Wikipedia:School and university projects/Psyc3330 w12gpVM/sandbox

What is Reminiscence?
Reminiscence has been described as “the volitional or non-volitional act or process of recollecting memories of one self in the past”. In other words, it involves the recalling and re-experiencing of one's life events. This involves having an intact autobiographical memory in order to be able to recall certain life events. How meaningful the reminisce process ends up being depends on how meaningful the memories being recalled are. Ways to make these memories more meaningful are to ask questions which suggest the importance of the event as well as using historical materials from ones past.

There are different types of reminiscence which can take place. The two main subtypes are intrapersonal and interpersonal reminiscence. Intrapersonal takes a cognitive stance and occurs individually. Interpersonal takes more of a conversational side and is a group-based therapy. Reminiscence can then be further broken down into three specific types which are: information, evaluation, and obsessive. Information reminiscence is done to be able to enjoy the retelling of stories from one’s past. This type can also be used to help someone who may be lacking interest in his or her life and relationships. The ability to recall good memories can help them remember what they do have to be happy about. Evaluative reminiscence is the main type of reminiscence therapy as it is based off of Dr. Robert Butler's life review. This process involves recalling memories throughout one’s entire life and sharing these stories with other people. Often this is done within group therapy. Obsessive reminiscence occurs when somebody needs to be able to let go of any stress of guilt that may be lingering. By working through these issues it allows them to be at peace with themselves. Reminiscence can also help families deal with the death of a loved one by sharing stories with each other.

Currently there is a bit of a debate going on for the main reason why reminiscence is used. These two main ideas are disengagement theory and ego integrity. Often as people become older they tend to remove themselves from the society around them. Using reminiscence allows them to feel as if they have a purpose in society by sharing their life lessons and stories. Ego integrity is the process by which older people are able to come to an understanding and satisfaction of their life towards the end of it. They are able to look back over their life and be proud of what they have accomplished. Both of these ideas have the ability to work with each other as well as stand on their own. Depending on the type of reminiscence a person needs is the best way to determine if disengagement theory or ego integrity is being used.

History of Reminiscence
Before the late 1950’s reminiscence was seen as a negative symptom which often lead to mental deterioration. Erik Erikson introduced his concept of the eight stages of psychosocial development. This involved the progression of one’s life and development from birth until death. The last stage known as late adulthood, brought up the idea of integrity vs. despair. At this stage it becomes important for one to look back on one’s life with satisfaction before they die. This is where Dr. Robert Butler came in. In 1963 he published a paper on the critical points surrounding the importance of life review and reminiscence. The next advancement in this area was done by Charles Lewis in 1971. Lewis was able to create the first experimental study of reminiscence. Lewis wanted to look at how at any cognitive changes that may occur form reminiscence as well as how people perceive themselves. This experiment proved to be worthwhile as in the following years this are became very popular to research. In the following years, research on reminiscence was focused on the functions and benefits of reminiscence. In 1978 The Department of Health and Social Security started a project called “The Reminiscence Aids Project”. This project was done in order to start reminiscence as a therapy process. Finally in the 1980’s reminiscence therapy was recognized by intuitions and was begun to be used as group therapy. Reminiscence therapy has continued to be an area of research to this day.

Future Directions
An important note for the future of this research, is the need for a standardization of methods. As it stands there are currently many different techniques used to achieve reminiscence therapy as well as different ways to analyze the data. This is where the biggest separation within this field of study occurs. This lack of connection between theory and research may stem from Butler's early work in the field. Butler used a psychodynamic perspective which is hard to empirically test.