Wikipedia:WikiProject Library of Congress Country Studies/Soviet Union

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Country Study sections
A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Library of Congress Call Number DK17 .S6396 1991

* Soviet Union (Former) * Foreword * Acknowledgements * Preface * Table A. Chronology of Important Events * Country Profile o Country o Geography o Society o Politics and Government o Economy o Science and Technology o Transportation and Communications o National Security * Introduction

* Chapter 1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1917 (Zenon E. Kohut and David M. Goldfrank) o Emergence of the East Slavs + The Peoples of the East European Plain + The East Slavs and the Varangians + The Golden Age of Kiev + The Rise of Regional Centers + The Mongol Invasion o Muscovy + The Rise of Muscovy + The Evolution of Russian Autocracy + Ivan IV               + The Time of Troubles + The Romanovs + Expansion and Westernization o Early Imperial Russia + Peter the Great and the Formation of the Russian Empire + Era of Palace Revolutions + Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II          o Ruling the Empire + War and Peace, 1796-1825 + Period of Reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55 o The Transformation of Imperial Russia + Economic Developments + Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-92 + Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93 + The Age of Realism in Literature + The Rise of Revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism, 1855- 90 + Serge Witte and Accelerated Industrialization, 1891-1903 + The Development of Radical Political Parties, 1892-1904 + Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905 o The Last Years of Tsardom + The Revolution of 1905 and Counterrevolution, 1905-07 + The Tenuous Regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14 + The Return to an Active Balkan Policy, 1906-13 + Russia at War, 1914-16 + The Strains of the War Effort and the Weakening of Tsarism

* Chapter 2 - Historical Setting: 1917 to 1982 (Thomas Skallerup) o Revolutions and Civil War + The February Revolution + The Period of Dual Power + The Bolshevik Revolution + Civil War and War Communism o The Era of New Economic Policy + Lenin's Leadership + Stalin's Rise to Power + Foreign Policy, 1921-28 + Society and Culture in the 1920s o Transformation and Terror + Industrialization and Collectivization + The Period of the Purges + Mobilization of Society + Foreign Policy, 1928-39 o War Years + Prelude to War + The Great Patriotic War o Reconstruction and Cold War + Reconstruction Years + The Cold War + Death of Stalin o The Khrushchev Era + Collective Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev + Foreign Policy under Khrushchev + Khrushchev's Reforms and Fall o The Brezhnev Era + Collective Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev + Foreign Policy of a Superpower + The Economy + Culture and the Arts + Death of Brezhnev

* Chapter 3 - Physical Environment and Population (David E. McClave) o Physical Environment + Global Position and Boundaries + Administrative-Political-Territorial Divisions + Topography and Drainage Geography of the Soviet Union + Climate Geography of the Soviet Union + Natural Resources Geography of the Soviet Union + Environmental Concerns Geography of the Soviet Union o Population + Vital Statistics + Age and Sex Structure + Mortality and Fertility + Urbanization + Migration + Distribution and Density + Marriage, Divorce, and the Family + Population Problems and Policies

* Chapter 4 - Nationalities and Religions (Ihor Y. Gawdiak) o Nationalities of the Soviet Union + Slavic Nationalities # Russians # Ukrainians # Belorussians # Other Slavs + Baltic Nationalities # Lithuanians # Latvians # Estonians + Nationalities of the Caucasus # Armenians # Georgians # Azerbaydzhanis # Other Nationalities of the Caucasus + Central Asian Nationalities # Uzbeks # Kazakhs # Kirgiz # Tadzhiks # Turkmens + Other Major Nationalities # Moldavians # Tatars # Jews # Chuvash # Bashkirs # Mordvins # Germans # Others o Religious Groups in the Soviet Union + Orthodox # Russian Orthodox Church # Georgian Orthodox Church # Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church + Armenian Apostolic + Catholic # Roman Catholic Church # Ukrainian Catholic Church + Protestant + Muslim o Policy Toward Nationalities and Religions in Practice o Manifestations of National Assertiveness + Baltic Nationalities + Armenians + Ukrainians + Central Asian Nationalities + Russians + Other Nationalities

* Chapter 5 - Social Structure (Kenneth E. Nyirady) o Formation of Soviet Society o Stratification of Soviety Society + Socio-Occupational Groupings # The Elite # White-Collar Workers # Blue-Collar Workers and Manual Laborers # Agricultural Workers + Other Determinants of Social Position # Education # Party Membership # Nationality + Benefits of Social Position # Monetary Compensation # Noncash Benefits and Access to Goods and Services # Occupational Prestige + Urban-Rural Cleavage # Differences in Life-Styles # Structure of Rural Society # Decreasing Social Differences o Social Mobility o Social Organizations + Trade Unions + Youth Organizations + Sports Organizations o Gender and Family Roles + Role of Women + Male-Female Relationships # Marriage # Roles in Marriage # Divorce # Sex and Contraception + The Soviet Family Family in the Soviet Union # Evolution of the Soviet FamilyFamily in the Soviet Union # Family SizeFamily in the Soviet Union # Family and Kinship StructuresFamily in the Soviet Union # Function of Family Family in the Soviet Union

* Chapter 6 - Education, Health, and Welfare (Irene M. Steckler) o Education + Philosophy and Aims + Control and Administration + Pedagogy and Planning + Institutions of Learning # Preschool # Secondary Education # Special Education # Higher Education # Teacher Training + Quality, Reform, and Funding o Health Care + Provision of Medical Care + Declining Health Care in the 1970s and 1980s o Welfare + Pension System + Workers' Compensation + Other Assistance

* Chapter 7 - The Communist Party (Stephen R. Burant) o Lenin's Conception of the Party + Theoretical Underpinnings + Democratic Centralism o Party Legitimacy o Central Party Institutions + Party Congress + Party Conference + Central Committee + Central Auditing Commission + Party Control Committee + Politburo + Secretariat + Commissions + General Secretary: Power and Authority o Intermediate-Level Party Organizations + Republic Party Organization + Oblast-Level Organization + District- and City-Level Organization o Primary Party Organization o Nomenklatura + The Party's Appointment Authority + Patron-Client Relations o Party Membership + Selection Procedures + Training o Social Composition of the Party

* Chapter 8 - Government Structure and Functions (Barry A. Zulauf, Stephen R. Burant, and James P. Nichol) o Constitutional Authority of Government + Early Soviet Constitutions # The 1918 Constitution # The 1924 Constitution # The 1936 Constitution + The 1977 Constitution # Amendments to the 1977 Constitution # Amendment Process # Constitutional Rights # Role of the Citizen # State Symbols o Central Government + Administrative Organs # Council of Ministers # Chairman of the Council of Ministers # Council of Ministers Presidium # Ministerial System # Party Control of the Ministerial Apparatus + Congress of People's Deputies # Elections to the Congress of People's Deputies # Deputies and Citizen Involvement + Supreme Soviet # Organs of the Supreme Soviet # Presidium # Chairman # Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities # Sessions of the Supreme Soviet # Commissions and Committees # Legislative Process # Party Controls + Control Organs # Court System # Procuracy # Committees of People's Control # Law o Territorial Administration + Republic Level # Legal Status # Government + Provincial and District Levels o Elections

* Chapter 9 - Mass Media and the Arts (Joshua Spero) o Politicization of the Mass Media and the Arts + Leninist Principles + Socialist Realism o Administration of the Mass Media and the Arts + The Party Role + The Government Role o The Mass Media + Newspapers + Magazines and Journals + Radio + Television and Video Cassette Recorders + Computers o The Arts + Literature + Cinema + Theater + Music + Painting, Sculpture, and the Graphic Arts

* Chapter 10 - Foreign Policy (James P. Nichol) o Ideology and Objectives Foreign relations of the Soviet Union o Foreign Policy Making and Execution + The Foreign Policy Makers + Departments of the Central Committee + Higher State and Government Organizations + The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet + The Council of Ministers and Its Presidium + The Ministry of Foreign Affairs o Instruments of Influence + Diplomatic Relations + Party and State Visits Abroad + Friendship and Cooperation Treaties + Communist Parties Abroad o Soviet-United States Relations o Soviet-West European Relations + France + West Germany + Britain + Spain and Portugal + Scandinavia o Soviet-East European Relations o Sino-Soviet Relations o Soviet-Japanese Relations o The Soviet Union and the Third World + The Middle East and North Africa # Turkey # Iran and Iraq # Other Middle Eastern States + Asia # Afghanistan # India # Southeast Asia + Sub-Saharan Africa # Angola # Ethiopia # Mozambique + Central and South America o The Soviet Union and the Nuclear Arms Control o The Soviet Union and the United Nations

* Chapter 11 - Economic Structure and policy (Becky Gates) o Economic Structure + Nature of the National Economy + Labor + Retail and Wholesale Distribution System + Financial System o Economic Planning and Control + Planning Process + Reforming the Planning System + Tools of Control o Economic Policy + Past Priorities + The Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90

* Chapter 12 - Industry (Glenn E. Curtis) o Development of Soviet Industry o Industrial Resources + Raw Materials + Geographic Location Factors + The Territorial Production Complexes and Geographic Expansion + The Labor Force and Perestroika o Industrial Organization + The Complexes and the Ministries + The Industrial Planning System + Structural Reform of Industry + The Military-Industrial Complex + Industrial Research and Design o Machine Building and Metal Working + The Structure and Status of the Machine-Building and Metal- Working Complex + The Planning and Investment Process of the Machine-Building and Metal-Working Complex + The Location of the Machine-Building Industry + The Automotive Industry + The Electronics Industry o Metallurgy + Role of Metallurgy + Metallurgy Planning and Problems + Metallurgical Combine Locations and Major Producers + Nonferrous Metals o Chemicals + Plastics + Petrochemicals + Other Branches of the Chemical Industry + Chemical Planning Goals o Fuels + Fuel Resource Base + Oil + Natural Gas + Coal + Uranium o Power Engineering + Energy Planning Goals + The Balance among Energy Sources + Obstacles to Power Supply + Heat and Cogeneration o The Consumer Industry + Consumer Supply in the 1980s + The Logic and Goals of Consumer Production + Textiles and Wood Pulp

* Chapter 13 - Agriculture (Ronald D. Bachman) o Policy and Administration + Stalin's Legacy + Evolution of an Integrated Food Policy o Land Use o Production + Grain + Technical Crops + Forage Crops + Potatoes and Vegetables + Other Crops + Animal Husbandry + Forestry + Fishing + The Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90

* Chapter 14 - Transportation and Communications (Boris Hlynsky) o Railroads + Historical Background, 1913-39 + World War II               + The Postwar Period, 1946-60 + Organization and Equipment of the Railroads + Passenger Operations + The Baykal-Amur Main Line + Other New Construction + Metropolitan Railways o Automotive Transport + Development of Automotive Transport + Freight Transportation by Trucks + Passenger Transportation o Inland Waterways + Development of Waterways + The Waterway System + River Ports and Facilities + Passenger Transportation o Merchant Marine + Initial Developments + Fleet Operations o Civil Aviation + Postwar Evolution of the Air Fleet + Aeroflot Operations o Pipelines o Communications

* Chapter 15 - Foreign Trade (Malinda K. Goodrich) Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Development of the State Monopoly on Foreign TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union o Structure of the Foreign Trade BureaucracyForeign trade of the Soviet Union + AdministrationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + OperationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Structural Reforms, 1986 to Mid-1988 Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Socialist CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + The Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceForeign trade of the Soviet Union + YugoslaviaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + ChinaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Cambodia, Laos, and North Korea Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Western Industrialized CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + The United StatesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Western EuropeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + JapanForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Finland Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Third World CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Balance of TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Composition of TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Countries of Socialist OrientationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Trade with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Gorbachev's Economic Reforms Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

* Chapter 16. Science and Technology (Cathleen A. Campbell) o Early Development o The Administration of Science and Technology + Policy Making + Planning + Financing o Science and Ideology o Research, Development and Production Organizations o Soviet Innovation: Problems and Solutions o Technology and Information Transfer o Military Research and Development o Training

* Chapter 17 - Military Doctrine and Strategic Concerns (Eugenia V. Osgood) o Marxist-Leninist Theory of War + War as a Continuation of Politics + Laws of War o The Party and Military Doctrine and Policy + Evolution of Military Doctrine + Military Doctrine in the Late 1980s + Doctrine and Weapons Programs + Military Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union o Military Science + Laws of Armed Conflict + Principles of Military Art + Military Art # Military Strategy # Nuclear Strategy in the 1950s # The Sokolovskii Era, l962-68 # New Strategic Options, l968-89 # Operational Art # Tactics o Strategic Missions of the Armed Forces + Threat Assessments and Force Requirements + Offensive and Defensive Strategic Missions + Strategic Offense # Strategic Operation in a Theater of Military Operations # Strategic Defense o Global Strategic Concerns + Force Projection on the Periphery + Military Presence in the Third World o Arms Control and Military Objectives + Strategic Arms Control # Averting a World War # Retaining a Capability to Fight and to Win + Objectives in Space # Negotiations # Soviet Space Weapons Development + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Arms Control # Threat Reduction # Denuclearization of Europe + Conventional Arms Control

* Chapter 18. Armed Forces and Defense Organization (Karl Wheeler Soper) o Organizational Development and Combat Experience o Strategic Leadership of the Armed Forces + Defense Council + Main Military Council + Ministry of Defense + General Staff o The Armed Services + Strategic Rocket Forces + Ground Forces # Motorized Rifle Troops and Tank Troops # Rocket Troops and Artillery # Air Defense of Ground Forces # Chemical Troops, Engineer Troops, and Signal Troops + Air Forces # Strategic Air Armies # Frontal Aviation # Military Transport Aviation + Air Defense Forces # Antiaircraft Rocket Troops and Air Defense Aviation # Missile and Space Defenses + Naval Forces # Submarine Forces # Surface Forces # Naval Aviation # Naval Infantry # Coastal Defense Forces + Airborne Troops and Special-Purpose Forces + Rear Services + Civil Defense + Specialized and Paramilitary Forces # Internal Troops # Border Troops o Territorial Organization of the Armed Forces + Military Districts + Fleets, Flotillas, and Squadrons + Groups of Forces Stationed Abroad o The Party and the Armed Forces + Political-Military Relations + Military Representation in the Party + Party Control in the Armed Forces o Military Economics + Defense Spending + Military Industries and Production + Military Technology o Uniforms and Rank Insignia o Military Manpower + Premilitary Training + Conscripts # Life in the Soviet Armed Forces # Noncommissioned Officers # National Minorities in the Armed Forces # Women in the Armed Forces + Officers + Reserves and Wartime Mobilization

* Chapter 19 - Internal Security (Amy W. Knight) o Predecessors of the Committee for State Security and the Ministry Internal Affairs + The Tsarist Period + Soviet Predecessor Organizations, 1917-54 o The Security Apparatus and Kremlin Politics + Khrushchev Period + After Khrushchev + Gorbachev Era o Organization of the Committee for State Security + Structure + Functions and Internal Organization + Party Control + Personnel o Domestic Security and the Committee for State Security + Legal Prerogatives + Policy + Special Departments in the Armed Forces o The Foreign Intelligence Role of the Committee for State Security + Organization + Intelligence and Counterintelligence + Active Measures + Influence on Foreign Policy o The Ministry of Internal Affairs + Functions and Organization + Leadership + Control by the Party o The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Judicial Organs, and Non-Political Crime + Socialist Legality + The Procuracy + Military Justice + The Judiciary and the Legal Profession + Legal Codes and Abuses of the System + Nonpolitical Crime and Punishment o Internal Security Troops + Border Troops of the Committee for State Security + Security Troops of the Committee for State Security + Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

* Appendices o Appendix B. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Malinda K. Goodrich) Comecon o Appendix C. The Warsaw Pact (Karl Wheeler Soper) * Bibliography * Glossary