Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2023 June 25

= June 25 =

Taiwan government-in-exile
Has the People's Republic of China ever maintained a government-in-exile for Taiwan Province? All I can find with Google is pages that repeat our article's statement that there currently is no government-in-exile (or pages saying whether the ROC is a government-in-exile), but I can't find anything about past Communist governments-in-exile for the province. Nyttend (talk) 01:18, 25 June 2023 (UTC)


 * There's the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (not exactly what you're asking about). AnonMoos (talk) 04:53, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Yes, not at all what I was asking about, but very interesting to learn about.  I know about the "opposition parties" permitted in North Korea, but I wasn't aware of any "opposition parties" in any other Communist or grew-out-of-Communist states; I assumed the PRC was officially a one-party state, not "merely" a one-party state in practice.  Nyttend (talk) 18:58, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not a government in exile, but Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League may be of interest. DuncanHill (talk) 20:07, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

China (s)elects people to represent Taiwan in its national legislature (National People's Congress) and consultative congress (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference), and while they are supposed to represent Taiwan, they do not claim to govern the island. DOR (ex-HK) (talk) 20:19, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * But did they ever in the past? Nyttend (talk) 19:16, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not to the best of my knowledge. DOR (ex-HK) (talk) 19:36, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The CPC has never had political control over Taiwan. And China (PRC) is a one-party state in practice, but there are a number of officially recognised opposition parties. None are significant. Folly Mox (talk) 23:32, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

1917 German Fraktur source
I came across this 1917 issue of Volga German newspaper Der Kolonist. On page 2 there is a short article titled 'Das Ergebenis der Wahlen', which gives a partial result for the Samara electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). It lists the results from 7 German colonies,

So for the numbers, they work out with the totals 7,477 (eligible voters) and 4,163 (total votes cast), I'm ok apart from the last column of votes cast where I can't read properly. If anyone wants to make a better guess on the final numbers, appreciated.

What is the word after "Im ganzen..."? And for the last passages, my rough transcription from Faktur is "In bemerten ist, ba* in Lauwe und Ze*tmangel gar nicht und in Daugert fehr wenig fur die Liste 1 agitiert warben ist. In Teller word fur Nr. 1 agitiert, aber bort find felve Lehrer und der Pater hauffert allein. Bis grosser Freund der Saratower und al Feind der Sozialisten trat der "***" Peter Sinner auf. Er *chwarte die Sozialisten und gebrauchte bis allerma** Mittel, um das Volk *** zu fuhren. Bis jetzt find flogene Daten befann fue Nr 1 17530 Stimmen, fur Nr 16  13655 stimmen." - If anyone can help to correct my transcription errors, that would be much appreciated.

Furthermore, is it possible to identify the locations, correct their names, and any chance that there are wiki articles (here or in Russian or German wiki)? -- Soman (talk) 14:01, 25 June 2023 (UTC)


 * Im ganzen Kreise von 7 747 Stimmberechtigten ...
 * I assume that Kreis (= en: circle) refers to an electoral district or to the entire sum of the electorate. Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 15:11, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Daugerl → Bangert
 * Ruffus → Kukkus
 * Zost → Jost
 * These names can be seen in the title of this book.
 * My best guess for 46? is 463.
 * The text below the table:
 * Im ganzen Kreise von 7747 Stimmberechtigden beteiligten sich an den Wahlen nur 4163 (etwa 55 Prozent) und zwar für die Liste Nr. 1 — 1894, Nr. 2 — 4, Nr. 3 — 6, Nr. 4 — 5, Nr. 5 — 2, Nr. 6 — 1, Nr. 7 — 2, Nr. 10 — 3, Nr. 11 — 4, Nr. 16 — 2213, ungültig 29.   Zu bemerken ist, daß in Lauwe aus Zeitmangel gar nicht und in Bangert sehr wenig für die Liste Nr, 1 agitiert worden ist. In Teller ward für Nr. 1 agitiert, aber dort sind keine Lehrer und der Pater hausiert allein. Als großer Freund der Saratower  und als Feind der Sozialisten trat der ,,Auchsozialist’’ Peter Sinner auf. Er schwärzte die Sozialisten und gebrauchte die allerschmutzigten Mittel, um das Volk irre zu führen.     Bis jetzt sind folgende Daten bekannt: für Nr. 1 — 17530 Stimmen, für Nr. 16 — 13655 Stimmen.
 * --Lambiam 15:21, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Zeitmangel, I think? (Time-lack.) Card Zero  (talk) 15:22, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, typo, fixed. --Lambiam 15:25, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * My reading:
 * Zu bemerken ist, dass in Lauwe aus Zeitmangel gar nicht und in Baugert sehr wenig für die Liste 1 agitiert worden ist. In Teller ward für die Liste 1 agitiert, aber dort sind keine Lehrer und der Pater hausiert alleine.  Als großer Freund der Garntower und als Feind der Sozialisten trat der "Auchsozialist" Peter Sinner auf.  Er schwärzte die Sozialisten und gebrauchte die allerschmutzigsten Mittel, um das Volk irre zu führen.
 * Bis jetzt sind folgende Daten bekannt: für Nr 1 - 17 530 Stimmen, für Nr 16 _ 13 655 Stimmen. Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 15:23, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Saratower = residents of Saratov (or the Saratov Governorate). --Lambiam 15:30, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Lauwe = name until 1941 of the rural locality of Yablonovka in Saratov Oblast, Russia
 * Bangert / Baugert = not found
 * Saratower = see Lambian above
 * Peter Sinner = possibly a Volga German, located in Saratov. He was imprisoned in 1932 and died at an unknown location and date. Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 15:39, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * For Bangert, see here. --Lambiam 15:50, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * If the numbers in the last column, other than 46* and 65*, are correct, the known total of 4163 means that * + * = 9. This limits the number of possibilities. 65* could be 656. --Lambiam 15:47, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I read the last column as:
 * Brabander	481
 * Tller		415
 * Bangert		469
 * Stahl		708
 * Rukkis		831
 * Lauwe		509
 * Jost		658 Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 18:09, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Many thanks, !! I see here, "Zum Kirchenspiel Kukkus gehörten neben Jost weitere vier Gemeinden – Kukkus (Wolskaja), Stahl (Stepnoje), Lauwe (Jablonowka) und Bangert (Saumorje). Die Kirchengänger der Gemeinde Kukkus (Wolskaja), die das Zentrum des Kirchenspiels war, waren reformierte.", meaning the 5 latter settlements were part of the Kukkus parish. On de.wiki, we find this, it seems 'Teller' would be 'Deller'. Brandander, Deller, Jost, Stahl am Tarlyk, Lauwe, Bangert all listed as 'belonging to Kukkus', but there are also other places 'beloning to Kukkus'. If you look on the map used on de.wiki (see thumb) all seven locations are located along a north-south line. Kukkus is Приволжское (Ровенский район). But I don't get exactly what is the 'Kreis', it doesn't seem to match parish or canton boundaries. Why end the count just north of Laub? Could it be the Russian-state recognized volost (as opposed to the German kirchenspiel?).--Soman (talk) 20:33, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Lauwe has en.wiki article, Yablonovka, Saratov Oblast. --Soman (talk) 20:35, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Stahl = Степное (Энгельсский район). Jost seems to not exist anymore, Чкаловское is Laub which is supposed to be south of Jost. There is nothing on google maps between Laue/Yablonovka and Чкаловское. Bangert is Зауморье. Deller is Берёзовка (Энгельсский район). Brabander is Красноармейское (Энгельсский район) --Soman (talk) 21:02, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Jost is Октябрьское (Ровенский район). --Soman (talk) 21:09, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Kreis can be any kind of district, in this context almost certainly "voting district" (Wahlkreis). --Lambiam 21:22, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @, the 'kreis' would have been Stepnoye volost, per ru.wiki all 7 villages are the 7 constituents. Notably for the 1917 elections local election commissions would be organized on volost-basis, so it would have constituted a wahlkreis. --Soman (talk) 21:43, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * While "Kreis" is (among other meanings) a modern German political unit, it's also a normal German word (literally "circle"), and it can be used (albeit it's a bit old-fashioned) to just denote a group of people ("Wir treffen uns in diesem Kreis" => "we are meeting in this (particular) group"). From the grammar of the sentence, I find it very plausible that this is the intended meaning here. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 02:42, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

Looking at the numbers, I think the following is plausible. Lauwe must be 609, since it is the total of 42+1+566. Bangert needs to be 467, 468 or 469. This means Jost has to be 650, 651 or 652. It seems to look more like a zero than any other number.
 * ) -Soman (talk) 21:29, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

alignment or configuration games in Murray's board game Classification
what is the definition of alignment or configuration games in Murray's board game classification? 89.97.104.35 (talk) 16:52, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * --ColinFine (talk) 17:43, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you--87.20.191.71 (talk) 17:51, 25 June 2023 (UTC)