntarily, a despicable idiot "spiked" my coke once) drunk a drip of alcohol since 1998, beer does taste good (like the Belgian beer Maes etc...). I still remember the taste and I am often reminded when I smell other people's beer.  I'd drink alcohol free beer if I had a guarantee that it contains 0% alcohol (which is definitely not the case). By the way, if the USA has one law we should have too, it's definitely the no-alcohol-under-21-rule.  The story about being able to explore is a myth.  And no, I'm not an ex-alcoholic or something.Evilbu 18:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Yeah, I think it's very complicated. My mum would let me sip her wine if ever I wanted and I thought it tasted bad and thus showed little interest in alcohol until I went to university. On the other hand, in France kids drink with their parents at meal times and the end result is the biggest alcohol problem in the world (I looked it up ages ago but don't have the reference). I think it's sad that society needs to be protected from itself. --Username132 (talk) 18:41, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Over the last few years I have tired a lot of new things, some I enjoyed some not, I think the exploring thing is true, you should learn to drink responsibly when you can, because in the US kids of 17+ will get hold of beer if they want it, and then they will get a kick out of it, they won't understand it, they'll just want to get desperately drunk, where as I am from the deep west country of England, where at my local I can get served, and probably could have since I was 15 if I wanted to, but there not idiots, there not going to serve till I pass out, and I'm not going to drink till I pass out, I enjoy going down the pub, having maybe a couple of pints, and trying something new, with my mates, its good fun, and we dont get terribly drunk, we can still walk in straight lines, and speak, and know what we are doing, but we have more fun. That is something I have rarely seen in my american counterparts. Philc  TECI 18:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Something to take into account: Have you tried it with food? Many drinks (and foods!) are terrible without proper pairings. I hate beer on it's own, but when I was forced to try it as it was the only liquid around and my mouth was aflame with spicy Mexican food... I agree with the above, try a good beer, and pair it the way you would wine. Many youngsters drink to get drunk, instead of drinking for ENJOYMENT like responsible adults. Russia Moore 01:34, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Some people really like beer, some people really hate it, some people really like some and really hate others - sounds like you're in the middle category there. Try other drinks - if your aim is to get as smashed as possible as quickly and cheaply as possible (not a view I endorse, just trying to cover all the bases), my experience would suggest white wine as the drink.  If you want something with a glorious taste that'll linger in your mouth after you're done, and make ya glad to be alive, go for cider (not shitty supermarket/mass produced crap, but real zider from a good Somerset orchard).  A firey spirit to warm you up, grab the vodka (preferably Russian - stronger, tastes better, and if bought in Russia *significantly* cheaper).  As with all consumables, for everything we could list there will be some people who love it, some who hate it, some who are indifferent.  Assuming you're of legal drinking age wherever you are, enjoy going out and experimenting, finding out what you like.  --Mnem e son 01:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * You are wrong. I don't drink neither beer nor vodka, but I may assure you that here in Russia vodka is significantly more expensive than beer. Russian teens are so addicted to beer that the country is one of top three bear consumers in the world. Now that beer ads are banned from Russian television, perhaps the situation will change. -- Ghirla -трёп-  08:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey Ghirlandajo - I'm sorry, I was unclear in my meaning. What I meant to say was that if you're buying a litre of vodka in the UK, or the same bottle in Russia, that bottle of vodka costs less in Russia than it would in the UK (I was buying from a tourist shop outside a hotel, and it was still less than half the price it was in the UK).  --Mnem e son 10:02, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought Baileys tasted okay. I don't really like alcohol, otherways... 惑乱 分からん 06:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Taste non-alcoholic beverages like Red bull..


 * The wine idea is a good one if you are fixating on getting drunk. but there are better and cheaper! methods than wine and beer. for example GoldStrike (50%, with gold flakes, around $18(local prize(netherlands)) with it's sidetrick(two closed fingers before your mouth(horizontally)and then inhale.

But it is true that there are significant differences in beer. over the average the local beers are counted among the best, same goes for the german(schulten grau), Belgium(Wieckse Witte),Dutch(Alfa,Brand,Hoegaarden(could be belgian though), Spanish (san-miguel) for example. but I can suggest you try that what the locals have. usually it doesn't make you all that drunk and still will taste good. [my favorite beverage is Russian Vodka,which is much better then the european and american crap]Graendal 04:54, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

political science-international relations+international organizations
i've no. of doubts as don't hav notes of political science.the syllabus goes as- [PART-1]the world community;sovereign states,transnational political parties,& transnational non-official organisation such as churches,multinational corporations,scientific,cultural & other org.EAST-WEST ,SOUTH&NORTH RIVALIRIES.DISARMANENT.

[PART-2]inter govternmental organisations and their constituent instruments.features of the i.l.o. and international financial instituitions.u.n. and its principle organs.

kindly help me out.i'm not getting nething.if possible plz. provide notes of the above mentioned syllabus.i'll b so thankfl 2 u.61.246.242.62 17:50, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well... --82.227.17.30 20:33, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but you must be mistaken. This is the English wikipedia, not the Gibberish one. --The Dark Side 00:18, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * George, George, George. *sighs, shakes head* Go get Condi or Dick to help you. Clarityfiend 04:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Well, actually, Clarity, if you take a look at the, well, the whole situation, and well ... if you really examined ... I mean, if you consider ... OH NEVERMIND! I might as well face it. Everybody hates my good buddy George. I've had a full six years and I've convinced no one.


 * Oh well ... the world may paint George a fool. Nonetheless I'll continue, for as long as it takes, trying and trying and trying to make my case. In the words of a very similar fool who was never taken seriously until well beyond it was too late; a fool who suffered a level of insult even George hasn't yet suffered: "Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense". Emboldened by that other fool, I'll never give in on sticking up for this one. Loomis 21:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

ALL PROBLEMS SOLVED!
This must seem like a pretty meen question to ask but what would happen if all diseases, poverty and major natural disasters never happen from this day forwards and all the people on earth will live to they are 70-80 years old on average. What i meen is with a world 300% population increase in the last 100 years, and about half of the total population living below the poverty line who are all suddenly not, would there be any space left in 100, 200, 300 years. How would we control global warming. Will we destroy the earth. etc. Im not saying that we shouldnt stop poverty and related things, but what would happen?
 * One of two things will happen. The first and most unlikely is that we will run the earth dry of resources (we're then screwed). The second and more probable is that the Malthusian limits will kick in. That is to say that the human population will be drastically decimated through a combination of starvation (not enough food), disease (easier to propagate with a high density) , and conflict (not enough space) . The population will then drop and stabilize. This is because the earth cannot and will not support such a high number of humans (see carrying capacity) --The Dark Side 00:12, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It need not necessarily be one of those not so great things that causes the population to stabilize. According to my sociology textbook, Anti-Malthusians say that the population explosion is caused by a decrease in death rates with no corresponding changes to birth rates, but that the birth rates in the higher developed countries has been declining, and now I think Italy has a decreasing population, and only immigration keeps the US from having a decreasing population as well.  My textbook says that the Anti-Malthusians believe that third-world countries are in the middle of the decrease in death rates right now, but as soon as industrialization occurs and the birth rate declines like it has in Europe and the US, and I'm going to quote my textbook here, "we will wonder what the fuss was about." --Maxamegalon2000 02:57, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Also in Germany and Japan the population is slowly declining. To have a stable population the average childrate should be at least 2.1 and some countries simply don't have that. Another possible answer for the original question is that Humanity, faced with too little resources on this planet, simply spreads into space and colonizes other planets until dominating the entire galaxy. Flamarande 10:37, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

How Much Do You Expect To Be Paid?
I was looking a vacancies on a website and along with CV and letter of motivation, they also ask me to say how much I expect to be paid. Is this part of some phsycological profiling? Why do human resources insist on doing things like this? You can't profile someone who is aware théy're being profiled because it interfers with the results. How much do I say? I heard that if you give a lower number than what they think it's worth, then they pay you that lower wage, whereas if you give too big a number, they tell you to hit the road. It's for TomTom customer service (phone and email). Also, what's with companies and the buzzwords they plaster over their websites? It's so insincere it makes me sick. --Username132 (talk) 18:49, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * In a way the entire application/interview process is, as you put it, profiling. That is the whole point of it. The fact that you are aware of it matters not. They know when they ask a question that you are going to try to tell them what you think they want to hear, and they know that interviewees are mostly full of BS. It is taken into account. As far as you question about how much money to ask for, there are several sites that will provide an average salary for a given position in a given area. If you are in the US salary.com is a place to start as well as the US Dept of Labor. As far as buzzwords, this isn't something new. It is called marketing and sincerity has nothing to do with sales. Sosobra 22:10, 3 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Based on your language, I suspect that you are from the UK and not from the US. For info on UK salaries, try Reed.co.uk's salary calculator.  It may be wise to offer your prospective employer a salary range that you expect, rather than a specific number.  The top of the range should be above the number that you get from Reed, the bottom of the range close to the number that you get from Reed.  You can offer any special qualifications that you have (prior experience in the field or a related field, knowledge of the product, whatever) as an argument for why you should get the high end of your range.  As a fallback, if you would be satisfied with the standard salary or something slightly below, which you have put at the low end of your range, they may offer you a salary at that low end.  The range increases your chances of getting a higher than average salary while decreasing your chances of being ruled out as too expensive.  Marco polo 00:22, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Some basic suggestions for all lower level or entry level job interviews, where there are likely to be several applicants and advanced training is not required.
 * 1) They want someone predictable, so someone who acts and dresses like everyone else, and gives the average answers is either predictable or knows what they want and is willing to give it (both are ok). In many instances they would rather have someone average and predictable than someone unusually good and much more hard-working than their average worker. I realize this is counterintuitive but if it doesnt make sense to you have someone explain it from the company's perspective.
 * 2) They want someone reliable. Someone who shows up on time and doesnt call in sick often.
 * 3) They want someone without expensive health or family problems. There are usually rules about how much they can probe or ask about this. Don't volunteer information about stresses, distractions, diseases or possible family problems.
 * 4) Try not to lie. People do it, and they might hire you anyway, but companies are happy to have a reason to fire you for cause and if you lie on the application and they know it you have just given them a perpetual "get rid of me for cause ticket" for as long as you work there. If you dont understand the difference (for the company) between firing you for their reasons and firing you for cause, ask someone to explain it to you.
 * 5) The suggestion about researching the usual pay is a good one so you have a ballpark, but I would also ask, "what do most people start with in this position in your company." Generally the lower the job and more applicants, the less flexibility they will have in your starting wage.
 * 6) Don't be afraid to take a job. It isnt a lifetime contract. If you hate it, quit rather than do things that might cause you trouble getting your next job (like not showing up or mouthing off to bosses, etc).

If these suggestions seem depressing, they shouldn't be. You are usually in a stronger position and less vulnerable if you understand exactly what the other party wants from you. As you get older and get better at doing something that is in demand you can afford to be pickier and more individual. alteripse 00:55, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * In negotiating situations, the first person to name a number usually loses. Whenever I see a form that asks for a desired salary I answer, "negotiable."  Durova  02:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The requirement is that you determine the range of salaries they are willing to pay, and name a price just inside the top of the range. If you name the bottom of the range or below, you will work for less money than they were willing to pay you. If you name a salary above the top, they will not offer you a job because they can't afford you. In essence, it is a test of your networking and data collection ability.~At the same time, it is absolute poison if, in the job interview, you seem obsessed with the salary, how large your office will be, how much vacation you will get, and how soon you can retire!Edison 07:03, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The only problem with these latter pieces of advice is that they apply to upper level jobs where the hirer has considerable leeway with the salary offer. The tactics are pretty irrelevant with lower level jobs like beginning customer service technician where the starting salaries are relatively fixed for a variety of reasons. alteripse 00:21, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * And in that situation the hiring manager usually doesn't mind discussing it at the interview. A direct, "What's your budget?" usually gets a direct reply.  Then after they decide you're perfect for the position they may dig around a little bit for extra money or perks.  If it's a small business you might wrangle an extra week's vacation or flexible working hours. 03:56, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Women and sociology in the 19th century
looking for information on the above subject, am currently studying famlies and communities

thank you

This link seems promising. schyler 00:19, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


 * During the 19th-century, the term "sociology" was often associated with what nowadays would be considered rather eccentric anthropological theories which sought to "explain" things like the history of marriage by assuming that such customs or institutions go through a fixed sequence of evolutionary stages, from "primitive" to "advanced" (with European cultures of course representing the most advanced form, and other cultures representing a spectrum of less-advanced forms). Semi-wacky stuff such as Bachofen's speculations on matriarchy were a major influence on some of the writings of Friedrich Engels.  Freud's Totem and Taboo was one of the wackiest of all... AnonMoos 07:59, 4 October 2006 (UTC)