Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/US Guideline

This is a guideline for the structure of city articles on Wikipedia, as established through the years by consensus of WikiProject Cities. This guideline was constructed specifically to cover all community types in the United States (city / town / village / borough / unincorporated community / ghost town / other historical naming variations), although it could be used on virtually any other city in the world with some minor modifications.

The order of sections is also completely optional, and sections may be moved around to a different order based on the needs of their city. Editors are strongly encouraged, however, to at least begin with the lead and infobox (if any), followed by history, geography, demographics, and economy, since these sections have some good basic information that might be sought after by readers first. Beyond that, editors working on city articles are advised to come to a consensus that works best for the city in question.

While it is just a guideline and there are no requirements to follow it in editing, it contains some of the basic elements of a city article, as well as useful tips that would help to bring the article to good article or featured article status.

For cities in Canada, you may wish to consult this guideline, and for Japan, this guideline.

Infobox
Editors should use Template:Infobox settlement.

The "red dot" maps for cities (found in the infobox, if any) are being produced by a number of Wikipedians.

Suggested sections
The introductory section should introduce the article about the city, serving as a concise overview of the article, establishing context, summarizing the most important points, and explaining why the subject is interesting or notable.

This section should follow the guidelines specified under WP:LEAD. Additionally, a couple of items should be included in the lead section for city articles, including:
 * Name of city and location in state.
 * Community type. For incorporated communities, the legal term defined by each state shall be used, such as city, town, village, borough.  Eleven states use only "city" as the legal term for all incorporated communities, even for tiny populations in communities that have significally declined over time, thus the term "city" should still be used in those states instead of other colorful descriptive terms.  For former communities that no longer exist (no buildings) especially zero population, the generic term ghost town should be used.  Where it applies, the term "county seat" should be included in addition to the community type, and a reminder that community types other than "city" may be a county seat in low-population rural areas of some states.
 * City proper population (decade US Census figures should be stated. census.gov is the official source for decennial census references for communities in the United States, thus 3rd party websites shouldn't be the primary reference for decade census. When appropriate, other reliable estimates may be included as a supplement to Census figures. See Demographics section below for related comments.)
 * Metro population (US Census figures should be used. When appropriate, other reliable estimates may be included as a supplement to Census figures.)
 * Brief note about historical roots/founding
 * Primary industries supporting its economy (e.g. service, manufacturing, tourism, etc ...)
 * Notable unusual characteristics and characteristics commonly associated with it

Aspects of the metropolitan area other than population should be mostly avoided here and relegated to the proper metro area articles.

Names of the city should be given in each of the city's official languages. Pronunciation of the city name should be in IPA as per Help:IPA/English, though can also be in the main local language(s) if thought helpful.

History
This section provides a narrative of the settlement's history. Topics that can be covered include, but are not limited to:
 * the origin of the name; etymology if appropriate
 * original inhabitants/pioneers
 * original settlements
 * occupying powers/transitions of power
 * population spikes, in both directions
 * recessions
 * reasons for settlement/growth
 * dominant activities
 * events that shaped the community

Most libraries will have books on local history. Be wary of loose interpretations, especially when using internet or promotional sources.

Note: History sections can easily become very long with more detail than appropriate for a general overview. While there is no strict rule on how long a section may be, as a general rule of thumb, more than 10 paragraphs or the use of subsection headings might indicate that it should be accompanied by a History of _ main article (using the main template). Only describe the minimum of what is required to understand where the community has come from and let the History of _ article give the details.

Avoid using second-level headings, since they tend to encourage excessive detail and length, and can disrupt cohesion.

Geography
This section provides a description of the physical geography. Topics that can be covered include, but are not limited to:
 * the settlement's context in the region
 * topography, natural features, landscape
 * cityscape and skyline
 * wildlife and vegetation
 * neighborhoods
 * infrastructure

The purpose is to describe the settlement as a geographic entity and space. Describe how the settlement exists in the larger region (for example, port on a river, harbor on a sea, agricultural community in the prairies, village in the mountains, suburb of city). The settlement as a geographic space is illustrated best with a map but can be explained by detailing the layout of the transportation infrastructure, neighborhoods, types of residential areas in relation to commercial or industrial spaces, etc.

If a coordinate (latitude and longitude) is included in the infobox, if there is any, remove any existing article coordinate from this section. There should be only one coordinate relating to the article present. (Other coordinates for points related to the topic are acceptable, such as historic locations of a moved settlement, relocated features, etc.) In the past, standard practice was to include several coordinate instances:  one in the infobox, one in Geography (often repeated in several notations), and once in the external links section using a Geolink or Mapit template. Such replication is confusing, uselessly redundant, and creates maintenance complexity. A coordinate formatted by or  links to all known map resources, so previous practice is unnecessary.

, many places still use population and area figures from the imported 2010 Census data. Check the latest Census for updated land and water area figures, which can be found in the Gazetteer Files or at in the place's G001 (Geographic Identifiers) table.

Climate
This section provides general climatic conditions that have been recorded in the community. The purpose is to describe what weather should be expected and why. Topics include average, high, and low temperatures, precipitation (rain, snow, or both), wind, etc. Numbers can sometimes be best displayed and understood using a table.

Demographics
This section provides a demographic profile of the community, and usually relies on census data. Suggested topics:
 * Do NOT include population projections past present time per WP:CRYSTAL.
 * The US Census should be the primary source of demographic data. If census estimates or other reliable sources of demographic data are included, the additional data should supplement – not replace – the most recent available data from the decennial census.
 * Do NOT be overly precise in generating numbers or percentages. Follow WP:MOSNUM and WP:NOT when presenting percentages with decimal places.
 * Historical population levels
 * Demographic shifts
 * Average ages
 * Ethnicities
 * Religion
 * Household size

Comparison with the larger region or state/province/county is useful.

Large quantities of numbers are best shown in graph or table form. It is important here to strike a balance between listing raw data and describing what it means. For some cities one demographic aspect, such as religion or ethnicities, can be important enough to dedicate an entire paragraph to explaining its meaning and implications for the city. When tabulating demographic data, topics should not be mixed. Careful wording should be used to avoid the appearance of bigoted or racist views.

The automated demographic information (i.e. "As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there were") should be removed as more location-specific information is added in dynamic prose.

Economy
Presumably the majority of the people in the city work for a living, what do they do? What industries/sectors can support so many people? Who are the biggest employers? How did the economy take form and change over time?

It is important to maintain a professional and neutral discussion here: avoid spam. Though often unintentional promotional language and formatting slips in, be conscious of words and phrases here and use footnotes appropriately (not as an excuse for an external link). If a particular company has been crucial to the economy then discuss it but avoid listing company names for no other reason than just mentioning them.

Certain large sectors of the city's economy may have enough material to warrant subsections within the Economy section:

Tourism
Include a section on tourism, particularly for cities such as Orlando or New York that have strong tourist sector.

Manufacturing / Industry
Especially for cities, such as Detroit or Cleveland, where manufacturing has been responsible for a significant number of jobs.

Military
If the city has a particularly large military presence, the Economy section may include a subsection about significant military installations like bases and operations centers. However, aspects of the military presence may also be included in sections such as "History" and "Infrastructure", depending on the particulars of the relationship between the community and the military presence.

Arts and culture
This section should include a description of the cultural aspects of the city, such as points of interest, museums, libraries, mentions of the city in popular entertainment, etc. Don't use peacock terms, or flowery language, unless you have reliable sources that you can cite.

It is arguably the most tempting section for original research and unsourced material. Do not do it! Local festivals, food, accents, etc ... are easy to find sources for. You might consider dividing this up into several subsections, as, for example:

Annual cultural events
Yearly events that occur in the city (state fair, art show, festivals, etc)

Tourism
Talk about some of the major points of interest.

Sports
Describe any major league professional teams or major Division 1 college teams. Describe other sports that people participate in, particularly sports that are unique or particularly popular in that city (e.g., jai alai in Miami, or skiing in Aspen). It is common practice for sports sections to include discussions of teams that are within the metro area, even if the team's home venue is outside the city limits. It is also common to include a short table that outlines key facts — e.g., team name, league, and venue — regarding the most prominent teams.

Note: Sports sections can become very long, with more detail than appropriate for a general overview. If the Sports section is more than 1.5 pages on a normal full-size computer screen, the recommended practice is to:
 * Create a Sports in __ article, and copy all the detailed Sports information to that page.
 * Insert in the Cities article a link to the Sports article (using the main template).
 * Reduce the length of the sports discussion in the Cities article. Describe only the most prominent sports and teams; do not include amateur teams or semi-pro teams.

Parks and recreation
Are there any major parks in the city? What do people do for fun?

Since this section is somewhat related to sports, it would be advisable to place it immediately after the sports section. In smaller cities and towns with no major league professional sports, it might actually work better to combine this section with sports, using a suggested section title of 'Sports and recreation'.

Government
This section should include a description of the local city government, such as the mayor's office, city council or legislature, city manager (if applicable), and how these entities interact. For larger cities, you might include information on the local government politics as well. Avoid listing all city council members, because this information becomes obsolete fairly quickly since a subset of the members typically changes every 1 or 2 years, wrong information is worse than not having it. Avoid listing the heads of every department, because this section is not the yellow pages.

Secondly, a brief paragraph about finance: spending for a recent year, proposed spending, or both, with footnotes to the full reports. The method of taxation: sales tax/real estate/personal property. The total number of government employees could be listed.

Include an additional paragraph on state and national representatives, their parties, and districts that cover the municipality.

Education
List current colleges and universities, and former institutions that have Wikipedia articles. Provide information about all K-12 school districts, maybe include an approximate number of students and teachers that are in their systems. List notable public and private schools in the city, but don't list all schools in a city unless it is a very short list.

Media
What is the major daily newspaper in town? Are there any alternative weekly publications? Television and radio stations? You might also talk about the city's media market and audience demographics here. If any major motion pictures, television shows, or syndicated radio broadcasts were filmed/recorded or originated in the city, this would probably be a good place to put that information.

It is very easy to make this article a list of radio and TV stations, movies, TV shows, etc. This should be avoided, instead constructing the information as prose.

Transportation
Include:
 * 1) Highways (federal and state), street layout (if notable)
 * 2) Mass transit (if applicable)
 * 3) Intercity transit including Amtrak, buses, major airports
 * 4) Rail and Ship transport
 * 5) Other: are bicycling or walking significant transportation modes?

Make sure if a future transit system is planned to include all present infrastructure first, placing future proposals and construction afterward.

Utilities
Include information on major electric and water utilities serving the city.

Health care
Include information on hospitals and clinics in the city. Some general information about the overall health of the population might be useful as well.

Notable people
Provide information, preferably in prose form, of any famous or notable individuals who were born, or lived for a significant amount of time, in the city. A bulleted list noting the connection the person has with the city as indicated in Manual of Style/Embedded lists may be used if appropriate. Simple lists of names add little of value and may be subject to abuse. More developed articles, especially those that have gone through WP:GA and WP:FA, tend to have this section written out as prose. The talkpage may be used in the early stages of an article's development to simply list people who are connected with a city. If the section grows then it may be split out per WP:Summary style into a stand-alone article or list (such as List of people from City, State) which can be linked to via the main template placed at the top of the section. However, it is common for a link to just be placed in the 'see also' section.

To be included in a list of notable people, individuals must still meet the notability requirements per WP:PEOPLE. A fast and easy way to establish this is if they already have an article written about them on Wikipedia, since it would have never been approved, or would have been deleted if they did not meet notability requirements. This is not the sole rationale for inclusion, since some people who might meet notability standards may not have an article, but it is a quick reference. If challenged, additions should be removed and discussed on the talk page of the city, until a consensus is reached.

Other relevant guidelines are: WP:EMBED, WP:NLIST and WP:Source list, and should be consulted for up to date advice.


 * Colleges

For college towns where students resided in the town only during their college years, it is preferred to list those students in the "Notable alumni" section of their respective college article, then add a See also in the city article pointing at the notable college section of the specific college article or separate notable college article.

For example, in the "Notable people" section of College Station, Texas article:



For example, in the "Notable people" section of Alva, Oklahoma article:




 * Prisons

For federal and state prisons, it is preferred to list prisoners in their respective prison articles, then add a See also in the city article, similar to colleges.

Topics specific to city
Additional subject headings might be added depending on the city. For example, the Louisville, Kentucky article has a section dealing with the city's nomenclature and pronunciation, since its name is often mispronounced.

It is also common for many early articles to contain trivia sections, such as generic listings of information, usually near the end of the article. This is ok in the early stages, as it enables many users to quickly add information to the article without worrying about where to place it. But keep in mind that trivia sections are discouraged in articles, and should be removed (but do not delete the information; rather, transfer it to more relevant sections) prior to nominating the article for good article or featured article status.

Sister cities
Sister city relationships may be listed in alphabetical order. A good reference for sister cities is the Sister Cities International website.

A flagicon template can be used to provide a small national flag icon next to the listing of each city. An example of how to list cities using this template is below:


 * 🇸🇱 Bo (Sierra Leone)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico City (Mexico)
 * 🇨🇦 Ottawa (Canada)
 * 🇮🇹 Pedavena, Veneto  (Italy, If a province or state is to be included)
 * 🇯🇲 Port Antonio (Jamaica)
 * 🇺🇸 Washington, D.C. (United States)

References / Notes
List all sources used in building the article in this section. Instructions for doing this are at Citing sources and Verifiability. Either title is acceptable for this section, but not both together (see WP:CITE for details).

Some examples can be found in the following featured articles:
 * Cleveland
 * Minneapolis

Footers
Navigational templates (e.g., Geographic location), category links, stub templates, or interlanguage links may follow the last appendix section. Keep in mind Wikipedia recommendations about avoiding template creep.

Official website
Every community article should have a link to the official governing website for the community, if one exists. The link should be added in two places:
 * 1) The top of the "External links" section at the bottom of the article;
 * 2) The website field of the infobox at the top of the article.

For small cities and rural communities that don't have an official website, the best alternate should be used, such as a Chamber of Commerce website or a county-wide website, in these cases the links should clearly describe the links to make it obvious they are not the official government website, for example "SomeCityName Chamber of Commerce" or in the infobox something shorter such as "Chamber website" or "SomeCityName CoC".

The template and link should be placed at the top of the "External links" section, and this template should exist only once in the entire article. For example:

The template and link should be placed in the website field of the infobox. For example:
 * ⇒ dallascityhall.com

The older single "square bracket" external link method, such as [http://url domain-name], is still a valid linking method though a movement has been underway by some Wikipedians to migrate towards the "Official website" and "URL" templates.

Photos
Please examine the article after adding photos to ensure they don't cause problems with the layout of the article.

Carefully consider the location of photos within the article to prevent large amounts of whitespace in the final layout of the article. If photos cause layout issues, then move the photo up/down, left/right or re-size/remove to avoid these types of problems.

Photos around tables (i.e. temperature) and floating templates (i.e. infobox, census) are common locations for layout problems within wiki articles.

If possible, check the article on various display resolution to verify if there are any layout problems, including 4:3 ratio displays and wide screen 16:9 / 16:10. Narrower width screens will layout differently than wider screens.

Rankings
Rankings such as the 'Best Place to Live in the U.S.' should not be included in city articles, as decided in a 2021 RfC. Newspaper, magazine, and website rankings have no authority and no encyclopedic value. Surveys by reputable research and polling organizations such as McKinsey, Pew, and Quinnipiac may be included.