Wikipedia:WikiProject Library of Congress Country Studies/China

China has a Country Study located here and a profile here. Use the public domain studies as part of WikiProject Library of Congress to add information about China to Wikipedia. The following is a list of sections in the study. Strike the section to certify that all information in the section is either not useful or has been included in Wikipedia. List articles under the section where you have used information from the section.

China Profile sections

 * Historical Background
 * Geography
 * Society
 * Economy
 * Foreign aid to China
 * Transportation and Telecommunications
 * Government and Politics
 * National Security
 * Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China

China Country Study sections
A Country Study: China Library of Congress Call Number DS706 .C489 1988

* China * Foreword * Acknowledgments * Table A. Chronology of Chinese Dynasties * Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF) o Country o Geography o Society o Economy o Transportation and Communications o Government and Politics o National Security * Introduction

* Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Rinn-Sup Shinn and Robert L. Worden) o The Ancient Dynasties + The Dawn of History + The Zhou Period + The Hundred Schools of Thought o The Imperial EraI + The First Imperial Period + Era of Disunity + Restoration of Empire + Mongolian Interlude + The Chinese Regain Power + The Rise of the Manchus o Emergence of Modern China + The Western Powers Arrive + The Opium War, 1839-42 + The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 + The Self-Strengthening Movement + The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath + The Republican Revolution of 1911 o Republican China + Nationalism and Communism # Opposing the Warlords # Consolidation under the Guomindang # Rise of the Communists + Anti-Japanese War + Return to Civil War o The People's Republic of China + The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 + Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 + The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 # The Militant Phase, 1966-68 # The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 # End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 + The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 + China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82

* Chapter 2 - Physical Environment and Population (Michael L. Waddle) o Physical Environment + Boundaries + Terrain and Drainage + Climate + Wildlife o Population + The Data Base + Mortality and Fertility + Population Control Programs + Density and Distribution + Migration # Internal # Urbanization # Emigration and Immigration + Minority Nationalities # Demographic Overview # Policy + Labor Force + Health Care

* Chapter 3 - The Social System (Donald R. DeGlopper) o Ethnic Boundaries o Han Diversity and Unity o Traditional Society and Culture + Diffusion of Values + The Confucian Legacy + Traditional Social Structure + The Examination System + Social Stratification + Stratification and Families + Social Mobility o Social Change o Differentiation + The Work Place + Communist Party Membership + Urban-Rural Distinctions + Regional Distinctions o Common Patterns + Work Units + Wages and Benefits + Informal Mechanisms of Exchange o Rural Society + Collectivization and Class Status + Decollectivization + The Role of the Household + Consequences of Rural Reform + Regulations and Favors + Family and Household + Marriage + Community Structure o Urban Society + Distinctive Features + Housing + Families and Marriage + Providing for the Next Generation + Opportunities and Competition + Examinations, Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and Connections o Women o Religion o Trends and Tensions

* Chapter 4 - Education and Culture (Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan) o Education Policy o The Education System + New Directions + Compulsory Education Law + Key Schools o Primary Education + Primary Schools + Preschool Education + Special Education o Secondary Education + Middle Schools + Vocational and Technical Schools o Higher Education + Background + Modernization Goals in the 1980s # Entrance Examinations and Admission Criteria # Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies # Scholarship and Loan System # Study Abroad + Educational Investment o Teachers o Adult Education + Role in Modernization + Alternative Forms + Literacy and Language Reform o Policy Toward Intellectuals + Background + Post-Mao Development o Culture and the Arts + Traditional Literature Chinese literature # Classics Chinese literature # Early Prose Chinese literature # Early Poetry Chinese literature # Later Prose Chinese literature # Modern Prose Chinese literature + Literature in the Post-Mao Period Chinese literature + Traditional Arts # Drama # Music # Painting and Calligraphy + Contemporary Performing Arts # Motion Pictures # Radio and Television # Folk and Variety Arts + Publishing # Background # Newspapers + Libraries and Archives

* Chapter 5 - Economic Context (Thomas R. Gottschang) o General Nature of the Economy o Economic Policies, 1949-80 Economic history of China + Recovery from War, 1949-52 Economic history of China + The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57 Economic history of China + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 Economic history of China + Readjustment and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65 Economic history of China + Events During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 Economic history of China # High Tide of the Cultural Revolution, 1966-68 Economic history of China # Resumption of Systematic Growth, 1970-74 Economic history of China # The Gang of Four, 1974-76 Economic history of China + The Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78 Economic history of China + Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979 Economic history of China # The Period of Readjustment, 1979-81 Economic history of China # Reform and Opening, Beginning in 1982 Economic history of China o Structure and Operation of the Economy + Roles of the Government and the Party + The Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry # Agriculture # Industry + Other Important Sectors + Planning + The Budget + The Banking System + Prices # Determination of Prices # The Role of Prices # Problems in Price Policy # Inflation o Living Standards + Progress since 1949 # Food # Clothing # Consumer Goods # Housing + Income Distribution o Potential for Achieving National Goals

* Chapter 6 - Agriculture (Frederick W. Crook) o Resources Endowment o Agricultural Policies + The 1950s + Importance of Agriculture Recognized + Recovery + Post-Mao Policies o Planning and Organization o Operational Methods and Inputs + Cropping Patterns + Fertilizer + Mechanization + Water Conservancy + Pest Control + Seed Varieties + Agricultural Science o Production + Crops + Animal Husbandry + Forestry + Fishery + Sideline Production o Agricultural Trade

* Chapter 7 - Industry (Michael L. Waddle) o Trends in Industrial Production o Organization o Geographic Distribution of Industry o Level of Technology o Supplies of Industrial Resources + Capital + Labor + Raw Materials + Energy o Manufacturing + Iron and Steel + Machine Building # Machine Tools # Electric Power Equipment # Transportation Equipment # Metallurgical Equipment # Electronics + Chemicals + Building Materials + Paper + Textiles + Food Processing + Other Consumer Goods o Construction + Housing Construction + Capital Construction o Mining + Coal + Iron Ore + Other Minerals and Metals o Energy + Oil and Natural Gas + Electric and Nuclear Power o Rural Industry o Defense Industry

* Chapter 8 - Trade and Transportation (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis and Ernestine H. Wang) o Internal Trade and Distribution + Agriculture + Industry + Lateral Economic Cooperation + Retail Sales o Foreign Trade + History of Chinese Foreign Trade + Trade Policy in the 1980s + Organization of Foreign Trade # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade # Foreign Trade Corporations and Enterprises # Financial Transactions and Investment # Other Organizations Involved in Trade + Composition of Foreign Trade + Trading Partners + Tourism o Transportation + Railroads + Subways + Highways and Roads + Bridges + Inland Waterways + Maritime Shipping + Civil Aviation o Postal Services o Telecommunications + Historical Development + Telecommunications Services

* Chapter 9 - Science and Technology (Donald D. DeGlopper) o Historical Development of Science and Technology Policy + Pre-1949 Patterns # Foreign Learning and Chinese Learning + Soviet Influence in the 1950s + "Reds" Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s + Rehabilitation and Rethinking, 1977-84 o Science and Technology in the 1980's               + The Supply of Skilled Manpower + Research Institutes + National Organization and Administration # Chinese Academy of Sciences # State Science and Technology Commission # National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission # Research in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises # Planning Scientific Research + Integration of Administrative Systems # Leading Group for Science and Technology # China Association of Science and Technology + International Ties o The Reform Program + Shortcomings of the Science and Technology System + The Program # The Relation with Economic Reform # Technology Markets and Joint Ventures # Personnel and Job Mobility o Technology Transfer + Policy + Modes of Transfer + Linking Technology and Economics

* Chapter 10 - Party and Government (Marcia R. Ristaino) o Chinese Communist Party + Party Constitution + National Party Congresses + Central Committee and Political Bureau + Secretariat + Central Military Commission + Other Party Organs + Membership + Mass Organizations # Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference # Democratic Parties # Trade Unions # Communist Youth League # Women, Artists, Students, and Others o The Government + Constitutional Framework + The National People's Congress + The State Council + The Judiciary + Local Administration + The Cadre System o The Media

* Chapter 11 - The Political Process (Marcia R. Ristaino) o Political Realignments at the Party Center + Deng Xiaoping Consolidates Power + Institutionalizing Collective Leadership + A Successor Generation o The First Wave of Reform, 1979-84 + The Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside + Rectification and Reform o The Second Wave of Reform, 1984-86 + The Repercussions of Urban Reform + The Decentralization of Power o The Third Wave of Reform, Beginning in 1986 + Political Reform + Resistance and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization o The Politics of Modernization + The Components of Reform + Competing Bureaucratic Interests + Deng Xiaoping's Seminal Role o Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong "Thought Be Thought" + The Role of Ideology + Ideology and the Socialist Man + Ideology and Social Change

* Chapter 12 - Foreign Relations (Elizabeth E. Green) o Evolution of Foreign Policy + Historical Legacy and Worldview + Nationalism + The Influence of Ideology + Decision Making and Implementation # Government and Party Organizations # Ministry of Foreign Affairs # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade # Ministry of National Defense # "People-to-People" Diplomacy # The Decision-Making Process o An Overview of China's Foreign Relations + Sino-Soviet Relations + Sino-American Relations + Relations with the Third World + Relations with the Developed World # Japan # Europe + China's Role in International Organizations

* Chapter 13 - Criminal Justice and Public Security (Ronald E. Dolan) o The Legal System + The Imperial Era + Republican China + Developments after 1949 # Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53 # The Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution # The Legal System under the 1975 State Constitution + Return to Socialist Legality # Legal Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution o Court Structure and Process o Law Enforcement + Historical Background + Public Security Forces # The People's Armed Police Force # State Security + Grass-Roots Organizations o The Penal System

* Chapter 14 - National Defense (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis) o Historical Development, 1927-79 + From the Founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War + Military Modernization in the 1950s and 1960s + The People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution + Military Modernization in the 1970s o Military Modernization + Civil-Military Relations # Political Role of the People's Liberation Army # Party Control # Popular Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army + Military Organization # State and Party Central Military Commissions # Ministry of National Defense and National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission # Operational Control # General Staff Department # General Political Department # General Logistics Department # Streamlining and Reduction in Force + Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics + Education and Training # Revitalization of the Military Academy System # Training Reforms + Personnel # Recruitment # Conditions of Service # Promotion # Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia + Defense Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation Army # Military Expenditures # Military Research and Development and the National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission # Defense Industry # Weapons Production # The Role of Foreign Military Technology # Arms Sales # Civilian Production # Economic Roles of the People's Liberation Army o Perception of Threat + The Soviet Union + Vietnam + India + South China Sea + Taiwan o Foreign Military Cooperation o Force Structure + Ground Forces + Air Force + Navy + Nuclear Forces + Paramilitary Forces # Militia # Reserve Service System # Production and Construction Corps # People's Armed Police Force o Accomplishments and Prospects

* Appendices o Appendix B. Chronology and Lists o Appendix C. The People's Libertion Army at a Glance * Bibliography * Glossary