Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2020 April 1

= April 1 =

Lady Hertford




The above drawing is described as "Portrait of a Lady, reputedly ‘Lady Hertford’' (circa 1830)". Is it Maria Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford (also shown)? If not, who else might it be? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 16:33, 1 April 2020 (UTC)


 * I think it must be. The only other candidate is her mother-in-law, Isabella Ingram-Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford, who would have been 70 or 71 at that date. Alansplodge (talk) 17:00, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Wife of Lord Pingyuan
Would the wife of Lord Pingyuan, who was a princess of the state of Wei as daughter of King Zhao of Wei and sister of Lord Xinling, have been known contemporaneously as Lady Pingyuan (平原夫人)? 69.209.14.47 (talk) 20:12, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Not in English, because English had not yet been invented. Undoubtedly, the wife of a a prominent nobleman who was also a princess would carry a title, so I assume the question is whether 夫人 was already in use as the title of the wife of a feudal lord in late Old Chinese, during the Warring States period. If so, the form of the glyphs would have been different. --Lambiam 09:50, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust before Operation Barbarossa?
How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust before Operation Barbarossa? Including indirectly, such as famine and sickness. 94.159.193.41 (talk) 21:12, 1 April 2020 (UTC)


 * Operation Barbarossa took place from 22 June to 5 December 1941. The implementation of the Final solution to the Jewish question started only after the Wannsee Conference, which was held on 20 January 1942, and most sources focus on the systematic extermination programme. Almost all Jews directly murdered by the Nazi's before then were killed as part of Operation Barbarossa. Before then, there was no systematic process, but Jews died in the Nazi ghettos, the first of which was established on 8 October 1939 in occupied Poland. Some crude calculations yield an estimate that between 6% to 8% of the people in these ghettos died before June 1941. I did not find data about the total number of Jews who were forced to live in the ghettos, but it must have been in the millions. --Lambiam 08:53, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Kristallnacht occurred in 1938, and resulted in the death of about 100 Jews, similar smaller pogroms and smaller scale individual murders likely occurred throughout the early years of the Nazi regime as well, both before and after that, which don't register in Wikipedia, but which were occurring. Aktion T4 resulted in the deaths of thousands of Jews before Barbarossa as well, while many non-Jews were affected, it also especially targeted Jewish people, as noted in the Wikipedia article "During 1940, all Jewish patients were removed from institutions and killed", as in from all residential medical institutions (nursing homes, mental institutions, invalid care hospitals, etc.)  Just a few examples. -- Jayron 32 12:51, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you both for your help. I also failed to find an estimation for this period. I did find on Yad Vashem that during September 1939, at least 7,0000 Jews were murdered directly by the Nazis. 94.159.193.41 (talk) 19:17, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you mean 7,000 Jews or 70,000 Jews? I'm assuming the former, but I just want to make sure about this. Futurist110 (talk) 19:49, 6 April 2020 (UTC)