Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2015 December 10

= December 10 =

Americans and the metric system
How come many people in the USA seems to be so opposed to using the metric system? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:801:210:54F6:8093:E0B9:4DBE:31C7 (talk) 06:46, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Maybe because Americans are able to remember a handful of trivial conversion factors, and multiply by numbers other than 10? --Trovatore (talk) 03:20, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Trivial? Do you easily know how many gallons of water you can fit in 130 cubic feet? I know how many liters of water I can fit in 13 cubic meters without using any time or device at all. --Lgriot (talk) 13:09, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * A cubic foot is about 7 gallons; I know that off the top of my head, so 900, give or take. What's the problem? --Trovatore (talk) 18:50, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that you are 7.45% wrong. --Lgriot (talk) 19:00, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * So what? If I need an answer better than that, I won't do it in my head.  Mental arithmetic is for quick estimation; it doesn't have to be precise.  If you need a precise answer you pull out a calculator. --Trovatore (talk) 19:05, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Of course! How silly of me, there is absolutely no time wasted in that. Apologies, I am a fucking moron. --Lgriot (talk) 19:56, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * There's no need to get upset. But I stand by my remarks.  The mental-arithmetic advantage of metric is very limited.  There are very few real-life situations where you need a precise result that is easy to calculate in metric but hard to calculate in some other system.  In naturally occurring problems, the inputs are not round numbers, so if you need a precise result, then you either need to be really really good at that (in which case you can probably do it in US customary as well), or else you need mechanical assistance.
 * Mental arithmetic is mainly for estimation, and I will grant that there are some realistic situations where estimation is a little easier in metric. But not that much easier.  Just learn a few constants and you're good, assuming you can multiply approximately in your head. --Trovatore (talk) 20:06, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Apologies for the un-needed swearing. We probably have very different brains, but whenever I am doing DYI in America and I need to put a frame at the center of a wall, I find I waste a lot of time figuring out the center of a wall that is 153" and 9/16th and then add or subtract 9" and 5/8th on each side for the position of the anchors. How do you do that quickly? So I just drop the damn tape-measure in inches, pick up the one in cm and I know immediately that the center of 390.04cm is at 195.02 and adding or removing 24.29 cm from that is all done entirely in my head, precision is achieved with no calculator needed. --Lgriot (talk) 21:13, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * It took me 2 or 3 seconds to see that it's 76.5 and 9/32nds. Can this fraction be simplified? No, so you're done. (just double the denominator to halve the fraction). 86.5 and 9/32nds. Now it becomes easy enough to look on the tape measure and do the rest visually. This is why people who grew up in metric only shouldn't use English and vice versa, it's almost like another language. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 21:47, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I am confused here: my tape measure will not show 76.5 and 9/32nd, it will show 76 and 25/32nd if it is that precise, more likely I would end up settling for 76 and 12/16th, (only if I don't have a cm tape-measure, I am glad home depot started supplying those cm versions, probably for the Mexican builders who must also prefer them). --22:36, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh for the love of.. Find 76 and a half on the tape measure, subitize 4 tick marks up by eye and make a mark halfway between the 4th and 5th tick. This seems common sense enough. Find the same part of the 86th inch and then move your eye down three "1/8th-size tick marks" and you're there. You'd only hope to be able to simplify the 9/32nds fraction to not have to deal with such big ass denominators when finding the anchor points but you can't so you don't. They should do a study, Americans might be better at fractions because of our measurement system. It's understandable that it's hard if you're not born into it, it'd take me years or decades to get as good at metric as people that are born into it are. I don't have a good intuitive feel for many metric units so I might convert to approximate US in my head. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 23:55, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * You may be right I am rubbish at mentally adding fractions --74.101.111.23 (talk) 00:43, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, now that you mention it, I might well do the same thing, for that particular use case. If I weren't so violently allergic to anything resembling puttering around the house, that is.  It's good to be flexible in your approach.  Know different systems, and use whatever works best for the particular task.  I have no problem with that.  I do have a problem with metric fundamentalists who want everything else to go away.  (Even worse are the sort of SI fundamentalists who insist that everyone say "micrometer" instead of "micron".) --Trovatore (talk) 21:21, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Haven't met these fundamentalist yet! To be honest, I would love the imperial system if it was consistently in base 12 (12 inches to a foot, but also we would have an inch divided in 12th, not 8th, we would have 12 ounces to a pound, 12*12*12 pounds to an imperial ton etc.). Then mental calculations would be even faster than in the metric system, because of divisibility by 2, 3, 4 and 6. --Lgriot (talk) 21:36, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * (ec) Micron is a perfectly cromulent and useful unit. Sometimes, it's just better to be quicker to say (see liter vs. cubic decimeter). Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 21:47, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Agree with that. I am also perfectly ok with Klick instead of Kilometer. --Lgriot (talk) 22:22, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Familiarity and inertia. This explains why the US is comfortable with power stations rated in MW, light bulbs in watts, computer speeds in metric multiples of Hz, and athletes competing in the 100m, 200 m, 1500 m etc. Widneymanor (talk) 09:21, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has an interesting article on Metrication in the United States.--Shantavira|feed me 09:35, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The United States tends to be slow adopting international standards of various kinds (it's also one of the few places that doesn't use ISO 216 paper size, which makes printing US documents endlessly annoying) for a couple of reasons. The public never likes changes, especially when they're perceived as foreign (Metrication in the United Kingdom has the same problem – populist politicians are good at spinning this sort of thing as a "foreign invasion"), and being relatively isolated (it only has two land neighbours) with a large internal economy, it can ignore what other countries do in a way that a state in, say, Central Europe with half-a-dozen neighbours can't. The biggest benefit of adopting the metric system would arguably be trade with other metric countries, and the US gets around that with dual labelling. (For another example of this neighbor effect, see Right- and left-hand traffic. The big continents are dominated by right-hand drive (except for roads in southern Africa and the Indian subcontinent, which are largely isolated from the larger networks) because being an outlier causes so many problems that the public and financial upheaval was worth it, but many islands remain left-hand drive because there's little benefit to changing.) Or as Grampa Simpson once said: "The metric system is the tool of the devil! My car gets forty rods to the hogshead and that's the way I likes it!" Smurrayinchester 09:36, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * . What are the "two land neighbours"? The only one I can think of is the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom article seems to confirm that. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 13:40, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * CambridgeBayWeather, Smurrayinchester's parenthesized mention of the UK was complete, so he'd reverted to taking about the US. Rojomoke (talk) 14:01, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I completely missed the closing bracket after "invasion". CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 14:08, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Forty rods to the hogshead? That sounds not only inefficient, but explosive.  &#x2013; b_jonas 10:29, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * We Americans usually say miles per gallon. I gather the British do too. No reason to conform to someone else's standard just to be conforming. Oh, and the length of a cricket pitch is 4 rods. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 11:28, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * We (or rather, the car manufacturers) do indeed still often refer to car performance in terms of miles per gallon (caution, Imperial not US gallon). Unfortunately, all our petrol stations now dispense in litres: I assume this is deliberate obfustication. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 185.74.232.130 (talk) 14:28, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * However, we would usually say one chain or 22 yards. Alansplodge (talk) 12:14, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes. I chose rods because someone mentioned rods. And the length of a cricket pitch is also one-tenth of a furlong. And I concur that switching to metric for gasoline is deliberate obfuscation. Thankfully that plague has not hit the USA yet. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:29, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Just out of interest, in the UK, if you say right hand drive, it means that the steering wheel is on the right i.e the car drives on the left side of the road. Widneymanor (talk) 11:18, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Correct . Alansplodge (talk) 12:09, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Forty rods to the hogshead? I doubt if Grampa would like it at all.  That's 195 m per 245 L, i.e., a fuel consumption of 1255 litres per km.  My largish V6 GM car uses about 0.9 litres per km.  Of couse if you had the sense to use SI/metric, such estimating errors are very much less likely. 60.228.70.176 (talk) 14:02, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, 40 rods is one furlong or one eighth of a mile and a hogshead seems to be 63 US gallons, so 504 gallons per mile. An M60 tank manages better than one mile per gallon. Alansplodge (talk) 15:56, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * IIRC the reason why the UK moved to selling fuel in litres in the 80s - before it was required by legislation - was that the fuel became so expensive that the mechanical digits then used on the pumps couldn't turn fast enough to keep up. Of course, it does mean the price looks better as well. Richerman    (talk) 18:19, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * This has some more examples of vehicles which have better mileage . It evidentally includes a LCAC hovercraft. However it also depends on your definition of Hogshead as it's claimed there's no standard one and in particular, no standard one for petrol or diesel (which our article supports). That said, the difference are small enough that you're not likely to even double the efficiency. Nil Einne (talk) 22:23, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * One reason might be that manufacturers and retailers used the change to the metric system to downsize their products. For example, a 455-460 cubic inch car engine (7.5 liters) was considered among the largest before conversion, but when they wanted to downsize engines they switched to metric and the 5.7 liter engine became the largest engine available in many models.  So, US consumers started to assume that anything in metric was that way to cheat them, and avoided buying such products.  Requiring both types of units to be shown equally prominently, until all consumers adjusted to the new units, might be one way to solve that.  StuRat (talk) 18:31, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Let us all adopt the FFF system.  → Michael J Ⓣ Ⓒ Ⓜ 22:20, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Nice theory, StuRat. And it might well be that some (dumb) Americans think that the metric system is about cheating the customer.  But your theory isn't right.  Manufacturers like GM, Ford, Chrysler up until the 1980's had the US market almost to themselves.  They did not export US production (except in very small quantities in the luxury market), but they had factories in other countries.  They got by with their unsophisticated big iron V8's up to 7.5 L in the USA, but their overseas factories never made engines that large. They made different, smaller, engines to suit local markets. Then the Japanese and European competition hit. Then Korean competion. To remain competitive, GM had to do a number of things.  One was to standardise on a "World Standard" alloy V6 in 3.5 litre capacity.  But is is a far more sophisticated design than their old big iron. More power and less weight so such up the power. I have the 3.5 L engine in my car, it is much more responsive than the old 5.7 litre iron V8.  And with much better fuel consumption.
 * Another example: Plywood and MDF used to be made in a standard size 4 foot by 6 foot (914 x 1828 mm).  When metrication came to this country decades ago, the factory machines still of course made the size they were built up for, with limitted adjustment range.  So shhets were just sold in size 915 x 1830 mm for the next 20 years or so.  Later on the industry standardised on 1200 x 2400 mm.  Yep, they went up, not down.  Sawn timber sold "undressed" is and was alawys sold over size anyway, so you can plane it.
 * One more example: Milk was sold in 1 pint bottles (568 mL).  After metrication, the container size was rounded UP to 600 mL.  Yep, they went up, not down.  And no, they didn't call a 568 mL container a 600 mL container - thet would be illegal.
 * So, StuRat, you've got it wrong. 60.228.38.228 (talk) 01:21, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * US car manufacturers surely had many reasons for downsizing the engines, but that's not relevant here. They determined that US consumers would not be willing to pay as much for cars with the new, smaller engines, so they decided to disguise that fact by moving to metric.  This is what left a sour taste in consumer's mouths. StuRat (talk) 04:40, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * My country went metric decades ago. Marvellous.  So much easier.  So much less error prone in calculations.  The goverment had the schools teach the MKS metric system essentially one generation prior to metric weights and measures legislation, so when things started to be sold in metric sizes, we all went, "about bloody time!"  MKS is of course 99.99% the same as SI metric. 60.228.38.228 (talk) 01:28, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * How do you divide a meter into thirds? With our system, it's easy. A foot is a third of a meter. 4 inches is a third of a foot. Nothing error-prone about it. You've been brainwashed by conformists. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:15, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Why stop at thirds? Let's all move to a system that makes it a snap to divide weights and measures by 19. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  07:20, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The biggest drawback to anarchy is that it is extraordinarily conservative. And while the U.S. scarcely seems like an anarchy, when it comes to a certain subset of business practices, the legislature doesn't feel like it should be involved.  Constitutional provisions like freedom of expression and institutional doctrines such as local control of schools probably hinder a 'metrification' program.  There's also just a loss of morale involved: as the result of past desultory efforts toward metrification, people don't think it's going to happen - say, manufacturers assume customers want to hear how many BTU a furnace puts out, and customers assume it is more useful to compare BTUs than a different unit that is less readily researched.  They assume, I think, that any metrification effort will just be so much noise by a few people looking to collect a paycheck, soon forgotten.  (There's an article Metrication in the United States that doesn't touch on any of these points; I'm just giving my feeling)  That doesn't mean that where metric is genuinely made universally available - like the ml volume on product labelling - that it can't catch on eventually. Wnt (talk) 02:51, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The basic flaw with metrics is that they are not based on "human" measurements. We used them in school science classes, decades ago; and as you note, they tried to get the public to "think metric" in the 1970s. It didn't work. And until (or if) the public decides to start thinking in the artificial realm of meters and centimeters instead of the more natural yards, feet and inches, it still won't work. Maybe in a few generations. But not yet. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:13, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That argument would make more sense if the rest of the world hadn't switched. Well, other than Liberia and Burma. Mingmingla (talk) 03:28, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Quite right. And Bugs missed my point.  My country phased it in, carefully planned.  First, they taught the MKS sustem in schools. So you had a whole lot of school leavers accustomed to doing all manner of calculation and thinking in metric.  THEN, they passed laws requiring anything sold or purchased to be specified in metric dimensions. Dual labelling was permitted only for a short time, and the metric dimensions had to be more prominent. If you just introduce the metric system overnight, young people will adapt quite quickly, but older people will resist it sufficiently to make it necessary for dual labelling for years, which defeats the whole idea, as everyone just keeps thinking the old way.  If you just teach metric in schools but not pass laws to compell use, then again it will fail, because as soon as people leave school, their elders & bosses will make them forget it.  But what is a mystery to me is why Americans don't see how easy the SI metric system makes everything.  And how much money it saves in commerce and industry.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.228.38.228 (talk) 03:49, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't like centimeters, they're too small. But they're too big for precision work. I like inches and millimeters. And I'm perfectly capable of understanding the metric. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 04:03, 11 December 2015 (UTC
 * I think our liquid measurements are awesome, too. It goes cup, pint, quart, half gallon, gallon. A convenient name for every power of two in the range where you need it most. There's also an ounce, 1/8th of a cup; tablespoon 1/3rd ounce; teaspoon 1/3rd tablespoon and that's 5 milliliters. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 04:11, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The pound is a better base mass as it's more in line with the size of the amount of food or drink you consume in one sitting. It's also a moderately large beer (which used to be sold in pints that equal exactly 1 pound). It's equal to 4 smartphones or 1 tablet (approximately). A kilo would be a huge drink or meal (half a 2 liter soda bottle!) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 04:21, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * A horse is 1,000 pounds. If it's 4 digits, it can't be lifted. A ton is 2,000 pounds, slightly smaller than your tonne of 2,204.68 pounds. An ounce is 1/16th ounce (because it's based on a pint not a cup, remember). Non-metric sucks at small masses. People just use grams for small things like base metal coins unless they're really stupid. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 04:27, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * An acre more closely corresponds to the smallest area that looks like "land" when it's square and empty and you stand in that middle of it. It's what you can plow in one day with an animal. A hectare is a bit bigger. A kilometer is a bit small for road measurements and larger geography. A mile is better. Fahrenheit has a more useful distribution of degrees for weather. Who needs all those Celsiuses above 58 or something? They never happen. It's a waste of space. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 04:35, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * So, I can plough 1 acre of land with an animal (presumably a hourse or an ox)?  Gee that's real good to know.  Nobody in this country has used animals to pull ploughs for about 100 years.  We use tractors with a power output of hundreds of horses.  Same in the USA.  In fact the USA produced the first commercial tractor.  You can always find a few minor advantages in almost anything.  You might say the 1952 Chevrolet is better because it has strap handles in the back for Granny to hang on to. They don't put the strap handles in now. I liked the 2-way tailgates on the 1970's Ford station wagons.  However, I'll stay with my 2007 GM car - it's very considerably safer, has a lot more acceleration, much better fuel consumption, much better paint, far better handling, really good stero system standard, etc etc. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 06:33, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Americans are not opposed to using the metric system voluntarily. Our drug dealers have long sold cocaine by the gram and a "kilo" is a significant quanity of marijuana. Our wines are sold in 750 milliliter bottles. And in the old days long before digital, many serious photographers used 35 mm cameras. What Americans object to is being forced to use the metric system. The metric system is neither sacred nor inherently superior in every situation. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  07:12, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That sounds a bit straw man-like to me. Who has ever tried to force the USA to go metric?  How would they go about actually achieving that goal?  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  07:24, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The Australian IP contributor has been extolling the virtues of compulsory metrification. That's not, of course, a question of forcing the United States to go metric, from outside the United States, but it is still a matter of force.  --Trovatore (talk) 07:27, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * "The Australian contributor" is our old friend WickWack, incidentally. Perhaps it's time to bring this discussion to a close.  Tevildo (talk) 09:26, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Tevildo thinks, apparently, that there is only one person in Australia, called "WickWack". Actually, there's about 25 million of us. About one tenth the population of USA, so for every 10 American contributors to Wikipedia, there ought to be one Australian. Or perhaps "WickWack" is Tevildo's term for Australians. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 14:15, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Your MO and specific location say "WickWack". ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 16:02, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * , that would involve laws and regulations requiring that traffic signs give speed limits in kilometers per hour, rather than miles per hour. Or that signs must state that a large city is so many kilometers away, instead of so many miles away. Or selling gasoline and milk measured in liters, not gallons. Or meat, fish and vegetables weighed by the kilogram, not by the pound. Or that tape measures must be denominated in decimal fractions of a meter, not feet, inches and fractions. And so on. Force of law and regulation is the "force" I was referring to. Americans rebelled quite decisively against such laws when they were tried here a few decades back. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  07:57, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That doesn't really seem to answer the question though. Why are Americans happy to be forced to used their old units mostly adopted from the British despite the numerous flaws of said units, but unhappy to be forced to use the metric system which is better in most ways (particularly since for better or worse, nearly all modern human cultures use the decimal number system for everyday use)? That ultimately is at the hard of the question and saying "they preferred to be forced to use the old system rather than forced to use the metric system" isn't a particularly satisfying answer. It also doesn't really address the issue of why Americans are unhappy to use the metric system voluntarily in most areas of life where it is mostly unrelated to "force" again despite the numerous advantages which the rest of the world have noticed, since in most countries regardless of how they go there, few people want to return to any old system and think the US units are frankly dumb. Again that is at the hard of the question. (Personally I think several earlier answers have largely address these issues, but the point remains, your comments don't really seem to have helped answer the question.) Nil Einne (talk) 08:55, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The original question assumes facts not in evidence. Cullen disputed the premise of the question, pointing out, correctly, that Americans do in fact use the metric system quite happily.  We're just opposed (most of us) to having it written into law.  I think that was a useful response to the question, though, as you say, it was not directly an "answer" to it. --Trovatore (talk) 09:14, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That an acre is 1 day of plowing with an animal is a lot more well known in the US (even in the city) than in metric countries (yes, ox or horse). I think that's how the unit started - it's 1 chain times 1 furlong exactly (a furlong is a "furrow-long" — the length of the furrow in the field) the 20x200 meter field shape was because turning the plough around was a pain in the ass. A hectare is what 2.59 acres or something? If I started the metric system I would've made the decimeter the base unit, or maybe 100 millionth of the meridian or circumference (20 or 40 centimeters). You used 10 millionth of the half meridian instead so it's 100 centimeters. One thing that metric is awesome for though (besides huge, tiny or scientific measurements) is cubic measurements (1 L = 10 cm3 = 1000 mL = 1 kg H2O ¤  1 m3 = 1000 L = 1000 kg H2O = 1 t H2O  ¤  1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 g H2O). It's still inferior for culinary use. I'm not sure if converting by 10s, 100s, etc. is a big a benefit as metric proponents say it is. If everyone in Britain can get good at driving a freaking clutched car and converting by 12s, 20s, and 240s then humans can get used to converting by the 2s, 3s, 4s, 8s, 12s, 16s and 36s in US measures if they grew up with it. Metric is part of the culture of 99% of the countries now though so they shouldn't change back and Customary with a little metric where the Customary is unusually cumbersome is part of American culture still and shouldn't be eradicated like Welsh (or Manx, Scottish, Cornish, Gaelic etc.). Americans don't mind to put skyscrapers everywhere yet love low-tech crap like classic rock, 8 liter V8's and Republicans (and inches). Europeans like to keep their surroundings historical (not that that's a bad thing) yet love advanced things like electronic music, metric, and progressivism. Even their logos, news programs and stuff look awesome and futuristic. The high tech stuff is probably a foil for all the pre-industrial stuff they see all day. Potato/potahto. We're the last country of any import to use traditional units, so what's so wrong with that? (They were teaching me 5,280 feet in a mile at age 6, too. That probably seems ridiculous to you) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 08:05, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The advantage of the metric system is very much more than the 10^n multiplier - though that it is in itself a strong advantage. The "customary units" system as the USA calls it involves lots of weird looking constants in just about every calculation, and you need a calculator, or pencil & paper to do them long hand. In the SI metric system there are no weird constants, just the occaisonal pi. In lots and lots of routine calculations, you can (if you were taught properly in primary school) do them in your head.  And the SI metric system facilitates dimensional analysis, which is incredibly powerfull at showing errors in formulas, whether incorrectly remembered or worked out on the spot.
 * There's metric and there's metric. All metric systems had x10^n multiplication, but as I said, that's only part of it. 100 years ago the Europeans used theh CGS metric system - an improvement over customary units. In the 1950's they changed to the MKS metric system, a worthwhile improvement over CGS. Then, on about 1970, the Europeans changed to the SI system, a minor improvement over MKS. So three lots on improvements in total over customary units.  And the silly Americans still stick with customary units.  Its a bit like as if Euros changing over the years from a horse to a 1920's car, then a 1950's car, then a 1970's car.  Getting better each time.  But the silly Americans are still saying "nobody forces us to do anything, we stay with our horses because we like them."  1.122.35.134 (talk) 09:29, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * It does not usually require paper or a calculator! When you grow up with it it's way easier than it looks. Even more so for people who use them frequenter than average like carpenters and builders. They would soon instantly know how many feet it is when they see 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 90 or 96 inches and maybe higher and also the reverse. Even if you don't know the number exactly you would have a good estimate for how many yards in a mile (1,760) just because you drive all the time and the road signs are all in yards when it's less than a quarter mile (440 yards). And similarly for other things. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 09:52, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * And I'm sure that many Americans are perfectly capable of mentally converting any common metric units to the other common metric units. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 09:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * There is really no such thing as one system of measurement being better than another. It can be better for certain purposes, sure.  Use whatever works best for you, and then learn how to convert units, so you can talk to people who use different ones.  It's really not hard, and it's unreasonable for you to demand that others give up units that are convenient for them, just to save you some utterly trivial arithmetic. --Trovatore (talk) 09:34, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That paragraph is so true. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 09:52, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The US uses metrics where it makes sense to. But the argument that "everyone else uses it" is bogus - it's the conformist argument. Americans don't conform to someone else's system just because those someone-elses think we should. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 10:12, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The American assertion that they can't be forced to do something, and won't accept laws that make the metric system mandatory, is pretty daft when you look at the big picture. The USA used to have a very sound economy, because they used to make everything.  Now they make less and less.  They buy things from China, and borrow money from China.  So the big question is: why have they becaome so uncompetitive?  Not using the metric system is part of it. Forget silly old Granpa and his hogsheads, the metric system reduces the cost of doing commerce, reduces the cost of research and development, and reduces the cost of making things.  Though I admit that customary units is only a small part of the reasons why manufacturing in the USA is now uncompetitive. The big reason is that, yes, they passed laws about polution and occupational health and safety that are beyond what other countries have - over the top in fact. Over a certain point, safety cannot be increased by legislation - it just increases costs. So on the one hand they reject a law that would make things easier (metrication) but totally accept environmental and OH&S laws that ruin them! Makes no sense at all.  And makes the claim above that they can't have a (good) law null and void. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 10:52, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Nobody forced virtually all other countries to go metric. They went metric because it simplifies things and lowers costs. Nobody is forcing America to go metric.  We just find it hard to understand why they won't. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 10:52, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * American companies, and indeed American consumers, don't accept that you could be prohibited from writing the words "ONE GALLON" on a container you're selling. Nor would they accept that you ought to be banned from selling exactly that much liquid, and required to sell more or less instead.  And though I don't know, I'm awfully skeptical that the Chinese accept any such ban either - their country isn't really renowned for business regulation - but as you say they have an export focus, so I feel sure they're willing to provide whatever units the rest of the world wants to buy in. Wnt (talk) 14:26, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * China is an SI metric country. Importers in other countries can have the products re-labelled or specially labelled (by the manufacturer) if they wish. Chinese compliance is tighter than the Japanese - a metric country but who has its own standards for many things. Foe example, China makes its' nuts and bolts to Euro metric standards, but the Japanese have some odd ones, that are metric, but not European metric. A bit like the British Association standard for small nuts and bolts - again, it's metric, but not standard metric, and incompatible. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 16:00, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Sorry, what's the improvement of MKS over CGS? There is the whole electrostatic versus electromagnetic difference between electrical unit definitions, but as MKS per se technically doesn't specify electrical units, that's not an intrinsic benefit. I'm not sure what other worthwhile improvements there are by using the metre over the centimetre while simultaneously going from the the gram to the kilogram. -- 160.129.138.186 (talk) 16:14, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * A question that I asked some time ago, which was never really answered, was "Why does the US use thousands of pounds when talking about trucks?" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Miscellaneous&oldid=627531150#Why_does_the_US_use_thousands_of_pounds_when_talking_about_trucks.3F So if the US was to go completely metric, would they refer to trucks in thousands of kilograms or tonnes? As an aside, I grew up in a metric country (Australia) and moved to Britain. Even after 20+ years, I still use metric every day. My recipe books are metric, my rulers and scales are metric, and I don't need to convert to the other system. Driving isn't a problem as the speedo is just a number and the appropriate speed is posted on the road. So long as the number on my speedo is the same as the posted number we're good! I find it funny when they say a car gets X miles per gallon, as you haven't been able to buy a gallon of petrol since the late 1980s. TrogWoolley (talk) 11:35, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * An interesting question, because when you look at all sorts of international standards & usage conventions, it seems that the USA just likes to do everything "the American way" i.e, different to the Europeans. There is seldom any real reason, they just do things differently. Since truck capacities and truck loads are called out in thousands of Kg just about everywhere, perhaps the Americans would do the same, as it is sensible, or perhaps they would go for tonnes, just to be different? 1.122.35.134 (talk) 11:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Here is an interesting article from only last year on this very topic. -- Jayron 32 12:43, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The "acres" given above are an example of something that will never change. If you look for a home in the U.S., most of the time you're looking at acre lots, half-acre lots ... and those lots are going to stay the same size, especially because as a consumer in many places you'd pretty much have to know someone in local government to be able to subdivide them.  If someone is selling ".404 hectares", the consumer will probably ask you how much that is in acres ... alternatively he might think he knows, in which case either he's right, in which case you've gained nothing, or he thinks it's more land than it is, in which case he might waste your time before he looks in more detail and changing his mind, or he might think it's less, in which case he goes right past your listing without stopping.  I don't see any way that listing property in hectares will result in anything but pain for the seller.  Even if a developer subdivides in odd-sized lots, there's no particular reason to use hectares. Wnt (talk) 14:37, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * And there's no particular reason to use acres. Do you measure your house floor area in acres? I guess not.  At one time, residential land in Australia was sold in approximate half-acre or quarter acre lots too. It was always approximate because town planning is and was always done "pre-calc", which means done on paper without regard for slopes, drainage, etc.  Then when the land is surveyed, the surveyor measures the actual on-the-slope area. I bet it works that way in the USA too, because it is so sensible. You can hardly expect the planners to know the exact area before its surveyed. But since we went metric decades ago, nobody under 60 years of age really knows what an acre is.  We mostly know what a hectare is (10,000 m2 - 100 good male adult paces on a side), and we know what a typical modern city r4 ("r4" is a standard town planning residential scheme - 4 dwellings per 1000 m2) land parcel is (160 to 250 m2), But, if you want a house of so many square meters floor area, the usual 85 m2 or so for a 2-car garage, room for the  x-many square metres swimming pool, and a yard for the bar-b-q, you can mentally tot it up in the blink of an eye and visuallise the how realtor's offering will stack up. No, it's rather the non-metric system that will cause the seller (and the buyer) pain. Note that the hectare is not an System Internationale unit, it is a semi-obsolete European unit. If the USA was to go metric, properly, they would be measuring land in square metres. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 15:42, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * House flooring is typically given in square feet. Lot size is typically given in acres or fractions thereof. Unless we plan to export land, there's no monetary reason to switch to square meters and hectares. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 16:00, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I thought so. So you have to convert acres to square feet in order to figure out how to use the land. Not a big deal perhaps, we know an acre is 43,560 square feet.  But why not measure both in the same units and make it easy? It's all these weird conversion factors in US customary units calculation that make mental arithmetic difficult and facilitate error.  1.122.35.134 (talk) 17:16, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Different units exist in different sizes to facility human understanding. Humans have a limited number sense, whereby there is a difficulty in internalizing and making meaning out of very large or very small numbers.  One could for example measure everything using a single unit, say the meter.  The problem becomes expressing the size of a bacteria, and the distance to Mars, only using meters interferes with people's ability to "internalize" such numbers in a way that makes sense to them.  Most people can only deal with numbers of a limited number of digits (say 3-4 digits on either side of the decimal place) before their brain can no longer intuitively connect the string of digits to its real size.  Thus, a measurement of 1,500 kilometers may be more meaningful to a person than 1,500,000 meters, or 1,500,000,000 millimeters, though they are all equivalent.  All measurements exist for the convenience of the people using them, people will tend to adopt a measurement system which is convenient for their own purposes.  Expressing small areas in square feet, and large areas in acres, is useful in this regard: people know how big a square foot is.  They know how big an acre is.  So for small numbers of each, they can visualize, for example what a 1500 square foot house should look like, and also what a 3 acre plot of land should look like.  The human brain has a harder time conceptualizing what 130,000 square feet looks like, or what 0.034 acres looks like, even though they are equivalent.  The purpose of different sized units has little to do with how they facilitate conversion (though, I fully agree that the metric system wins hands down there), but with how the different sized units facilitate understanding of the connection between size and number.  For further reading on this topic, these articles are all about the problems with the human mind and conceptualizing large numbers:, .  Also related is the notion of The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, which is the landmark paper on the limits of human information processing; the number of digits in a number that a person can make "sense" of is closely related to (though not directly addressed by) the limits discussed in that paper.  The way the human mind estimates the size of things related to number is called Subitizing, and while there are techniques which can be used to "train" the mind how to do it better, natural human limits on the ability to do so is limited.  That's why people don't express everything in the same units.  -- Jayron 32 17:37, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, crop yields in America are usually given as bushels per acre, while crop yields in Europe (and maybe elsewhere) are usually given as kilograms per hectare. Hectares are alive and well, unless they are no longer growing crops in the rest of the world. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 16:07, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The Hectare is not an SI unit. Look it up and check.  The title deeds for the land I own are in square metres.  The town planning scheme maps, sewage and drainage plans, etc are all in metres and square metres.  Nothing official is in hectares.  I suspect this is part of the problem with discussing this kind of issue.  Americans think there are two systems - their system (which they call "customary units") and the "metric" system.  In fact, there are many metric systems - local systems, CGS, MKS, and SI (= MKS improved).  European experience and carefull thought by their standards bodies led in an evolutionary way to SI - the World standard since about 1970. If you are going to try and mix old metric systems units up with SI, or confuse them for SI, then naturally you will get less advantage than you will with full compliance with SI. A bit of googling showed that Australian farmers variously rate their yields in kg/Hectare, and tons/hectare. kg/m2 would be more compliant with SI (for wheat, 0.2 to 0.3 kg/m2 is typical), but it probably doesn't much matter, it's a dead easy conversion (1 tonne/hectare equates to 0.1 kg/m2), yields in any given geographic areas should be much the same, and when they sell it, the grain buyer is only interested in total weight and moisture content. 1.122.35.134 (talk) 17:16, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Fellow contributors, may I implore a few of you to pause, research some referenced answers, and then either resume this discussion or relocate it to a different place?
 * Here is The United States and the Metric System, published by NIST (our Government's agency that standardizes weights and measures, part of our Department of Commerce). Some facts: publications of the Federal Government have been using metric-like units since at least 1800; the metric system is actually used as the standard to define the "conventional" units like inches and pounds.  At several times in the 1970s and 1980s, specific legislation was attempted to mandate metric units: for example, see the history of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975.
 * The original question asked why many people are opposed to metric units; this is a faulty premise. We have used metric units for a long time for many tasks.  We do not use them for every task.  Sometimes, the metric system is just less useful, particularly when decimalized math is not relevant to the problem.
 * There has been a lot of discussion of miles, acres, and gallons... but bear in mind that Systeme Internationale is a complete set of physical units. Has anyone ever tried to meter a camera's photographic exposure using candelas?  That's the SI unit.  Give it a shot some day.  There is more to this story than simple conversion between cubic-centimeters-of-water and grams-of-water.
 * Nimur (talk) 17:12, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 *  We do not use them for every task. Sometimes, the metric system is just less useful, particularly when decimalized math is not relevant to the problem.  Ah!  That must explain why:Mars Probe Lost Due to Simple Math Error where $billions of astronautical space stuff was lost due to   not using the  metric system  for every task.--Aspro (talk) 21:22, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The Mars Climate Orbiter was lost to a failure of integration testing. It happened to be units, but it could have been any number of other things.
 * To be fair, integration testing is a huge pain in the butt, at least an order of magnitude harder than unit testing, and you're never going to catch everything. Anything you can do to reduce the number of potential problems that integration testing is expected to catch is all to the good, and unit standards across the whole project might arguably have helped with that.  Still.  When the stakes are that high, you gotta do the testing.  That's the main takeaway.  Units are a secondary issue. --Trovatore (talk) 21:29, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Exactly: there is no reason to believe that the subsystems would have worked together "if only" everything had been in metric. NASApublished a series of technical findings that provide a little more color and depth to this story.  A few quotes that resonate: "the small mission navigation team was oversubscribed and its work did not receive peer review by independent experts."  "Some communications channels among project engineering groups were too informal."  "The process to verify and validate certain engineering requirements and technical interfaces between some project groups, and between the project and its prime mission contractor, was inadequate."
 * Like many accidents, the failures in the Mars Climate Orbiter mission were many, and they persisted because of human factors and organizational dynamics. It is overly-simplistic - and not very instructive - to blame a mission failure on one single defect in design: complex systems have many defects, and they are still expected to work correctly.  Nimur (talk) 16:16, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Wrong comparison. Candela is the unit for emitted luminous power. No wonder it is not used photography. Use SI unit cd/m2. Practicle real life eample: Light Meter--Aspro (talk) 21:35, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Did you specifically look for a meter that exclusively reports non-SI units, or was that an accident?
 * If you want a real scientific instrument to measure light level, I recommend the Konica Minolta T10M and its newer series follow-ons. You can't buy it on Amazon: you'll have to talk to a real sales representative to get a price quote.   Nimur (talk) 16:16, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, the foot candles thing. US literature just convert ISO 2720:1974 into Foot Candles so as not to confuse John Doe but the meters conform to  SI unit cd/m2. Look at where you cameras/ light meters  are made and they will conform to an ISO standard -if they are not an antiques.  Yet it goes back to my point, that it is the illumination upon the film (candles per unit area) that maters  not the luminance in 'Candles' of the subject). --Aspro (talk) 17:28, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Cameras are horrible. The angle of field of view for a combination of a modern digital camera (still or video) and lens is generally given as 35 mm equivalent focal length.  In this, the name "35 mm" refers to the size of a particular once popular photographic film standard together with padding.  It is hard to guess the actually used image capture size that type of film uses, and that's the conversion factor for this style of specification.  Some saner camera data sheets also give the angle of field of view, but for many, the equivalent focal length is all there is, and I personally always have trouble translating that.  &#x2013; b_jonas 10:46, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Indeed. And, the moment you throw in the subjective bits, like photopic curves in photometry, all units become meaningless.  Cameras are terrible scientific instruments, yet we use them anyway - so somehow, we manage to engineer and manufacture them...  Nimur (talk) 16:16, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Jumping on this gripe sidetrack (sorry): SI units would seem more consistent to me if a coulomb (or replacement unit) were 1 mol of electrons.  Instead there's some goofy definition of the ampere that everything is based off of that might as well be a new Imperial unit for all the sense it makes. Wnt (talk) 10:57, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it clarifies the question if I see what feels so wrong about using two systems simultaneously. (“Metric“ is the wrong word, I think; for example, because Fahrenheits are also part of the problem, as the problem is intuitively perceived). Just two things: excessive work and absurdity of the situation. When you use just one system of units (in the most naive sense of the word: just an internal method that suggests intuitive marks about how big a certain kind of quantity is), you can immediately “feel” how big a number is, that process does not involve any specially designed multiplication. Nothing that follows any special rules of multiplication and needs to be driven along by your will as such multiplication. When you are forced by your neighbourhood to use other systems as well, you often acquire the problem of conscious conversion, which could have been avoided. Someone needs to ask himself: “he said thirty feet; how to convert that number into metres to know intuitively what that quantity means for me? am I sure I converted the number properly, or he really means a giant that high? feets are so artificial, so unnatural…”. At the end of the day, when people have two systems of units, there is the question why couldn't they have more of them? There is no inherent advantage about any system at all, that is, no such advantage that is practically important in our daily lives; so, being forced by someone's neighbourhood is the only reason to add a certain system of units for use in your intuition, that is to learn it; so the final question is, “whom should one comply with?”. Since units of measurement are not like natural language: you need to comply with someone to achieve practical results; so the question is, who is the right guy, how is he described… That is why using two systems simultaneously looks absurd when you think of it: it looks like an unfinished attempt to resolve questions of power despite excessive work that is entailed from such ever unfinished resolution…


 * PS: I wonder why this question is in the section on “Science”, what it has to do with science. Perhaps “Humanities” would be a better place for it? Mightbe, there it would find some better answers than here… - Evgeniy E. (talk) 13:59, 12 December 2015 (UTC)


 * How about some facts:
 * Most countries in the world have switched over to the metric system.
 * According to Metric_system, in 2007 only Liberia, Burma and the US did not. Libia has since switched over, and in 2011 Burma began in the process of switching.  It's now believed that the US is now the only country in the world that hasn't switched over.
 * The population of the world is 7.3 billion, only 0.3 billion people live in countries that don't use metric.
 * Many Americans believe that a switch to metric would be a good thing - so the number of "hold-outs" is even smaller than 0.3 billion.
 * When some Americans argue that non-metric is somehow better, they are a tiny minority of the world's population.
 * If the US 'hold-outs' were correct, then you would expect that a significant number of people in other countries would be demanding a return to the non-metric system.
 * Not one country has ever switched back - and outside of the US, there appear to be no significant groups of people demanding a reversion to pre-metric systems. The only counter-example I could find was that highway projects in Kentucky and California were decided to de-metricate because of the cost of doing business with contractors who were still using non-metric units.
 * It follows that whatever objections that Americans have to using metric has to be either cultural or historical...a form of Vendor lock-in.
 * When one group of people use metric and another does not - then when they interact, you run into problems. When countries of the world were less connected, this was a smaller problem - but it's getting worse over time.
 * Within the US, scientific applications now use the metric system - so even strictly within the US, there are incompatibilities and difficulties.
 * The SOHO solar observatory came close to being lost due to a metric/non-metric screwup - but nobody learned a lesson from that because in the following year...
 * American taxpayers lost $328 million due to a metric/no-metric screwup in the Mars Climate Orbiter.
 * The Gimli Glider incident came very close to killing 200 people due to a metric/non-metric screwup.
 * The confusion between 'g' (meaning grams, outside the US) and 'g' (meaning 'grains', inside the US medical system) has resulted in at least one death that we know about - the number of deaths and injuries that we don't know about is probably much greater.
 * The oft-cited reason for the US failing to switch to the metric system because of cost is overrated. A gradual change-over, such as has been happening in the UK over the last 30 years, is almost imperceptible.  The UK has not yet completed the process - for example, replacing millions of road signs with distances in kilometers instead of miles has not yet been done.  Since 1795, when France was the first to adopt it, every single country in the world (with the exception of the US) has successfully transitioned.  It clearly can be done - even by large, industrialized nations.
 * SteveBaker (talk) 15:35, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The argument that "when one group of people use metric and another does not.... you run into problems" cuts both ways, as it means that conversion to metric introduces such problems. The incident at Gimli, which you may find is not actually "within the US", is a perfect example of this.  Of course this doesn't mean that conversion is necessarily a bad thing, but it does mean that financial costs are not the only ones. --76.69.45.64 (talk) 00:56, 15 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Doctors don't use grains anymore if I'm not mistaken. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 15:51, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * And Intestate 19 had metric until the signs were changed back. The road is just a short spur to Mexico where they'll be using metric anyway and has no major US settlements besides the terminus (and that city is not that big even by Arizona standards). Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 15:59, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Imperial is more widespread than some people might think.  In aviation worldwide heights are measured in feet.   Precious metals are sold in ounces (that's your Troy ounce, which is bigger than the grocer's variety).   Interchanges between units are logical and easily visualised (a gallon of water weighs ten pounds and one fluid ounce of water weighs, unsurprisingly, one ounce).   Britain saw through the metrication fraud at the turn of the millennium - why, MPs asked, at the dawn of the new age should Britons go to jail for selling apples by the pound?   So they dismantled the whole ridiculous structure, and Britons are free to sell their apples by the pound if they want (though trading standards will jail them if the scale they use isn't calibrated in metric). 80.44.164.220 (talk) 17:10, 12 December 2015 (UTC)


 * What a load of penis envy. When Trump becomes president, not only will he build a wall and force Mexico to pay for it, he'll recapture Churchill's bust, corner the market on soccer balls, offer CCC breasts to all who request them, and have the human body temperature reset to a refreshing 72 degrees, an no I don't mean Kelvin. μηδείς (talk) 23:09, 12 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Have to disagree with μηδείς and agree with Donald. Churchill should return to the Oval Office but Donald Trump's CCC coiffure does make him look top heavy. Wonder he doesn’t fall over in the wind. As to what should or should not lay below the décolletage – I offer no comment. --Aspro (talk) 19:19, 13 December 2015 (UTC)


 * When Trump becomes president, it'll be the death penalty for killing a cop. Suicidal individuals will then go out and kill cops so as to force the state to put them to death. The threat of execution does not deter those who feel their lives have no meaning. But Trump is not wise enough to know that. Akld guy (talk) 05:58, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * State laws about murder and capital punishment vary, and the US president has no jurisdiction. Also, there's no way to know who might be inhibited from committing violent crimes due to fear of the consequences. We only know about the ones who go ahead and do it. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 08:00, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Have you not been following the news? Even here in NZ, Trump's execution-for-cop-killing made the headlines last week when he mooted it as a possible campaign platform. Akld guy (talk) 10:58, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, he says a lot of things, many of which are not going to happen. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 15:02, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

Bird identificaton
Can anybody identify the bird in the two pictures, pic one, pic two. It was found in Ulukhaktok, possibly yesterday but I'm not sure yet. It has webbed feet so it's obviously some sort of waterfowl. Could it be a guillemot? I don't have any measurements but the glove would be about 25 cm long. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 11:08, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * It was found yesterday. Of course normally the only birds left at this time of year are snowy owls and ravens. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 14:02, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * It turns out to be a juvenile common eider. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 16:09, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, a duck is much more difficult to identify when it doesn't walk like a duck and quack like a duck anymore. &#x2013; b_jonas 10:13, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Are smiling faces more attractive than not-smiling faces?
It seems to me that, when people smile, their faces become more attractive or prettier. Is it me, or is there an objective truth behind this? 140.254.136.179 (talk) 15:40, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes; see Study: Smiling Makes You More Attractive, and referring to earlier research, Eye contact and a smile will win you a mate. Alansplodge (talk) 16:14, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, smiling watches is an interesting fact about "smiling".216.80.117.134 (talk) 16:26, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Note however that these are recent studies, and that it is not necessarily a universal. Smiling was rarely used for portraits as it was considered mischievous or even the un-trustworthy. Extract: "By the 17th century in Europe, it was a well-established fact that the only people who smiled broadly, in life and in art, were the poor, the lewd, the drunk, the innocent, and the entertainment." So smiling was not necessarily considered attractive to all parts of society. --Lgriot (talk) 12:55, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Why is it so hard to walk on all fours?
I tried to walk on all fours. I just couldn't do it. My legs were much longer than my arms, and walking was just not comfortable, and running seemed impossible. 140.254.136.179 (talk) 15:48, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Because humans evolved over time to have a body organization that favors Bipedalism. How this came to happen to YOU in particular is covered at Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism.  -- Jayron 32 16:14, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * However, many reports of feral children suggest that they preferred to walk on all-fours, so possibly these skeletal adaptations can be overcome with practice. Alansplodge (talk) 16:20, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * And I found a documentary called The Family that Walks on All Fours. Alansplodge (talk) 16:38, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The singular of "data" is not "anecdote". By that I mean that one human (or a small number of countable humans) likes to walk on all fours is not meaningful when considering the properties of humanity.  See Generalizing from the particular for the problem with such thinking.  -- Jayron 32 16:40, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Alan said it was possible, which even one case demonstrates to be true. As for generalizing it to the entire human population, if your argument is that it's possible for some humans, but not all, then you would need to demonstrate why.  For example, are the proportions of those who walk on all fours significantly different ?  StuRat (talk) 17:10, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * As noted, being possible does not mean it's useful or relevant to drive behavior or understanding. For example, it is literally possible that I can win the lottery tomorrow, but that fact does not mean it is useful for me to buy a lottery ticket.  Quite to the contrary, the data makes it clear that doing so makes me worse off, because statistically, I'm far more likely to get poorer, and often significantly so, merely by thinking that the possible is what should drive behavior and not the likely.  Studying and explaining the likely is a more useful act than the possible in this case, since the OP asked why HE couldn't walk on all fours.  If the OP were asking what they could do to improve their finances, you would NOT recommend he start buying lottery tickets, you'd instead recommend learning about how most people improve their finances in reliable ways.  For exactly the same reason, when wanting to answer why the OP walks the way he does, we take the bulk of humanity into account, not the freak occurrences.  -- Jayron 32</b> 17:29, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * You are still assuming there is something fundamentally different about those cases, beyond just having practiced, despite providing no references to back up that assumption. Occam's razor applies here, meaning assumptions of differences require actual proof.  StuRat (talk) 18:21, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * I've made no assumptions. Instead, I've refused to engage in the validity of generalizing from the particular, a well demonstrated fallacy.  Which I did reference to so you could read about.  You, on the other hand, continue to assert that it's a valid means of drawing conclusions, in direct contravention of accepted logic.  Also, you'll note, that I provided references to answer the OP's question directly, so they could read about it and draw their own conclusions, and did so from the beginning.  Which is something you last did...lemme check... never... -- Jayron <b style="color:#090">32</b> 19:50, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * That you are unable to see the assumptions you have made is not something I can correct with a reference. StuRat (talk) 04:43, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * I'd like to see one or more picture of feral children actually walking on all fours, as opposed to "reports" of it. The average infant is likely to crawl on hands and knees, as even at a very young age their legs are longer than their arms. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:23, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Oxana_Malaya has lots of photos and videos of her, e.g. here on youtube . She does seem to use her knees more than her feet when moving around, though sometimes she does use a gait similar to the The Family that Walks on All Fours, which is definitely a two-handed, two-footed "walking on all fours". That family really is a fascinating case, I recommend watching at least a few minutes at the link above to see them walk. SemanticMantis (talk) 19:27, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The question was "why is it so hard" not "is it possible" so I'm with Jayron here, just because some feral children and one family "do it", doesn't really have any relevance to the question "why is it so hard?". Vespine (talk) 21:22, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * I'm mostly with Vespine and Jayron32 here except that I would say that I think the links and comments from Alanspodge were mildly useful to the discussion. While it didn't answer the question of "Why is it so hard to walk on all fours?", they did relate to the points the OP made in their comment in that it does seem some people, perhaps most people, are able to do it better than the OP. The sources don't demonstrate this so we have no idea, but while I only skimmed through the video, I didn't see anything to suggest they had any unusual genetic body types that made walking on all fours easier, nor with feral children. (It possible their parts of their bodies developed in such a way to make it easier, due to practicing it since childhood.) This doesn't mean it's ever easy or particularly suited to the human body type. While it's possible this is bias from experience, the family odd style of walking still didn't seem to work that well. StuRat's comments do seem unnecessary and unhelpful. Nil Einne (talk) 22:11, 10 December 2015 (UTC)


 * You said "I didn't see anything to suggest they had any unusual genetic body types that made walking on all fours easier". I agree.  Jayron, on the other hand, in saying we can't assume that all people have this capability is suggesting precisely that there is something fundamentally different about the people in the video that makes them capable of this, while other humans are not.  I simply asked for a source to support this assumption. StuRat (talk) 04:50, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Your summary of your and Jayron32's comments isn't particularly accurate. Nil Einne (talk) 08:35, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Per Nil Einne, I didn't say, to quote you, "there is something fundamentally different about the people in the video that makes them capable of this, while other humans are not." I said 1) we can make no assumption in any direction.  To refuse to commit without evidence is NOT the same thing as to commit to the negative assumption, as you are claiming I have done.  What I am saying, have said, and will continue to say is that there is no position to be taken, either in the affirmative or negative, on any assertion without evidence.  Not that you'll listen to this, because your past and continuing behavior for years has indicated that you aren't terribly interested in improving your understanding of the world, but I will repeated it just to prove to the world that you have been informed of this: There is a difference between not committing to a stance and committing to the negative position.  Learn the difference if you want to not look foolish.  2) I also said that the point is not terribly relevant to answering the question and gave sound links to logical issues with using anecdotes as evidence for making generalized statements about humanity.  -- Jayron <b style="color:#090">32</b> 11:38, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * You said the observation "is not meaningful". If you meant it "may or may not be, and more study would be needed to establish if it is", then you should have said that. StuRat (talk) 15:38, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The observation is not meaningful to answering the question. It may be meaningful to answering a different question.  -- Jayron <b style="color:#090">32</b> 15:55, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Please note that I wasn't disputing Jayron's pertinent links, I just thought it would be interesting to see the other side of the coin. Thanks to those who have spoken in my defence. Alansplodge (talk) 08:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Aye, I understood. I was only responding to Bugs' comment about pictures, of course we're bipedal and that's the main answer, but that doesn't mean we can't share additional relevant references for context and discuss slightly tangential issues (e.g. feral children) SemanticMantis (talk) 14:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Even if the curvature of the human spine, which becomes less flexible as we age were not against the practice, and even if the relative lengths and flexibility of our arms versus our legs didn't make it difficult, the placement of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull, rather than the back of the skull would force our faces downwards and cause us to have to arch or our our necks quite uncomfortably. Given that, as a child until adolescence I did regularly go up stairs on all fours rather regularly (not in public, where I was admonished); but climbing a 45 degree angle makes a huge difference.  Even that was more along the lines of makebelieve than any sort of necessity or even actual convenience--for instance I certainly didn't descend that way. μηδείς (talk) 17:15, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

Concentration of minerals in the Earth crust
We know how our solar system came about, it started with an explosion of a supernova that blew out enormous amount of hydrogen, maybe just a mix of protons and electrons, and perhaps some helium. Along with that it blew out for months or perhaps years some gamma radiation. As a result heavy elements were synthesized. Then the gravity helped to create a central point and some chunks of material began to rotate around it. There was this proto-planet Earth and after a few million years another big chunk slammed into it thus creating the moon. I assume the Earth liquefied because of the blow but then slowly cooled. Why do we have concentration of minerals in the Earth crust? It would be logical to assume that ALL elements should be distributed equally everywhere like when you drop a piece of sugar in a tea glass and stir it thoroughly. I think it is true for aluminum if I am not mistaken. Instead we have places where the elements like copper, iron and others are plentiful making industrial mining profitable. In Russian Ural Mountains there is a mountain that consists entirely of magnetized iron. It won the World War II for them. They converted the chunks of the mountain into T-34s right there. Why is it so? Why do we have copper deposits in some places but not others. The total chaos of creation should have mixed elements equally through the Earth and this is clearly not the case. Thanks --AboutFace 22 (talk) 23:55, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Have a look at Ore genesis. Dolphin  ( t ) 00:25, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * See The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance, and Distribution by P. A. Cox, and come back if you have any complaints. This book is worth its weight in gold, although you need not spend so much as its weight in aluminium to acquire it. μηδείς (talk) 04:20, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * For why the Earth isn't homogeneous, try Planetary differentiation. Mikenorton (talk) 12:48, 11 December 2015 (UTC)


 * We have an article on Magnitogorsk, which alas is very short on geology. For specifics information about the raising of the mountains during an arc-continent collision see, which is freely accessible and very detailed... except about how the iron fits into the picture, which it discusses not at all.  (the general idea is discussed at forearc but I am wary that I may misunderstand some vital details)  The Cox reference suggested above is a great idea; regrettably Ошибка: не удалось открыть страницу. Wnt (talk) 13:45, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * This link says that the Magnitogorsk deposit is a magnetite skarn, so formed by the effects of hydrothermal fluids driven by heating around an intrusion, interacting with existing sedimentary rocks, particularly limestones. Mikenorton (talk) 11:49, 12 December 2015 (UTC)


 * Not directly related to your central question, but your description of supernovas is not really correct. Supernovas don't "[blow] out for months or perhaps years some gamma radiation", unless by that you're talking about the photons produced by the supernova traveling away through space (which will of course travel until they hit something, which for any individual photon could take billions of years, or never happen). The supernova explosion itself takes a few seconds at most. Supernovas do create heavier elements in the explosion event, but many elements heavier than helium are created inside stars during their lives by fusion reactions. See nucleosynthesis. And here's Crash Course Astronomy on the lives and deaths of high-mass stars. --71.119.131.184 (talk) 18:36, 11 December 2015 (UTC)