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History of Mathematics
The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the mathematical methods and notation of the past. Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. From 3000 BC the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, followed closely by Ancient Egypt and the Levantine state of Ebla began using arithmetic, algebra and geometry for purposes of taxation, commerce, trade and also in the patterns in nature, the field of astronomy and to record time and formulate calendars.

The earliest mathematical texts available are from Mesopotamia and Egypt – Plimpton 322 (Babylonian c. 2000 – 1900 BC), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (Egyptian c. 1800 BC) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (Egyptian c. 1890 BC). All of these texts mention the so-called Pythagorean triples, so, by inference, the Pythagorean theorem seems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry.

The study of mathematics as a "demonstrative discipline" begins in the 6th century BC with the Pythagoreans, who coined the term "mathematics" from the ancient Greek μάθημα (mathema), meaning "subject of instruction". Greek mathematics greatly refined the methods (especially through the introduction of deductive reasoning and mathematical rigor in proofs) and expanded the subject matter of mathematics. Although they made virtually no contributions to theoretical mathematics, the ancient Romans used applied mathematics in surveying, structural engineering, mechanical engineering, bookkeeping, creation of lunar and solar calendars, and even arts and crafts. Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system and the first use of negative numbers. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and were transmitted to the Western world via Islamic mathematics through the work of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. Islamic mathematics, in turn, developed and expanded the mathematics known to these civilizations. Contemporaneous with but independent of these traditions were the mathematics developed by the Maya civilization of Mexico and Central America, where the concept of zero was given a standard symbol in Maya numerals.

Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were translated into Latin from the 12th century onward, leading to further development of mathematics in Medieval Europe. From ancient times through the Middle Ages, periods of mathematical discovery were often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in Renaissance Italy in the 15th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific discoveries, were made at an increasing pace that continues through the present day. This includes the groundbreaking work of both Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the development of infinitesimal calculus during the course of the 17th century. At the end of the 19th century the International Congress of Mathematicians was founded and continues to spearhead advances in the field.

Mathematic History Readings

 * History of Mathematics
 * Euclid's Elements
 * Indian Mathematics
 * International Mathematical Olympiad

Mathematical Texts and Artifacts

 * Ars Conjectandi
 * Summa de Arithmetica
 * Vedic Mathematics
 * YBC 7289
 * Mathematical Tools and Toys
 * Abacus
 * Calculator
 * Rubik's Cube
 * Slide Rule
 * See also (Slide Rule Scale)

Mathematicians

 * Alan Turing
 * Albert Einstein


 * Albrecht Dürer
 * Archimedes
 * Augustus De Morgan
 * Bernhard Riemann
 * Blaise Pascal
 * Carl Friedrich Gauss
 * Wilhelm Cauer
 * D. H. J. Polymath
 * David Hilbert
 * Edmond Halley
 * Edward Wright
 * Emery Molyneux
 * Émile Lemoine
 * Emmy Noether
 * Euclid
 * Évariste Galois
 * Georg Cantor
 * Andrew M. Gleason
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 * Hypatia
 * Isaac Newton
 * Vojtěch Jarník
 * John von Neumann
 * Katherine Johnson
 * Joseph Louis Lagrange
 * Leonhard Euler
 * Marian Rejewski
 * Pierre de Fermat
 * Pierre-Simon Laplace
 * Pythagoras
 * Ramanujan Srinivasa
 * Robert Hues
 * Arnold Ross
 * Klaus Roth
 * Anania Shirakatsi
 * Hugo Steinhaus
 * Carl Størmer
 * Thales
 * Stanislaw Ulam
 * William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
 * Johannes Kepler
 * Nicolaus Copernicus
 * Galileo Galilei
 * Max Planck
 * Niels Bohr
 * James Watt