Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2021 November 3

= November 3 =

Did any "hybrid borders" survive?
Where a river, watershed or other natural feature is displaced x degrees or x miles towards [direction] so it's based on nature and artificial at the same time? Like the defunct border idea for Pennsylvania (Delaware River-shaped on both sides) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 03:57, 3 November 2021 (UTC)


 * The boundaries of territorial seas are commonly of this type: a certain distance beyond the coastline.
 * You say "did any survive", but did such a border ever exist on land? You have only mentioned a proposed boundary, and that without a cite.
 * --184.145.50.17 (talk) 05:17, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Yohogania County, Virginia Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 05:49, 3 November 2021 (UTC)


 * The border between the Netherlands and Germany between the towns of (roughly) Roermond and Cuijk was defined at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) as being at least one cannon shot (about 3km) east of the river Maas, farther where the Netherlands already had more land on the east. This to prevent Prussia from firing cannonballs on the river, which would block shipping. And that was also convenient as the Maas functioned as the advanced defence line of the Netherlands until WW2, but by that time cannons could shoot quite a bit farther. That border still survives. PiusImpavidus (talk) 09:32, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Similarly, the border of Gambia was defined as being 10km from the Gambia River. I think that by 1889 cannons could shoot a bit farther than that, but it's a nice round number. PiusImpavidus (talk) 09:32, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * BTW, the standard British field gun of that time had a range of 3.2km, so they were being generous. Alansplodge (talk) 11:21, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The Orange River is still part of the border between South Africa and Namibia. See also Lake Constance, the Croatia–Serbia border dispute and List of territorial disputes for more where rivers or lakes are borders. Nanonic (talk) 10:35, 3 November 2021 (UTC)


 * Much of the borders of the U.S. States along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers (among others) are based on former channels of the river; in places where the river's course has changed, the current border no longer follows the river, but cuts semi-randomly across various patches of land. In some places, like Kaskaskia, Illinois, and Carter Lake, Iowa, this has led to entire cities being located "on the wrong side" of the river.  You can find many more examples which are less consequential, often involving otherwise marginally inhabited patches of land, along the border between Arkansas and Tennessee.  There is also the curious case of the Kentucky Bend.  A different situation, which may be closer to what you're proposing, is the Northern boundary of Massachusetts as defined east of the "Old Boundary Pine", which followed the course of the Merrimack River, but not in the river, rather a line surveyed three miles north of it.  The border itself is actually a series of line segments, plotted out to roughly match the course of the river, though at that 3 mile distance.  -- Jayron 32 12:43, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Kay Stewart, poster artist
Kay Stewart (d:Q109375681) produced posters for a number of British travel and transport companies, between (at least) 1924 and 1960. Some are in the UK's National Railway Museum. There seems to be no other biographical information readily available. Can we find her(?) dates, and usual details (with sources, please)? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:59, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Talk radio replacing music radio lately??
For the past 10 years I've picked up evidence that music radio is becoming less and less common in the United States and talk radio is replacing it. (This means any radio format that's not music; this includes news/talk and sports/talk.) Any reason?? Georgia guy (talk) 23:57, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * WGN radio Chicago, for example, has been mostly talk since at least the 1960s. In general, talk radio is probably cheaper to produce and possibly has higher ratings. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 00:13, 4 November 2021 (UTC)


 * Also, radio is no longer the go-to medium for music, (presumably, live talk radio is generally still somewhat relevant). E.g::  -- 107.15.157.44 (talk) 04:50, 4 November 2021 (UTC)


 * You've made th eassertion that "music radio is becoming less and less common in the United States and talk radio is replacing it", but have provided no evidence that such a statement is true. We can't answer why it is true unless we actually know that it is true.  Can you provide some evidence of the replacement of music radio by talk radio?  I'd like to read where you got these statistics from so I can provide an informed answer to your question.  -- Jayron 32 15:45, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Jayron32, I learned about it at a recent edit at WSTR (FM). Georgia guy (talk) 15:54, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Interesting. This talks about one station that broadcast a football game one time.  It also contains speculation that I don't know where it came from, and doesn't say anything about the radio industry at large, just that one music station broadcast one sports event one time.  Do you have any information to support your general statement that radio as a whole is replacing music stations with talk radio?  Also, FWIW, I have undone that edit as it was entirely unreferenced, and per WP:V, statements in Wikipedia need to be verifiable.  -- Jayron 32 15:57, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Understanding the Rise of Talk Radio (2011) says: " We argue that this remarkable growth [in talk radio] is better explained by the collision of two changes that have transformed the radio business: deregulation and the mainstreaming of digital music technologies".
 * Researching the Public Opinion Environment: Theories and Methods (2000) p. 23 says: "The number of talk radio stations increased from 200 in 1988 to more than 1,000 in 1998".
 * Both of these sources suggest a longer time-frame than the decade suggested by the OP.
 * Alansplodge (talk) 17:00, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Indeed. The first article deals with the years leading up to 2011 (i.e, longer than 10 years ago) and the second source deals with the years 1988-1998.  The OP still hasn't provided where they learned that talk radio is increasing relative to the amount of music stations in the past ten years.  -- Jayron 32 12:27, 5 November 2021 (UTC)