Wikipedia:WikiProject U.S. Roads/Standards

The U.S. Roads WikiProject (USRD) developed these article standards for page formatting and layout based on best practices developed through dozens of Featured Article Candidacies and other discussions involving the wider Wikipedia community. These standards are not set in stone, however, and can be ignored if warranted for a particular highway article, but they should be used on nearly all highway articles under this project's scope. The state task force pages may contain additional guidelines that supplement or clarify these standards. If someone finds a case where the Wikipedia Manual of Style (MOS) and these standards conflict, that editor should follow the MOS and let USRD know so this document can be updated.

Notability
In order to have an article on Wikipedia, according to our guidelines, it must be notable. Before writing an article on a highway, we should check to make sure it is notable. For Interstate, U.S., and state highways, this is not a problem. Other streets, roads, and highways may not be notable. If you have questions, check Notability and WikiProject U.S. Roads/Notability to ensure your article won't be deleted due to notability concerns.

Article naming
The standard article naming convention (where the page is located) for Interstate Highways is "Interstate [number]", and the convention for U.S. Highways is "U.S. Route [number]". State highway articles are generally titled in the form "[State] [road type] [number]" (e.g. Missouri Route 13, Oklahoma State Highway 3, New York State Route 17). Kansas and Michigan are the exception to this general trend, because those states' DOTs name their highways as "K-[number]" and "M-[number]" respectively. Each state's convention is listed at the page listed above. Naming conventions were determined after a long period of conflict, so ignoring or proposing drastic changes to these conventions is contentious.

Exception: Interstates in Alaska and Puerto Rico are listed under Interstate Highways in Alaska and Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico.

Names in prose
Highway names in the main body of the article (i.e. the prose, not the infobox or junction table) can be either written out fully or abbreviated.

For state highways used in prose, the name of the state should generally be left off when it is not part of the "official" name and its use is straightforward, e.g. Route 76, not Missouri Route 76. (See WP:USSH for details.) If use of an official highway name in the prose would be ambiguous (e.g. a state highway in another state), the article title or other disambiguated form may be used.

When abbreviating a highway name in the prose, use a commonly abbreviated form as outlined below.

Displayed text for links
When linking to a state highway article, be sure to use the official name, especially for the cases where the official name and article title are different. For these cases, use the redirect from the official name when creating links if the context is already established. Displayed text for links to other routes in the prose may use an abbreviation or be written out fully as outlined above.

Text for links to other routes which are located in the infobox or exit list/major intersections table should use an abbreviated form. Use a common abbreviation for that state.

You can use the pipe trick to aid in forming a link. For instance, to link to the article with the title Florida State Road 50, type State Road 50 (Florida) to get State Road 50. As long as the redirect from State Road 50 (Florida) to Florida State Road 50 exists, the link will be equivalent to typing State Road 50. There is nothing wrong with linking to a redirect; do not "fix" these "pipe-tricked" links. This will ensure that articles are standardized but also not redundant.

Direct links using the article title can be used for situations where the context is not clear or for describing highways ending at state lines. For instance, one may be writing an article about roads through swampland in the United States and want to talk about SR 50 in Florida. In that case, you can write "The Cheney Highway, part of Florida State Road 50, crosses the St. Johns River swamp." Or you can word it differently: "The Cheney Highway, part of State Road 50, crosses the St. Johns River swamp in Florida."

Use the standard abbreviations for special ("bannered") routes ("Bus., "Byp.", "Alt.",...). Shorter types, such as Loop, Spur, and Truck can either be abbreviated or used in their full form. The type of special route may precede or follow the rest of the highway name (Bus. US 41 vs. US 41 Bus.).

Where a link is displayed next to a route shield, it should use an abbreviated form. Using the Jct template will automatically format the link.

Creation of redirects
Redirects from the official name (as indicated at WP:USSH) to the article should be created at the same time a new state highway article is created. Redirects from the official name are of the form  . Often, the official name is ambiguous and will need to be disambiguated. Following standard Wikipedia disambiguation rules, the convention for disambiguation of an ambiguous official name is to follow the above format with the state name in parentheses, e.g.  (State name).

Lists to help you make these redirects are at WikiProject U.S. Roads/Redirects.

Article layout
Experience has shown that good highway articles have a number of layout features in common. Complete articles have a standard set of article sections, and other features give groups of articles a consistent and professional look-and-feel. Not all articles will need every section, but some are standard and must be included. A Lead is required in all Wikipedia articles, and sections like the Route description, History and some form of junction list are needed to completely cover a highway article.

Lead
The Lead is the untitled section at the beginning of the page. All Wikipedia guidelines about the lead apply to USRD articles. Depending on the route this section may just name the direction (E/W or N/S) and termination points, or may go into considerable detail. However, the majority of detail, such as progress by town or county, should be reserved for the body of the article. All sections of an article should be summarized in the lead in some fashion, whether it is a paragraph summary, or just a sentence that touches on the topic. Because the infobox (see the next section of these guidelines) is technically part of the lead, its junction list serves as a summary of that article section. The subject of the article, and any important alternate names should be listed in boldface text in the lead. If a historical designation redirects to an article, just as M-92 redirects to M-52, then that designation should be mentioned in boldface text in the lead as well.

State-detail articles for national routes have historically had a tough time at FAC and other venues because of the improper use of a bold title in the lead that links to the national article, a violation of the Manual of Style. The recommended form for calling attention to the national article is a hatnote which uses the Highway detail hatnote template as follows using the article U.S. Route 44 in New York as an example: resulting in a hatnote above the first paragraph:

U.S. Route 44 in the state of New York is a major east–west thoroughfare in the Hudson Valley region of the state. Its entire 65.98 mi length is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation. The route ...

Similar results can be obtained using other hatnote templates for situations where this template will not produce the desired results.

Infobox
All articles should include an infobox. In most cases, Infobox road should be used. Further documentation on fields the infobox accepts can be found on its template page.

Other infoboxes that can be used include:
 * Infobox road junction – for named interchanges
 * Infobox road list – for lists of special routes
 * Infobox state highway system for highway systems or list articles about a component of a state or national system

Maps
Articles should include an interactive map showing the route the highway takes. The displayed image should be 290 pixels wide and 240–290 pixels tall as specified in Maplink. The Maps Department is responsible for the creation and maintenance of all maps. Please do not use the "map" parameter of the infobox to display a photograph. Photographs only show a single vantage point of a highway, and they typically cannot serve as a visual summary of the entire route of a highway.

Major intersections
Infoboxes are supposed to be a quick summary of key facts of an article. They should not be too long, or they defeat that purpose. In the major intersections section of the infobox, USRD does not allow more than 10 junctions to be listed to further these goals. These are preferably Interstates; on longer articles, the most major Interstates (those ending in 0 or 5) should be the only ones mentioned. A shorter route can have more minor junctions, but the 10-junction limit still applies regardless. The major intersection list in the infobox should be a bulleted list. Breaks in segmented routes can be reflected in this field using the section parameters of the infobox.

Lists of counties should be a comma-delimited list. Lists of cities should not be included, as this major cities parameter has been deprecated.

State abbreviation for communities
Do not include the state abbreviation with town names for the junction list for a state highway or an article about an Interstate/US highway that is about the route in that state (i.e. US Route 50 in California), as it is implied that the town in question is in the same state as the road. Do include the state abbreviation in every other case.

Browsing
The bottom section of the infobox provides a field for browsing all highways in a state in numerical order. This section standardizes the order they should be laid out in.

Type codes
By default, three types are enabled for all states: Interstate, U.S., and state highway. To generate the correct type, the following should be entered into "previous_type" or "next_type", where applicable:
 * I for Interstates
 * US for U.S. Highways
 * 2-letter state abbreviation for state highways

In some states, redirects exist for state highway types but making more redirects is not necessary nor recommended.

Special routes (such as West Virginia Route 10 Alternate) should not be included in the browse whereas suffixed routes (such as New York State Route 252A) should. Use the "spur_of/spur_type" parameter for special routes instead.

Browsing precedence
Precedence for browsing is as follows:

Interstates with the same number should be ordered first, followed by U.S. Routes, followed by primary state highways. If any secondary state or county highway systems are present, they may be included at the discretion of the state task force. The state task force should also determine the browsing order for their secondary highways.

Route description
Please note, section headings on Wikipedia are written in sentence case. This means that the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, but other words are not. Because of this, the "d" in "Route description" should not be capitalized.

This section is for describing the route itself and its progression across the state or country.

In the case of Interstate and U.S. Highways, the description should be broken up by states using third level headings ( ===California===, for example). Otherwise, describe the routing through this state. Optionally, use main to define detail pages (like U.S. Route 24 in Illinois) at the beginning of the paragraph, followed by a general paragraph that contains less detail than the detail page. If no detail page exists, simply write a general paragraph of the route's routing through the state. States should be listed from south to north and west to east.

National-level Interstate and U.S. Highway articles should also include a floating table listing each state the route goes through and the length of each state's portion of the highway. Place the length table in this section, using lengths table to create the table header. For intrastate U.S. and Interstate routes, state detail pages, and state routes, third-level headings are not required, and these articles should not contain a length table.

Regardless of the route's length, progression should follow the mileposts as they are maintained by the state, typically from south to north, west to east.

For an article on a named interchange, the section can simply be titled "Description". The section then describes the interchange.

History
Any historical information known about the highway should be noted. Historical routes that other pages redirect to in the article (for example, NY 36A in NY 63) should not be bolded if mentioned in this section per WP:MOSBOLD; however, they can be bolded in the lead if discussed there.

Future
This section is optional. Any concrete future plans regarding the future of the route. Proposed extensions, truncations, upgrades, or decommissionings would fall into this section. Special care should be taken to ensure all content included in this section is reliably sourced to be under serious consideration by highway officials and not mere speculation. In short, if the plans have not been mentioned by the appropriate DOT, or they haven't been published in a reputable news source, they should not appear in our articles.

Services
This section is optional. If the road offers any special motorist services (such as motorist aid hotlines, service plazas, a dedicated law enforcement unit, call boxes, or a travel radio station), discuss them here. If very little can be written about the services (less than about two paragraphs or so) then this section should be merged into the route description. Most of these extra services are associated with turnpikes, and so this section will be less common on articles about free roads.

Tolls
For articles on turnpikes only. This section should cover the cost to drive the entire turnpike, the system used to assess tolls (barrier, ticket-based, or wholly electronic), where toll plazas are located, and what, if any, electronic tolling system is accepted (E-ZPass or its equivalents) and whether open-road tolling is available.

Major intersections or Exit list
All junction lists, regardless of whether they list exits or at-grade junctions, shall be designed in accordance with the international road junction list Manual of Style page (MOS:RJL).

The Jcttop, Jctint, Jctco, and Jctbtm system of templates, and variants of these templates specialized for use in a particular state, may be used to create a junction table. Use of these templates is not required; the equivalent direct table syntax can be used as long as it follows MOS:RJL specifications. However, the templates will be updated to accommodate any future changes to MOS:RJL, and articles using the templates will automatically update to follow those changes. Articles that do not use the templates will need to be manually updated, so using the templates is strongly advised.

Colors may be used to call attention to certain types of junctions and the conditions the road traveler may experience. Whether colors are used or not should be standardized on a statewide level. If used, colors and their meanings shall comply with the standards outlined in MOS:RJL.

The exact composition of this section, with regard to what is included and the title of the section, varies depending on the nature of the route:
 * Grade-separated interchanges only
 * Header shall be "Exit list". The exit list shall contain all interchanges present along the route.


 * Mixture of grade-separated interchanges and at-grade intersections
 * Header should be "Major intersections", "Junction list" or "Exit list". All interchanges shall be included in the list. At-grade intersections with numbered highway routes should be included; at-grade intersections with non-numbered roads generally should not.


 * At-grade intersections only
 * Header should be "Major intersections" or "Junction list". In deciding what junctions should be included in a junction list for a surface road, the decision should be left to the task force overseeing roads for that region.

Old exit numbers may be listed so long as the change to mile-based exit numbers occurred within the last 5–10 years. Any old exit numbers that changed over before may be removed. However, this is not required, and the old numbers can remain.

Articles summarizing the full length of Interstates and U.S. Highways should include a bulleted list of intersections with other Interstates, U.S. Highways and other notable roads in place of a detailed intersection table. Full junction lists should be placed in the state-detail articles instead.

Auxiliary routes
This section is optional. Use this description to provide links to all other articles. Editors may place the 3dI template in this section if the article route is a primary Interstate. If the article route is an auxiliary Interstate, treat it as a navbox and place it at the bottom of the article below all content.

Special routes
A section describing for the highway's special routes (alternate routes, business routes, bypasses, etc.; business routes for Interstate articles), if applicable. If there are only a few special routes, describe them here. If there are many, split the description off into its own list (see Special routes of U.S. Route 71 as an example) and use this section to list simply the routes and their locations, with a hatnote at the top of the section linking to the list.

Articles on individual special routes are discouraged unless there is something unusual about them that would warrant them having their own article. Examples include being a freeway, having an extraordinary length, a significant history separate from the parent highway, etc.

Categories
All state highways should be filed into the correct category. (Look at a similar article from the same highway system to determine which is the correct category.) Sortkeys for the category should be of the form nnnA, where nnn is 3-digit route number, and A is the letter designation if any (e.g. Route 1A is "001A", Route 2 is "002").

Deprecated sections
These sections may be present in older articles. If found, they should be removed from the article, their contents merged elsewhere.

Major cities
In the past, a second infobox entitled "Major cities" was sometimes added to articles to list several prominent cities as part of the route description. However, no published secondary sources have been found that are useful for determining the inclusion or exclusion of a particular city within the box. Due to the lack of such sources, practical standards can not be set. Basing guidelines on criteria such as population, local prominence, or number of junctions/interchanges becomes a subjective exercise and a source of contention. Therefore, the use of "Major cities" boxes has been deprecated by consensus, and similar lists should not be used in articles. Major cities should not appear outside of the article prose, except in conjunction with a major intersection or terminus entry in the article's infobox or junction table.

Communities along the route
Formerly, this section contained a list of communities, which could range from small hamlets to large cities, along the route. Depending on the length of the route this may include only major communities, or just the few hamlets the route passes through.

This section has been dropped, as all cities should be mentioned in the route description. When found in an article, ensure all cities listed are mentioned in the route description, and remove the section.

Miscellanea
This section is deprecated per WP:TRIVIA. It included trivia or facts about a route. When found in an article, merge the trivia to a relevant part of the article.

Shields
Use and placement of shields should be done in compliance with the Wikipedia policies for Use of icons in articles and Alternate text for images. In a nutshell, the MOSICON policy states shields should only be used where they add value to the article, and not just for decoration. The USRD project has typically interpreted this to mean no shields in the body of the article. Shields should be limited to the identifying image in the infobox and as a means of identification where multiple highway types are present in tables (such as the major intersections table). The ALT text policy is to aid those that use audio devices to overcome visual impairments. In a nutshell, every image used (including shields) must either have alternate text added, or if used for identification only (such as in the infobox or major intersection table) must have the link parameter removed.

In the infobox's termini and major junctions fields, shields should be displayed before the name/link to other intersecting highways (e.g. K-10). If a junction list is present, it should likewise contain shields before the names of intersecting highways. For concurrent highways, the shields should come first followed by the links (e.g. ).

Shields displayed at the top of the infobox should be 72px in height. Use the format   Auxiliary/banner plates (Alternate, business, etc.) should be 72px in width. Shields in the infobox, junction lists, and exit lists should be 24px in height, except in the event where a 24px height will cause the shield to be less than 24px in width. In this event, the shield should be 24px in width. Using the default output of Infobox road and Jct to generate shields and links will ensure proper formatting and compliance with the ALT text policy.

Talk pages
The WikiProject U.S. Roads "banner" should be placed at the top of all talk pages of articles related to U.S. Roads with the "type" parameter set to either:


 * I for U.S. Interstate Highways
 * US for U.S. Highways
 * SH for state highways
 * CR for county roads
 * Trail for auto trails
 * Byway for scenic byways
 * Junction for interchanges and junctions
 * US66 for articles related to U.S. Route 66

The state parameter(s) should be set to the two-letter postal abbreviation for the state(s) through which the highway passes. U.S. territories substitute the appropriate abbreviation. For non-route articles that do not pertain to a state, leave this option off the template to display the standard U.S. Roads banner.

Redirect pages do not necessarily require the USRD banner on their talk pages. A good rule of thumb to use is if the page name of the redirect (e.g. Talk:Wisconsin State Highway 35) is not in the WP:USSH format (e.g. Talk:Wisconsin Highway 35), you can simply point the redirect's talk page to the article's talk page.