Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters/Archive 19

Capitalisation of fictional organisation
When referring to the fictional "League of Assassins", which is correct:
 * 1) "his intent is to dismantle the League from within" or
 * 2) "his intent is to dismantle the league from within"? -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 00:57, 8 May 2015 (UTC)


 * Like any real-world organisation, capitalise League of Assassins but not the League (use the league). See .  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 04:28, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought. Thanks. -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 06:40, 8 May 2015 (UTC)


 * First time I've known of this notion: it goes against most style guides, including the Oxford style guide, which recommends capping abbreviated refs to proper names ("the University of Bologna" -> "the University"; but "three Italian universities participated", even in the same context, since that's generic). Tony   (talk)  06:49, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with Tony on this. I was aware of the rule but consider it misguided.  An abbreviated proper name is still a proper name.  The correct way of abbreviating United Nations is UN, not un.  Dondervogel 2 (talk) 11:07, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * League of Assassins would become LoA, but we're not talking about acronyms. -- Aussie Legend  ( ✉ ) 11:28, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Quite - that is, I'm with Tony and Dondervogel . It's just a short form of the proper name, not a generic term that we would ordinarily use for such organisations - and even then we would often capitalise it. Compare Catholic Church ("the Church"), The Football League ("League titles"), Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, ("the Company"), French Foreign Legion and Legion of Superheroes ("the Legion"). NebY (talk) 11:34, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Are you saying the general rule for abbreviations is broken when that abbreviation is also an acronym? If so, what is the justification for this exception? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 13:17, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not talking about initialisms of any sort and I fear we'll get sidetracked if we do. NebY (talk) 13:31, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The guide is slightly unclear about when words like "League" are proper names and when they are generic.  If they are used as abbreviated forms of proper names, then they should be capitalised.    D b f i r s   14:21, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * This whole thread is ridiculous, except for the initial question and response. Only promotional or in-house material refers to "the University", "the League", or similar when referring to a particular university, league, etc. Such words are not "abbreviated forms of proper names"; they're simply common nouns. The MOS guideline is perfectly clear, and it accords with the guidelines in all the real-world manuals of style that I've ever seen. Deor (talk) 14:43, 8 May 2015 (UTC)


 * Tony, you either have a different edition of the Oxford Guide to me or else I think you are misreading it. It doesn't distinguish between abbreviated proper names and generic usage (although, of course, anything generic should not be capitalised). It says that when you are referring back to an earlier compound proper noun you should generally not capitalise but that you should when using an abbreviated form of the proper name "in an official or institutional sense". So both of these would be correct AFAICT:
 * The university is on Via Zamboni.
 * The University has rules about this sort of thing.
 * I'll agree that isn't the simplest ever distinction, but it's the one that particular style guide makes. Formerip (talk) 14:48, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The online University of Oxford Style Guide (page 5) says regarding university, "Capitalise only when used as part of the title of a university or when referring to the University of Oxford" (my emphasis). That's the rule "for internal use", but the "only when used as part of the title of a university" applies to references to other universities. Deor (talk) 15:06, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * So maybe in our case university should be capitalised only when referring to Wikiversity? Formerip (talk) 15:17, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * , would you refer to the Foreign Legion as "the legion"? NebY (talk) 15:11, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, would you write something like "The Hospital was opened in 1983"? Would you ever capitalise "hospital" as a simple noun? Formerip (talk) 15:16, 8 May 2015 (UTC)


 * To answer NebY's question: Yes, I would. Deor (talk) 15:35, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't. I see "hospital" as a generic term that I could reasonably use for that body and for any similar body whether or not "Hospital" appeared as part of its proper name. "Legion" on the contrary is part of the proper name of some army corps but not a generic term that we'd use for all other army corps - I would not refer to the US Marine Corps as a legion. Would you refer to the French Foreign Legion as "the legion"? NebY (talk) 15:32, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * At the risk of being completely absurd - but I fear I've passed that point already and should shut up after this - suppose the boss of that League of Assassins splits the organisation into four identically structured divisions, calling them the Legion of Assassins, the Club of Assassins, the Congress of Assassins and the House of Assassins. Would we refer to them as the legion, the club, the congress and the house? NebY (talk) 16:14, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * In that case, I think not. And I also think "league" in the OP's question should be capitalised. Except that's really just a gut feeling, and I don't think we should be creating exceptions to the MoS if we can't explain why. Formerip (talk) 17:40, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that there's an important distinction to be made here. The guideline deals with the use of descriptive names that coincide with part of a proper name.  For example:
 * The University of Delhi is obviously a university
 * Exeter College is obviously a college
 * Mercy Hospital is obviously a hospital
 * The English Premier League is obviously a league (in a different sense)
 * The French Foreign Legion is a legion (although this is a less commonly used term).
 * In each case, the italicised term is apt because, in addition to being part of the name, it is also an accurate description of the institution.
 * Conversely, the hypothetical case of dividing an institution into "four identically structured divisions" named the Legion of Assassins, the Club of Assassins, the Congress of Assassins and the House of Assassins does not lend itself to calling them a legion, a club, a congress and a house respectively because: (1) these terms probably are not the best descriptions of each division; and (2) the divisions could all equally be described by the same term (i.e., they might all be described as "clubs", so using the term club to refer to only one of them would be ambiguous). So this hypothetical example does not really fall into the same category as the above examples, and there is a justification to capitalise the abbreviated forms of their names (Legion, Club, Congress, House) in this case.  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 18:12, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Well put. I think we agree on the underlying principle - and that there's no pressing need to change the MOS - though we disagree on some cases. That's why I was surprised at your original response that we should not capitalise "league" for "League of Assassins". Perhaps I used to read too many comics. Writers were a little formulaic in their names for groups of wrongdoers: Legion of Super-Villains, Secret Society of Super-Villains, Crime Syndicate, Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, Masters of Evil, Frightful Four, Fatal Five, Sinister Six, Salem's Seven, League of Assassins, Superman Revenge Squad - sadly, I could go on. For me, none of those words for "group" is sufficiently generic that I'd use lower-case; it would have to be "the Squad" and "the Brotherhood". NebY (talk) 15:22, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, the League of Assassins ("a group of fictional villains") is a league (i.e., "A group or association of cooperating members"), so the general principle to use lowercase for league as a descriptive word holds. I wouldn't call Masters of Evil masters, however, so that would be a different story.  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 16:04, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

Out of interest, the approach to use lowercase when not using the proper names of institutions was by Bearcat following  (although there was not a clear consensus supporting it); the expanded guideline was shifted  to  by Kotniski (who went AWOL two weeks later). Whether or not this view has been specifically discussed at length to form explicit consensus, this approach is well established having been stable within the guidelines for almost a decade, so there is a firm implicit consensus. —sroc &#x1F4AC; 15:28, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Also out of interest, the Chicago Manual of Style FAQ has this to say:  Q. Every institution for which I have worked seems to have a different practice relating to the capitalization of college or university when referring to the specific institution while dropping the proper name. I used to work for Cornell University’s admissions office. That office insisted on not capitalizing university when using the word without Cornell but still referring to CU specifically. [...] I had previously been told that one should capitalize university or college when referring to a specific institution. If Cornell’s practice is correct, could you please explain why? A. Cornell’s practice strictly follows the recommendations set forth in The Chicago Manual of Style. Most institutions (including the University of Chicago itself) do not follow our rule, however. The purpose of a university’s literature about itself is to promote itself. Each university is, to itself, the only University in the entire world that matters. That’s fine. The recommendations in CMOS are intended to promote objective analytical writing—a mission that’s not always convenient in promotional settings. But maybe more universities (including ours) should follow the example of Cornell—especially if they want to attract more prospective copyeditors. Since Wikipedia is meant to be objective and not merely promote article subjects, this supports the current position not to capitalise generic terms such as university, college, hospital, etc., when used to refer to a specific institution, even when that word is part of the institution's name. —sroc &#x1F4AC; 15:54, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * If we capitalize university when referring to a specific institution, the same would apply to "the" park, hill, hospital, order, zoo and many others. I read MOS:INSTITUTIONS as saying pretty clearly that we don't. It is common to capitalize in internal documents, but in an encyclopedia where we refer to many institutions, capitalizing a common noun to mean one institution in one article and capitalizing the same common noun in another article to refer to a different institution is confusing. For instance, in the sentence "The University of Cambridge has had a long relationship with Oxford; in fact the university grew out of an association of scholars who left Oxford." It seems like I would capitalize the italicized word in an article about Cambridge, but not in an article about Oxford. To add to CMOS above, the AP Stylebook, under "Schools", says to "capitalize when part of a proper name", then gives examples of capitalizing when part of a full name. SchreiberBike &#124; ⌨   19:45, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Could you quote the pertinent section from the AP Stylebook in full? Your selected excerpts suggest capitalising words such as school and university "when part of a proper name" (e.g., University of Delhi) but not otherwise (e.g., the university offers a range of courses), as CMOS also recommends.  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 05:37, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
 * AP Stylebook, 2004 edition, p 39 under "Capitalization":
 * I find that pretty clear. SchreiberBike &#124; ⌨   06:18, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, as I thought: so, University of Delhi but the university. This is agreed between AP and CMOS.  The University of Oxford agrees (for example: "Capitalise [college] only when used as part of the title of a college, not when referring to an institution without using its full name", with the example "Exeter College was founded in 1314. The college is one of the oldest in Oxford"); it makes an exception for university when referring to itself ("Capitalise only when used as part of the title of a university or when referring to the University of Oxford"), but this is exception is internal promotional not befitting an encyclopedia.  So there is no need to change the stance at MOS:INSTITUTIONS.  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 06:50, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, as I thought: so, University of Delhi but the university. This is agreed between AP and CMOS.  The University of Oxford agrees (for example: "Capitalise [college] only when used as part of the title of a college, not when referring to an institution without using its full name", with the example "Exeter College was founded in 1314. The college is one of the oldest in Oxford"); it makes an exception for university when referring to itself ("Capitalise only when used as part of the title of a university or when referring to the University of Oxford"), but this is exception is internal promotional not befitting an encyclopedia.  So there is no need to change the stance at MOS:INSTITUTIONS.  —sroc &#x1F4AC; 06:50, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

Questions on Smallcaps close

 * Unfortunately I don't understand how to implement that closure.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 02:07, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm glad I'm not the only one who was confused by that statement. GregJackP   Boomer!   03:40, 10 May 2015 (UTC)


 * Well I can't say that is the consensus I see at all in this discussion where only a few editors oppose the use of small caps in citations and do so without basis in policy. But this closure prompts the further question what about WP:CITEVAR? By not making an exception for citation styles that use smallcaps, such as LSA and Bluebook CITEVAR is essentially canceled.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 18:08, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I count 9 specifically supporting small caps in citation, citing WP:CITEVAR, 5 editors oppose (not citing policy, but preference, or arguments about the status of CS1 as "house style"), several editors abstain from supporting or opposing the specific question of citations. I think that at least we need a rationale for why you choose to close against the majority, and for your reasoning regarding the WP:CITEVAR argument.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 18:24, 10 May 2015 (UTC)


 * The thing with that is that thing with CITEVAR is that it is to do with changing articles citation style without conensus, so when this is establishing what style should be used, I fail to see how that is relevent. In any case, this RfC, as far as I'm aware, is not seeking to change the formatting of every reference, merely how to approach this in the future when it comes up. As for the other votes, they seem to present reasons for their use, which are to do with existing styles on Wikipedia (which arguably is related to CITEVAR as much as the other comments in support). Overall, there appear to be a few different issues mixed up in the discussion . Mdann52 (talk) 19:18, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Citevar says: " you may choose whichever style you think best for the article", which is why I and other editors consider it to be very relevant. You are certainly right that there are a few issues mixed up here, for example the comments about CS1 being its own style which is irrelevant for the question about whether small caps styles should be allowed, and another question about whether the MOS even applies to references. If you think the result is too confusing to provide a proper close then I think it would be better to say so than to just make a vague close that cannot be implemented without breaking other policies. As for "when it comes up" that is clearly a misunderstanding because it has come up, which is why the Rfc was formulated. People are changing my articles from the style I chose to a non-smallcaps style based on their interpretation of MOS. That is what motivated this entire discussion. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:27, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

, no the problem is that you've just effectively banned Bluebook as a citation style. It uses typeface/caps as the method of distinguishing different types of works. As examples: Exactly how am I supposed to use Bluebook? Your close prevents me from using it as a citation style, without support in the !vote or policy. There was no consensus against smallcaps in a citation style, as has shown above. Please take another look at this. GregJackP  Boomer!   19:58, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) . Cases. Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 (1883).
 * 2) . Constitutions. art. III, § 3.
 * 3) . Statutes. Deptartment of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670, § 9, 80 Stat. 931, 944-47 (1966).
 * 4) . Books., 49-55 (Norman Page ed., Penguin Books 1971) (1853).
 * 5) . Consecutively paginated journals. David Rudovsky, Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained?, 27 465, 500 (1992).
 * 6) . Nonconsecutively paginated. Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Federalism's Trojan Horse, 1988 85, 100.
 * 7) . Newspaper. Andrew Rosenthal, White House Tutors Kremlin in How a Presidency Works,, June 15, 1990, at A1.
 * I've read this through again, and while I admit that CITEVAR is relevent here, it does also say that if consensus is achieved to use a certain style, it should be used (in any case, that page is a guideline, not a policy as I remember seeing mentioned earlier). In any case, there does appear to be a consensus here against using small caps in citations where possible - of course, if Bluebook is the most appropriate style, or an existing style, there is always WP:IAR.

As for the "when it comes up", I meant any future questions etc. over whether something else is exempt, not as in any future cases. Mdann52 (talk) 11:58, 11 May 2015 (UTC)
 * You read the consensus incorrectly and your close is not viable when taken into consideration with other policies. You do not have the authority, based on this RfC, to prevent the use of Bluebook, nor the use of smallcaps in that citation style. Regards,  GregJackP   Boomer!   15:28, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to comment on VP proposal: Establish WT:MoS as the official site for style Q&A on Wikipedia

 * There is now a proposal at the Village Pump that WT:MoS be established as Wikipedia's official page for style Q&A. This would involve actively guiding editors with style questions to WT:MoS and away from other pages.  Participation is welcome. Darkfrog24 (talk) 18:15, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

Capitalisation of "Captain" in Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
Editors are invited to comment at Talk:Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on the interpretation of MOS:JOBTITLES. Mitch Ames (talk) 08:08, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

Exceptions to Small Caps

 * The following discussion is an archived record of a request for comment. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this discussion.  A summary of the conclusions reached follows.''
 * Overall, there appears to be a consensus that all-caps is useful in a few cases. From this discussion, the only use is when not using all caps would change the meaning of the thing in question (ie. scientific names etc.), however others may crop up, which should be discussed before being widely used. In the case of quotes, the consensus is that this should follow the existing guidelines, and all-caps used for emphasis be replaced with existing markup, else removed. Mdann52 (talk) 18:48, 9 May 2015 (UTC)


 * In order to clarify all this, essentially the consensus is that all caps should not be used, except when omitting them gives the section a completely different meaning, such as in scientific terms. In essence, this enforces the change to the template in terms of references. MOS does not seem to apply to references using a style using these (such as BlueBook). In any case, changes to citation style should be made at WT:CITE, not here. Mdann52 (talk) 17:52, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

The current phrasing of the section suggests that all use of caps should be avoided. There are however several cases where it is perfectly acceptable to use all caps. One is in reference list for authors names where it makes it easier to pick pout the author names in the reference list. Based in a strict reading of the current wording some editors have no removed the ability to add small caps to author names in citation templates. This is in effect a violation of our policy that states that we have no house citation preference, but all systematic citation styles are welcome. Another example where is in linguistic interlinear gloss examples where it is standard practice to use small caps for grammatical glosses using the Leipzig glossing rules. The current wording is too categorical and should be changed to accommodate exceptions where local consensus requires small caps. If the MOS as it is now worded is taken literally I will be unable to write linguistics articles that live up to the international standard of notation. Other exceptions are quotes of text written in all caps, which should of course also be represented in all caps. I will add these exceptions to the MOS. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 19:32, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The added instruction "All caps can be used when rendering quotations of texts that use all capitals or small caps" is in direct opposition to the existing "Reduce proclamations, such as those for the Medal of Honor, from all capitals." It also pretty much flies in the face of the the existing "Reduce newspaper headlines and other titles from all caps ..." It is confusing at best, and at worst a sea change. Wikipedia's long-standing style is to avoid all-caps text. You say "of course" as if that takes the place of establishing a consensus.  Chris the speller   yack  20:08, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, proclamations or titles are not quotations, neither are headlines. A quotation is a verbatim repetition of some text written by someone else used as an illustration of what the original author wrote. And it should be obvious to everyone that for example if a text uses all caps for emphasis changing that to italics or some other means of emphasis would break with accepted standards of scholarship. The MOS needs to state that this is of course an acceptable use of all caps.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:26, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Maunus asserts that "This is in effect a violation of our policy that states that we have no house citation preference." I'm inclined to agree, but I have issues with how this discussion is being conducted. The guideline (not policy) referred to by Maunus is contained in WP:Citing sources. But there was an RfC at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 128 which did not reach consensus as to whether this page or WP:Citing sources controlled citations; all that could be agreed to was the two guidelines should not contradict each other. So this discussion should be an RfC, since the outcome might resolve an inconclusive RfC. Also, no notice of this discussion was made at WP:Citing sources. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:11, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It is all right and fine that you dont like the way the discussion is being conducted, but the changes to the scaps parameter were made with no discussion or notification at all. I am merely trying to have some sort of community involvement. If an RfC is better then that is just excellent, let's make one. And also lets put notifications at all the rlevenat WP pages.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:28, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * For the record, Wikiproject Mesoamerica (of which you are a member) was invited to join the original discussion on removing the scap option in December but apparently no one from the project responded to the original request for input. Dragons flight (talk) 20:43, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well that was good, but several of our editors clearly missed that. It was posted during christmas which may have been a reason, also the entire discussion seems to have lasted very briefly before it was implemented.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:58, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I have reinstated the edits which have by now been the collaborative work of three editors, myself, Kwamikagami and Erutuon - and which are supported at least partly by 10 editors in the discussion below and only opposed by three. Furthermore the edits are necessary because they in fact describe an already established practice, the use of small caps in bibliographies have been in continuous use since 2005, and no discussion has ever succeeded in removing them or WP:CITEVAR, so adding this addition simply makes the MOS conform to the status quo. The new thing is the interpretation by some that the deprecation of the small caps in article text also extends to the references - this new strict interpretation of the MOS text prompted the necessity for the addition of this text to the MOS. The addition therefore clarifies and codifies already existing practice, it does not actually create new rules or exceptions. And while I am the proposer it seems clear that there is consensus for adding at least some of the proposed exceptions, and perhaps even additional ones. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 19:31, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You proposed three changes and the response has been mixed, so this is not a simple yes/no. And some responses have no other rationale than "I like it." --  Gadget850talk 20:31, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Which per CITEVAR is enough of a reason to allow the exception, whereas "I dont like it" or "only niche styles use it" is not enough.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:35, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

RfC: Proposed exceptions to general deprecation of Allcaps
This RfC discusses the merits of this change to the MOS. The change introduces three proposed exceptions to the general rule against using all capitals. The proposed added text is: "* All caps can be used when rendering quotations of texts (not headlines or proclamations) that use all capitals or small caps for effects, where removing it would constitute a significant change to the original author's style or intent. Respondents are requested to comment on three separate questions:
 * In reference lists author names can be given in small caps, if a citation style is chosen that uses this feature.
 * Example: Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-46158-7. OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42692203 42692203].
 * In Interlinear glossing of linguistic examples following the Leipzig glossing rules, small capitals can be used."
 * 1. Whether it is a good idea to have additional exceptions for the deprectation of allcaps?
 * 2. Whether each of the proposed exceptions are warranted, or if they should be modified, or if some should not be included?
 * 3. Whether more exceptions should be added? User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:51, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Comment As proposer I consider the deprecation of all caps to be too broad, and to interfere excessively with the freedom of editors to choose citation styles, and representation styles in articles. Leipzig gloss (which uses small caps) is the defacto standard for linguistic interlinear glossing and has been chosen as standard by WP:LINGUISTICS, bibliographies with author names in Small caps has been the long accepted standard for bibliographies in WP:MESOAMERICA, and changing capitalization in quoted text (for example literary texts) is a kind of falsification of quotes. Therefore I think it is absolutely necessary that there be more leeway in the use of capitalization. I would personally prefer that the policy state that it is the choice of a given editor or local consensus when capitalization is permitted in a given context, but at least we need to introduce these exceptions to make the MOS conform with the rest of our policies and with common sense. Btw. capitals are also used in many systems for transliterating ancient scripts, to distinguish between the transliteration and translation. For example when transliterating Maya hieroglyphs capitals are used for logograms to distinguish them form syllabograms and phonetic complements. I believe a similar use is standard for Egyptian hieroglyphs. I note that a couple of users are opposing on aesthetic grounds, or because only some citation styles use small caps - this of course in contravention of WP:CITEVAR which remains in effect and allows users to use any citation style of their choosing even if deemed aesthetically displeasing by others. In effect such an argument moves toward the introduction of a house style by gradually disallowing certain citation styles. Other users object on procedural grounds - here I would like to point out that this feature has always been in use on wikipedia, and the ability to use small caps in references was only removed this week with changes to the CS1 template which had been discussed by only a couple of technically savvy users, without consulting with those who used that feature of the template or with the community in general. Surely this discussion, even if it could have been better organized, is a better alternative than no community discussion at all. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:51, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support As someone who has been using smallcaps for author names for years, I wholeheartedly support this change to MOS. I support (1), it is a good idea, and supports the freedom of choice for citation styles within an article. I find it much easier to pick out an author's name when scanning through reference lists. For (2) I also agree, as for (3), I have no further suggestions. Personally, my main interest is to be able to reinstate smallcaps use in reference lists. Simon Burchell (talk) 21:13, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Follow the reliable, published sources I agree with the proposer that the deprecation of small caps on Wikipedia is overly broad. Wikipedia's practice is contrary to the practice of style guides for scholarly publishing that assign specific roles for small capital text in distinction from other kinds of text markup. The proposer's example comes from linguistics, a topic in which I also edit, and I must go on record as saying that I would expect a Wikipedia article on any topic in linguistics, or on any other topic for which standard reliable sources use small capitals, to use small capitals the same way the better sources use them. It is helpful to readers of the encyclopedia to follow tried-and-true typographical conventions that have been developed over decades. We should readily admit any exception that we can document with a reliable source as a general scholarly publishing practice. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 21:16, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Agree in part, abstain in part. The long-standing guidance at WP:CITEVAR that any consistent style may be used is effectively destroyed if the "Manual of Style" and its subsidiary pages are interpreted to apply to citations. The popular printed style guides such as those from the Modern Language Association, the Chicago Manual of Style, and "APA Style" contain many rules and some of them are bound to disagree with the "Manual of Style" and its subsidiary pages. Thus, the proposal is too restrictive; rather than saying small capitals can be used in citation reference lists, it should say capitalization in citations is controlled by the citation style chosen for the article. I also agree that if small capital letters in a quoted passage carry meaning, they should be preserved. I don't have any opinion about interlinear glossing. Jc3s5h (talk) 21:20, 16 February 2015 (UTC), modified 23:26, 17 February 2015 UT
 * Comment. Note that I added an example of a small caps citation to the proposed text.  Dragons flight (talk) 21:43, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * , I suggest you give a citation example that does not rely on any template. Depending on the outcome of the RfC, the template may be modified to act differently, which will be very confusing to anyone who reads the RfC months or years after it concludes. Jc3s5h (talk) 21:49, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * What template? I didn't use a template above.  It is copied from a citation in use, so the ISBN and other elements might be superfluous to the point being made here, but I didn't use a specific template.  Dragons flight (talk) 21:53, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I saw "citation book" and mistook it for a citation template. Jc3s5h (talk) 22:50, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Comment An additional exception should be included for examples of Latin and Greek orthography during the Old, Classical, and Late Latin periods and the Archaic, Classical, and Koine Greek periods. These examples are sometimes presented in uppercase or small caps, as in Ancient Greek phonology, Archaic Greek alphabets, Latin spelling and pronunciation, and Augustus (the note in the lede on his name). In early Greek and Latin alphabetic forms, there was no distinction between uppercase and lowercase, and letterforms were usually similar to modern uppercase. (To be more specific, Roman inscriptions frequently used Roman square capitals, which are almost identical to modern serifed uppercase, whereas handwriting used other letterforms like Roman cursive, which are, I think, the precursors of modern lowercase.) The best way to illustrate this early Latin and Greek spelling convention is with small caps or uppercase. — Eru·tuon 21:50, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support the exception for interlinear glosses as well, and mild support for the exception for authors' names in refs. I have only used the citation style with smallcaps for authors' names outside Wikipedia, and it has something going for it, since it provides a further visual cue differentiating parts of refs, similar to the existing visual cues of quotation marks for chapter headings and italics for titles. — Eru·tuon 23:46, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Comment "if a citation style is chosen that uses this feature" This presumes that and  are not styles in and of themselves. If so, then they are misnamed and all options should be opened to allow any sort of style to be formed with these templates. Thus if this passes, then another RFC should be triggered. --   Gadget850talk 22:05, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why is this assumed? Since we dont have a house citation style one is free to choose other styles even if CS1 and CS2 are considered styles unto themselves. (I consider them templates that should accommodate as many different styles as possible).User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 22:13, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * The templates have many advantages with respect to formatting and error checking. As a general rule, I think it is better that the templates are flexible and accommodate different styles rather than having people abandon them in favor of different templates (that also have to be maintained, separately) or manual entry of citations where inconsistent formatting and errors would become more common.  Personally, I would be happy to abandon WP:CITEVAR and actually adopt a Wikipedia house style, but as long as CITEVAR is the rule I think it makes sense to keep the templates flexible enough to support a limited set of widely used variations.  That way the templates that do exist can be maintained in a unified way.  Dragons flight (talk) 22:35, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * But we self-evidently do have WP house citation styles, and, and they are in fact styles in and of themselves.  We've developed them specifically to forestall further attempts to impose any of dozens of major citations styles from off WP onto our articles by people who, due to school or professional familiarity, keep trying to impose them. The fact that our two styles borrow features from various other styles, which we've arrived at a consensus to include as features here because they are useful, does not mean we will willy-nilly import other features of external citation styles, especially when they've already been proposed and rejected many times, call-capping of author names being chief among these failed perennial proposals.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  11:06, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the CS1 templates are highly unstable, with constantly shifting parameters, so their use is becoming increasingly cumbersome. Simon Burchell (talk) 11:21, 20 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Question "if a citation style is chosen that uses this feature" What citation styles use smallcaps? --  Gadget850talk 22:10, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Many publications use small caps in bibliographies, and it is mentioned as an option in Chicago style. Here is an example of a publication that requires it the International Journal of American Linguistics. The style sheet of the journal Language, pulished by the Linguistics Society of America requires small caps both for interlinear gloss and author names.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 22:13, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * We have Cite LSA which after the three years since I renamed it is used only in two articles, and it does not use smallcaps.
 * Chicago 16 §14.284 mentions Bluebook using small caps but "The examples in this section use a simpler style advocated by some law reviews, substituting upper- and lowercase roman type for caps and small caps."
 * Chicago 16 §16.140: "If, for example, names of writers need to be distinguished from names of literary characters, one or the other might be set in caps and small caps."
 * Chicago 16 §16.145 Notes the use of small caps in indexes which we don't use.
 * Bluebook is represented by Cite court which does not use small caps.
 * --  Gadget850talk 23:01, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I may have been mistaken about Chicago style, but if the LSA template does not use mall caps for authors then it is not in fact LSA style which may explain why nobody is using it (I personally didnt even know it existed).User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 23:09, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It was named Harvrefcol until three years ago which did not help. I only found it during one of my sweeps of cite templates. --  Gadget850talk 23:20, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, I have actually used harvrefcol. But combined it with a citation template that used small caps in the bibkliography.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 00:29, 17 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Agree in part, abstain in part. I agree that caps may be used in direct quotations where they are appropriate to preserve the original author's emphasis, though they shouldn't be required for all direct quotes.  We don't necessarily need quotes about "REALTORS®" and "TIME Magazine" just because added capitalization is the brand owner's personal preference.  I don't have a strong opinion about the use of small caps in citations.  I think it is a somewhat silly stylistic choice, but not dramatically more so than other allowed stylistic choices.  Given that CITEVAR exists, and is unlikely to change, I don't really care whether authors names are represented in small caps or not.  With respect to the use of small capitals in annotation (e.g. List of glossing abbreviations), I think that is probably appropriate in technical articles where small cap notations have been the standard in the field, though I don't imagine them being relevant very often.  For less technical articles it is probably better to avoid notations that the typical reader may be unfamiliar with.  I'm also not sure whether the statement should reference "interlinear" glossing specifically or "annotation" more generally.  Are small caps only used as a form of annotation in the interlinear style?  If not, then a more general statement is probably appropriate.  Dragons flight (talk) 22:21, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Interlinear gloss is a kind of linguistic convention for annotating the analysis of grammatical expressions, but I agree that probably it is better to make a broader statement allowing it for all kinds of annotation where small caps or caps is the standard (e.g. transliteration of hieroglyphic text, and other annotation systems).User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 22:26, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Support an exception for technical fields (grammatical abbreviations in interlinear glosses; transcription of logograms in Egyptian, cuneiform, and Mayan; rendering Classical Latin and Greek, etc.). Not sure about emphasis in quotations -- usually that's best replaced w bold or italics, just as are underlined and expanded text (letters of the emphasized text separated w spaces, nowadays almost universally replaced w italics), though perhaps Maunus can give an example of a case where it would be good to keep.  I think the MOS should head off arguments about whether e.g. TIME Magazine should be capitalized.  Don't know about authors' names in refs.  I've done that myself, only for it to be changed later, and I didn't particularly care.
 * For many of the tech uses, caps are not a stylistic issue: they distinguish meaning. The Mayan glyph BE may not be the same as the glyph be, the linguistic gloss ART is not the same as the gloss art.  For Classical Latin, it is a stylistic issue, as monocase text could be written in all lower case, but a practical one:  People might "correct" all-l.c. text by e.g. capitalizing the first word of a sentence.
 * Another sometimes important use is to capitalize surnames. Sometimes the surname is at the beginning or in the middle of a name, or may be more than one non-hyphenated name, and many authors find capitalization to be the easiest way to indicate this. — kwami (talk) 22:58, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well I can't give an example off hand, but let's say that a modernist poet or author chooses to use capitals as a typographical device (I have definitely seen this done by some poets, with entire poems written in all caps) then we really have no business second guessing that artistic choice if we quote them. Or if an fiction author uses all caps to illustrate someone yelling, or writing in all caps within the fictional setting, it would also be messing with their intentions if we changed their choice of emphasis in the quotation. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 00:38, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I disagree. We don't generally follow stylistic choices in quotations.  For your hypothetical about yelling, retaining the caps would serve no purpose, as our readers would not recognize it as yelling.  I once read a novel that used different quotation marks for each character, so that you always knew who was speaking without the author ever having to say "and Foo replied ...".  But it would not be useful for us to retain that convention in quoting the novel.  For all your other exceptions, you have a clear reason.  This case seems to be a solution in search of a problem.  I don't think we should include it until we come across an actual problem that needs solving.  — kwami (talk) 01:03, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It is not only useful it is necessary. It is not a quote if you alter what was originally written by the author, then it is a paraphrasing. In literary studies it would be considered a form of falsification to alter this kind of stylistic choices. You also can't mess with James Joyce's punctuation just because the MOS says to follow Strunk and White. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 01:08, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Then you have a much larger problem, as our quotation guidelines specifically allow such changes. There have been several discussions on this, and AFAIK it is allowed by major style guidelines.  For example, if a typewritten source uses underlining for emphasis, it is standard practice to replace it with italics.  Sentence-initial capitalization changes when embedding a quotation in a text.  When quoting Swift, we don't capitalize every noun.  It is also standard to correct typographic and punctuation errors, except when extraordinary fidelity is required, as in transcribing ancient texts.  I think you'd need to come up with an example where all caps cannot be replaced with e.g. bold or italics before we give that exception, or how are readers of the MOS supposed to know if their case is analogous?  — kwami (talk) 01:14, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok here is an example, if for some reason we were to quote this passage, it is not possible for us to swap "Give me the keys, BITCH. He yelled." to "Give me the keys, bitch. He yelled.", without doing violence to the authors work. In my view there is a gigantic difference between changing systematic use of underlining in a typewritten manuscript to the deliberate use of caps (or punctuation) for artistic effects by an author. It is not up for us to second guess the author in those cases. (Changing Joyce's deliberate use of non-standard punctuation would be an outright literary crime) You simply don't change that kind of thing. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 01:17, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, that's a good place to start a discussion. It seems reasonable, and could probably get consensus fairly easily.  — kwami (talk) 01:22, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the point is that the MOS should not prohibit this kind of thing outright but simply make it up to an editorial decision and consensus whether a given case can or cannot use caps in a specific quotation. What I am advocating is flexibility and editorial freedom. So rather than keep a broad prohibition to avoid having "TIME magazine" then we make it up to editors on a given talkpage to decide how to represent caps in cases where there is any reasonable doubt.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 01:27, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Flexibility is good when we have good editors. The problem is that's not always the case.  It's hard to write guidelines for all situations.  I don't think it's a bad idea to come here to discuss new exceptions, as you have, rather than having hundreds of little walled gardens.  — kwami (talk) 02:21, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You're right, it isn't a bad idea to discuss exceptions here... however, that does not mean we have to explicitly spell out every exception that is made, in the text of the MOS. for one thing, there is no way to do so without ending up with a bloated guideline.  We need to resist the temptation to engage in instruction creep. Blueboar (talk) 16:29, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Comment – I have a few reservations. One is that the vast majority of editors don't know anything about logograms or the Leipzig glossing rules, and don't care. I would strongly prefer to keep esoterica out of the MOS. If editors in these fields want to define special typgraphic rules for things like interlinear glosses, they should do so in the appropriate place and link to it from the MOS. I notice that nobody is complaining about the small caps in Interlinear gloss. So I doubt that there would be objections to such a style guide.

Another is that if we are going to start listing exceptions in the MOS, we should start with the uses recommended in Bringhurst. Things like abbreviations and acronyms in the midst of normal text.

Another is whether small caps will improve or degrade the on-screen typography of the encyclopedia. Bringhurst recommends appropriate letterspacing and the use of well designed small caps, which are different from shrunken capital letters. Obviously browsers aren't going to do that for us. But how bad is it going to look? Most users are probably using Arial or some other sans serif with a large x-height. Before encouraging wider use, I think we should look at some screenshots and decide if small caps are tolerable or not, when actually displayed on a screen. – Margin1522 (talk) 03:08, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The point of including the technical stuff is that we are certain to get editors who insist on removing caps from interlinear glossing cuz that's what the MOS demands. We can certainly move such details somewhere else, but at some point scattered mini-MOS's become more of a hassle than they're worth. — kwami (talk) 03:58, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment OK, first about the typography, I like small caps and often lobby for using them, in print. But the small caps that you get from Word and browsers are a travesty. It is possible to do small caps properly on the web (e.g. here), but not on Wikipedia. If and when Wikipedia gets a mechanism to do them properly, then OK, but we don't have one now.
 * There are also bibiographic issues. Note that the LSA style guide says "Author names should be given in small capitals (if you cannot easily set small capitals, please leave them in regular font—do not set them as all capitals and/or in a smaller font size)." They want their authors to submit Word documents with the font properties of author names set to small caps. That is, set to a display property, like bold, green, or italic. But they want the original data to be "Jones", because that is what libraries and indexing services want. Note also in the other example, the International Journal of American Linguistics page. They do it like this: , which gives "J ONES ". Bibliographically this is terrible. We could recommend that editors use Small caps, which doesn't have this problem. But many of them won't. They will just start writing names and titles in capital letters.
 * smallcaps/small caps/aut is not a solution as it pollutes the template metadata. --  Gadget850talk 18:15, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. If we were going to do this, I think the best way would be to revive the "|authorformat=scap" parameter in the cite templates, which is how this discussion got started. That could be done with the "font-variant:small-caps;" CSS style in the Liberty Bell example that you found. With the style applied it displays as Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land . But if you copy it to a text editor, it reads "Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land". That's how it should work. – Margin1522 (talk) 20:02, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * About the interlinear glossing and ancient Greek, I really want to keep this esoterica out of the MOS. New editors are already complaining that our guidelines are too dense and hard to understand. If and when somebody starts messing with interlinear glossing because of the MOS, we can deal with it then. – Margin1522 (talk) 17:15, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment Perhaps the linguistic community at WikiProject Linguistics could come up with a set of guidelines for linguistic examples, and the exception for interlinear glossing be listed there. Information on IPA and the significance of angle brackets, square brackets, and slashes could also be included, and a list of abbreviations for morphological, syntactic, and semantic terms. I'm not sure if something like that already exists or not, but creating subject-specific guidelines could allow simplification of the general guidelines. — Eru·tuon 03:47, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Generally support - I am not that convinced about use in references though. Such a practice, while not specifically excluded at citations, does go against the apparent intent (before edit) at caps, which was fairly limiting. Cinderella157 (talk) 03:51, 17 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Oppose reference lists author names exception. I have never seen this style in WP refs, and hope never to see it.  The other exceptions I don't know or care much about. Dicklyon (talk) 04:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose small caps in CS1- and CS2-formatted citations. As Wikipedia has evolved, CS1/CS2 have become their own "house style" alternatives to other citation styles used in other places. These other styles, like APA, MLA, Chicago, etc., can be used in articles per policy, but it's about time that we recognize that CS1 and CS2 are their own styles. The templates like cite web, cite book and citation that generate references do so in CS1 or CS2 format, not APA, MLA or another style. In generating CS1- or CS2-formatted citations, these templates and their related style now follow the MOS guidance which has prohibited small caps in general usage. If editors want templates to generate other citation styles, then they should create APA book, MLA book, CMOS book, etc and other templates to affect citations of books in various styles. However, cite book should stay in the CS1 style.  Imzadi 1979  →   05:56, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't have strong opinions on the quotation issue (which can probably be taken too far in obeying corporate marketing dictates about ALL CAPS for their important brand names) nor in citation styles (where I think the freedom for editors to choose different styles for different articles is a bit unfortunate, although if it were possible for readers to choose different styles in their preferences that might be a better thing). The technical usage for linguistics seems reasonable enough to me. But I'd like to suggest a fourth exception: post-nominal letters (as used in Wikipedia, usually only at the very start of a biographical article where we give the subject's name in full). Making these smaller than full capital letters is a standard way of making them less obtrusive and I think that's a good thing. They're not really small caps (letters that are grammatically lower case but formatted as smaller versions of upper case letters), rather they're grammatically upper case but formatted smaller than usual, but as it is now I think the policy can be read as prohibiting smaller formatting for them and I think that should be allowed. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:08, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support – Although it shouldn't even be necessary to include the reference author exception, since the MOS (including SMALLCAPS) does not apply to references. On the other hand, since SMALLCAPS has been invoked as a reason for not allowing small caps in citations, it better to explicitly state this exception.  Also per, CS1 should allow some flexibility in how citations are rendered.  This flexibility makes it easier for editors to comply with CITEVAR and reduces the need for parallel sets of citation templates. Boghog (talk) 07:54, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose as worded – firstly the change to the MOS should not have been made before this discussion; rather it should have been proposed here and then discussed. I am opposed to allowing small caps or all caps in citations; it's unnecessary and distracting. There may be a few more cases where small caps could be justified, but each one needs to be discussed separately, not in some vague blanket discussion. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:08, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Partially support --  Gadget850talk 10:57, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * All caps can be used when rendering quotations of texts (not headlines or proclamations) that use all capitals or small caps for effects, where removing it would constitute a significant change to the original author's style or intent.
 * Support Example: Liberty Bell.
 * In reference lists author names can be given in small caps, if a citation style is chosen that uses this feature.
 * Oppose As best I see it only niche styles such as Bluebook and LSA use small caps (but the current templates that use these styles don't use small caps). Chicago only uses it for indexes and APA for certain chemical compounds.
 * In Interlinear glossing of linguistic examples following the Leipzig glossing rules, small capitals can be used.
 * No opinion Not my area of expertise here.


 * Support - The referencing rule goes without saying (as multiple citation styles are accepted, restricting smallcaps would be contrary to that long-established policy), the others make sense, and I rather suspect that there still more situations where having a smallcaps option would improve the encyclopedia. – Philosopher Let us reason together. 22:09, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * On second thought, even this is still restrictive, as the Bluebook can require the use of smallcaps for the publication name as well. – Philosopher Let us reason together. 22:14, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * "Long established" would be two years. Module:Citation/CS1 was created in Feb 2013 with authorformat which was never documented on any of the template pages. A search shows currently 902 pages using . Before the module we had Citation/core which did not support small caps. --  Gadget850talk 22:56, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * WP:CITEVAR is as old as wikipedia, and that is what Philosopher is referring to, not the Cs1 template. Smallcaps have been used in bibliographies since 2005, it is not our fault that it took the developers so long to make a template that accomodates it (accomodaiton which they then promptly removed). Before 2013 we used an another parameter parameter to add caps to author names this was then removed and the scaps was introduced instead.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 23:05, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks,, that is what I was referring to. – Philosopher Let us reason together. 00:56, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Matter to be clarified - I had a look at, and at the articles. Now, perhaps I missed something but it appears that the functionality of the authorformat argument in the citation module has been disabled. Is there any discussion regarding this and is it relevant? I perceive this is the catalyst for the discussion we are having here? Cinderella157 (talk) 03:12, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It's a bit off-topic here, but the citation templates have been quite unstable for the last few months. User:Trappist the monk has been deciding that certain previously-widespread usages are mistakes, modifying the templates to forbid them, causing the templates to break. In most cases there has been discussion on a talk page that is only relevant for a subset of the templates, with users of other templates finding out only later. In this case I know of no discussion at all. I know of no instance where he has been willing to even consider or discuss backing out of one of these changes, and after I complained about previous ones he has explicitly stated that he is not willing to have any discussions with me. Sometimes bugs rather than intentional changes have been introduced, also breaking things, and are also not backed out until the next scheduled update, leaving broken pages around for approximately a month at a time. The roughly 1000 articles broken by this particular change are few compared to some of the other ones. So, with that as background: yes, this should have been a discussion on the citation template pages, but now that it's happened, nothing is likely to happen over there unless we get a clear consensus here to re-allow this previously-accepted citation format. Even a clarification that this guideline wasn't intended to apply to citations (rather than an explicit exception for this style in the guideline) probably would be too ambiguous to cause this change to be undone. —David Eppstein (talk) 03:58, 18 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I would consider this background quite relevant. I have found the following: Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 7 and Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 7 which are discussions. It appears to be a matter where relative silence was construed (not incorrectly) as consensus. However, consensus can change when the ramifications become more widely know - as would appear here. It is being made to sound like the citation module is not subject to the normal 'rules' of consensus. Cinderella157 (talk) 05:41, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Comment - I suggest that there are quite a few that would oppose the use of caps/small caps in references; however, I also acknowledge the longstanding determination not to specify a particular referencing style. Having said that, I would conclude, from what has been said here, we probably don't want to encourage the use of such styles either. I think that WP:BEANS is probably appropriate to consider in this instance. For this reason, I would suggest and advise against making a specific reference herein. As a solution and on the presumption that there is a general acceptance of the position I am outlining here, I would suggest going back to WP:Citing sources to clarify that the matter has been considered here and, while not supporting [optional if people don't like this phrase then remove], it has been determined that Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters does not preclude referencing styles that use capitals or small caps for author names or as another component of the bibliographic style. I would also suggest that this comment be inserted as a footnote. By this, it would be a matter of record but not part of the main text. I do appreciate that this is perhaps not as simple to do as it sounds and that there are certain niceties that need to be followed. This is a suggestion and I am not assuming support for this - it would need to be established. Cinderella157 (talk) 03:12, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support for quotes. Here's Mel Lyman for instance: "I only knew that I was going to make this world a beautiful place to live in because I couldn't STAND it the way it WAS; the understanding of how I would DO it came with the experiences I had in TRYING to do it. I was going to bring heaven to earth or earth to HEAVEN, however you want to look at it and let me explain NOW what I only SENSED then" (he wrote like that a lot, God knows why; IIRC Herbert W. Armstrong did too). I would not be in favor of de-capitalizing this direct quote, no. Has this been a problem? Have people been doing this? If so they should stop. I think there's probably already a rule somewhere (or should be) that says "don't edit direct quotes beyond common sense and necessity" that ought to be sufficient and override anything said here about but caps, but if another rule here would help, fine.


 * The other stuff is above my pay grade. Interlinear glossing, fine, OK, add that somewhere, not necessarily in the main body of the rule. Maybe a footnote or subpage. Citations, don't much care. I'm OK with people citing how they like, within reasons, so that's OK with me too I suppose. Let a hundred flowers bloom. Herostratus (talk) 13:02, 18 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Comment re quotes Several comments above support using all capitals in quotes if the source does. MOS:QUOTE says Formatting and other purely typographical elements of quoted text should be adapted to English Wikipedia's conventions without comment provided that doing so will not change or obscure the meaning of the text; this practice is universal among publishers. For example, if the source uses caps for emphasis, then italics should be substituted. So this part of the MOS would also need to be changed if all caps were allowed in quotations. Peter coxhead (talk) 18:14, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Your statement "this practice is universal among publishers" is a strong one, and if true, is compelling enough for me. In the Mel Lyman example shortly above, I don't see the harm in replacing the unnecessarily capitalized words with bold, italic, or bold+italic formatting. I see a small amount of value for using small caps in interlinear gloss notes. But I don't see the value in using small caps for author names in references; I've never had a difficult time finding the authors' name when I wanted to know it. Xaxafrad (talk) 21:13, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, the green text is not "my" statement; it's what the MOS currently says and what is being disregarded above. Peter coxhead (talk) 21:17, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well regardless, the statement is false. It is not universal practice among publishers to change one formatting for another, if that can be said to constitute a change in the authors original intent. It is only normal to do this if a typewritten manuscript adopts a convention such as underlining or caps simply for emphasis which the publisher then translates into the desired form of typographic emphasis in collaboration with the author (i.e. the authors intent was for the emphasis to be expressed in italics, which was simply coded with caps in the typescript). As a scholarly practice it would be considered quote falsification to change someone elses typographic conventions in quotes. So the MOS is simply wrong on this point. As for "not seeing the value" that is not really relevant since per WP:CITEVAR it is enough that someone else sees the value in a specific citation style. User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 21:28, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Note the proviso, "provided that doing so will not change or obscure the meaning of the text". That was Taivo's point:  sometimes changing from all caps might change or obscure the meaning of the text.  (And why I asked for an example.)  But formatting *is* generally adapted to the local standard:  spaced en dashes vs em dashes, reversed quotation marks or other national conventions, changing indented paragraphs to spaced paragraphs, etc.  None of those things are relevant to the meaning, and so are commonly changed without comment.  On the other hand, when graphic fidelity is desired, a quote may even reproduce line breaks in the original places, but that's not the norm. — kwami (talk) 00:03, 19 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Are we coming to the conclusion that all of these exceptions are already acknowledged either directly or indirectly? If this is the case, do we need to make these explicit in the body of the text? If we do need to make a record for clarification, would a footnote be better? Cinderella157 (talk) 01:19, 19 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Oppose as presented, per Peter coxhead's reasons. I would support the first and third cases, but they should have been discussed here first. Using smallcaps in reference lists is problematical, needs more consideration. ~ J. Johnson (JJ) (talk) 22:16, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * More consideration, using Smallcaps in reference lists has not been considered problematical for the past 10 years where it has even been used in FA articles - so it is not as if it is some new thing that people are asking permission to do. In fact it is a right that has always existed and has only been removed now because some template editors took the MOS too literally and didnt realize that WP:CITEVAR clearly permits this feature.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 22:42, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, see rongorongo and decipherment of rongorongo, which both went through a long and arduous FA confirmation. I don't think the caps in the refs were ever even mentioned.  — kwami (talk) 00:03, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * By "more consideration" I mean deeper than a few comments here. Use of smallcaps in reference lists should be discussed in a venue more particularly relevant to such use, such as WP:CS. Also, you have over-interpretedWP:CITEVAR: it provides guidance, not rights, and certainly grants no "right" to use all-caps. ~ J. Johnson (JJ) (talk) 21:20, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Please explain in what way the guidance in WP:CITEVAR is compatible with disallowing the use of reference styles that use smallcaps for author names. On wikipedia there is no such thing as "deeper consideration" than a widely publicized RfC.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 23:18, 28 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Partial support - All caps can be used when rendering quotations of texts...... Undecided on remaining two as I have concerns about consistency. Atsme  &#9775;  Consult  13:45, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The last is necessary, and has long-standing consensus, as transcriptions without caps would be wrong. It's not a matter of style, but of meaning, as with acronyms.  If "art" and "ART" have two different meanings, we cannot change one into the other.  I clarified in the lead that the proscription is about the stylistic use of all caps.  — kwami (talk) 18:30, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That was a good point, and maybe the basis for a consensus here. There is a lot of support for ALL CAPS when they are (arguably) semantically significant. Small caps for author names gets less support because it's a matter of style. Semantically the rongorongo cites are just the same as before, small caps or not. (And BTW they still look great to me – I really like those hanging indents.) – Margin1522 (talk) 00:00, 20 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Strongly oppose references list case; WP has it own citation styles. It does not (and does not need to) attempt to emulate others. That style has been proposed many times here (and at WP:CITE, and Template talk:Cite, and Help talk:Citation Style 1, etc., etc.) and rejected consistently. Oppose "original author's style or intent" case, as overbroad; "for effects" is too vague (and ungrammatical – the expression is "for effect"), and "the original author's style or intent" is tautological and all-encompassing, such that we would always and without exception use the caps because the original author did. Maybe there is the germ of some kind of valid point in there, but it's not been expressed in a way MOS can implement. Tentative support of Leipzig glossing rules case, but only as a separate proposal, with substantial input from WikiProject Linguistics; just because a convention exists somewhere does not mean it is one that WP should adopt and promote. If Kwami is right (and I think this may be the case), then this change probably should be made, as it's not really a style matter, but a semantic one in linguistic contexts, that can be mistaken for stylistic (much like use of single quotation marks in glosses, and the asterisk to indicate extrapolated words and roots that are not attested). Mixing that case in here with two stylistic proposals is confusing and will not lead to a clear consensus.  As for the other two, limiting "citation styles, and representation styles in articles" is much of the point of the rule against ALL-CAPS to begin with.  MOS exists to provide WP with a consistent style, and this is by definition a constraint on editors doing whatever they feel like just because they like it or are more familiar with it.  This is true of all style manuals.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  10:47, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * While CS1 and CS2 were created on Wikipedia, neither one is the "house style". As WP:CITEVAR notes, there is no house style on Wikipedia. This follows the same principle as WP:ENGVAR - and the philosophy behind both of them is quite basic to Wikipedia.  There is a difference between a "widely-used, locally-created" style and a "house style" and the MoS should always reflect that. – Philosopher Let us reason together. 18:22, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia MOS is different from other manuals of style because most other manuals cover both the main body of the text, and the citation style. You can tell Wikipedia's MOS doesn't cover citations because it doesn't provide nearly enough information to write citations. Jc3s5h (talk) 18:40, 20 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Support and suggest additional exception for ancient/archaic languages without miniscule characters as described above by other editors. // coldacid (talk&#124;contrib) 00:09, 7 March 2015 (UTC) // coldacid (talk&#124;contrib) 00:09, 7 March 2015 (UTC) Summoned va WP:FRS; please if you respond to my comment.
 * Comment: It has just come to my attention that we alreayd have a Template:Cite_LSA, a LSA style citation template that uses small caps for author names. If the MOS is not reworded to specifically allow the use of this citation template, then we have a problem. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 00:10, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: I haven't read through the entire discussion here but I would like to add another exception: inscriptions on artworks which are all in capitals. It's common practice in art history books for these to be transcribed in small caps. This is in the same spirit as what Maunus said above: "Other exceptions are quotes of text written in all caps, which should of course also be represented in all caps." Ham II (talk) 08:37, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Smallcaps for coins? I'm copyediting over at Featured article candidates/McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar/archive1. Wehwalt says: "I really think small caps are the most effective and understandable way of conveying legends on coins. People have seen coins and that they are generally (mind, I said generally) in capital letters." RHM22 says: "I agree with Wehwalt regarding the use of 'small caps'. I have used them in the my articles, and I find them to be the most effective at conveying what is actually written on the coins. Not everyone knows how U.S. coins are designed, so it's probably unclear to most whether or not capital lettering is used. If instead of "MCKINLEY DOLLAR", we say ""McKinley Dollar" (in capital lettering)", then how did we decide to capitalize "Dollar"? Coin inscriptions aren't mentioned in that section of the MOS, and in my opinion, that exemption should probably be codified." - Dank (push to talk) 23:00, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * This is getting ridiculous. How difficult can it be to close a discussion where the only relevant argument is WP:CITEVAR.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 23:59, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support with exception not just for author's names in references, but when it is required by the citation style, such as Bluebook's use of smallcaps for book titles, journal names, etc. GregJackP   Boomer!   13:30, 9 May 2015 (UTC)


 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

"Scientific names" clarification
Just for the record, the close imprecisely says "the only use is when not using all caps would change the meaning of the thing in question (ie. scientific names etc.)", when it really only refers to one particular usage in linguistics. This should not be taken to imply that cultivar trade designations given with botanical/horticultural scientific names should be given in smallcaps style. There is actually no prescribed style (even in the off-WP literature) for it. Some sources use smallcaps, others use some other typographic change (e.g. different typeface), other than italics (reserved for genus, species, and subspecies). MOS has no rule on it, and the general rule against smallcaps "except when omitting them gives the section a completely different meaning" as the closer put it, clearly precludes using them for this purpose. That's the status quo right now. It would not be unreasonable to propose that MOS have a specific rule on this, if (and perhaps only if) it comes up frequently enough to be an issue we need to address, but our general aversion to smallcaps would probably call for some other convention, e.g. use of serif font or something. (Opinion: If we did go with smallcaps, I'd be okay with it, since some reliable sources use it, and it's not frequent enough that we'd be peppering smallcaps all over the place. And I say that as someone who otherwise opposes almost all use of smallcaps, including – nay, especially – for titles in citations.) PS: The slowly-developing draft MOS:ORGANISMS addresses this, but is presently not a guideline. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  02:26, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

Large RM on decapitalization
Please see Talk:Lindy Hop  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  17:36, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Material design/Material Design
There currently is a small discussion on the proper capitalisation of the design language of Android. Since there doesn't seem to be more widespread interest and the discussion has stagnated, I would like to ask for some more input from other groups. The discussion can be found here: Talk:Material design.–Totie (talk) 09:44, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Olara Otunnu
Your kind expertise is needed at this article regarding several ongoing capitalization issues. Thanks. 103.56.218.194 (talk) 21:39, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Titles of works
I have noticed a significant number of online resources that now give work titles in sentence case, over the last year or eighteen months. Perhaps this is partly the influence of our own "down" style. It may be that this is something we have to re-consider in a couple of years if it becomes more widespread. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 13:13, 5 July 2015 (UTC).

Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative
I am not sure whether the capitalization is correct here. Should it really be all lower case as stated on Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters? It looks weird to me. --Ysangkok (talk) 12:43, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
 * IMO, all of the section headings should be changed from title case to sentence case. GregJackP   Boomer!   01:14, 7 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Capitalized: It's a proper noun. It's a specific, titled, government program/initiative/campaign/system, like any other. We'd even capitalize something like that if it were a university or private sector program[me]. It's not a generic "initiative relating to fuel cycle advancement" or whatever, that accidentally happens to be phrased "advanced fuel cycle initiative" in one source. It's an actual name.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  15:20, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Request for comment on capitalisation of job positions etc
An argument has started on the St Paul's Cathedral article about whether words such as "chapter" and "dean" ought to be capitalised. My view is that these should be treated as generic nouns and job titles and, therefore, should not be capitalised. While it can be correct to capitalise "dean" when used as part of a proper name, such as "Dean of St Paul's", when referring to "the dean" it is my view that the word is not capitalised. Another editor has quoted the opening of the MOS guidelines that "words and phrases that are consistently capitalized in sources are treated as proper names and capitalized in Wikipedia" and is apparently arguing on the basis of St Paul's Cathedral sources which I do not consider meets the requirements of "consistently". The key words in the MOS introduction seem to be "consistently capitalized" and a specific organisation's own inhouse style of using "vanity capitalisation" for such things does not meet this criteria in my view. Organisations often capitalise words (such as in "the University", "the College" and "the Cathedral") in their own publications which should not be when not used as part of a proper name. As there is some possible ambiguity in the MOS guidelines on this kind of matter I would appreciate some other editors' views on these matters. Thanks. Anglicanus (talk) 11:10, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I think you are absolutely correct. Don't forget "the Company" and "the School". An organization's own web page is usually worthless for deciding whether to capitalize. Chris the speller   yack  14:18, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I concur. GregJackP   Boomer!   14:47, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * As do I. Deor (talk) 14:55, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Thanks everyone. If interested, some so far not very productive discussion has been started by the other editor here on my talk page. I am not inclined to give any weight to the Cathedral Measures' argument given how such legal documents routinely capitalise these kinds of words even when contemporary English style is otherwise. Anglicanus (talk) 15:52, 15 July 2015 (UTC)


 * I do a lot of things on legal documents that I would never do on WP. That argument holds no water here. GregJackP   Boomer!   20:11, 15 July 2015 (UTC)


 * Chiming in with my support. An absurd amount of vanity capping is attempted in various forms on WP, and it needs to be nipped in the bud. It's particularly rampant with animal breeds, but I've found it very difficult to make any headway in that area. It often boils down to which sources are considered authoritative, and of course each side of the argument can claim whatever it wants in that regard. The Style Guide's "rule" is wishy-washy and untenable, as far as I'm concerned. Krychek (talk) 19:16, 21 July 2015 (UTC)


 * I concur as well; "the Dean of St Paul's" is a proper-name title, but "a dean at the cathedral" contains no proper names.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  15:22, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed clarification on capitalization of "the"
While we're at it, we should fix something. This leads to a never-ending torrent of style warring: 'The word the at the start of a title is usually uncapitalized, but follow the institution's own usage'. This should be changed to 'Do not capitalize the at the start of a title, except as provided for at .' (We can then drop the two university examples, too, which add nothing useful to the guideline.) We need this change because virtually every organization internally capitalizes everything to do with itself, rendering this MOS rule moot at worst, and subject to endless WP:WIKILAWYERing and WP:GAMING at best. Our extant entire section about The Hague, etc., is already adequate in this regard, but is being undermined by the 'follow the institution's own usage' wording which incorrectly tries to summarize it; MOS is directly contradicting itself.
 * — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  21:09, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

As there seems to be broad agreement, I have implemented this change too. Ground Zero &#124; t 16:51, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - I don't see how an organization's vanity capitalization of "the" is any different from capitalizing its whole name, or using camel case or some other affectation. Ground Zero | t 18:11, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Right, and some further rationale: It should be about what independent, reliable, secondary sources tell us with regard to these specific topics, as with other content matters. This is really more of a WP:NPOV/WP:UNDUE issue (albeit a minor one) than a MOS issue; MOS shouldn't here be inserting a content "rule" to favor subject preferences, in a way that conflicts with WP:CORE. This actually closely mirrors arguments elsewhere that much of WP:IDENTITY needs to move into one of the content guidelines, for the same reasons, with MOS retaining only the style-related aspects of that material (e.g. how to avoid awkward use of pronouns). This will almost certainly happen as a result of the huge RfC at WP:VPPOL. It also closely mirrors another CORE-related change, to preferring, e.g. Deadmau5 and the like, despite MOS:TM's  "prohibition" of unique stylings, but only making such an exception when the vast majority of reliable sources use that styling (which is not the case with, e.g. P!nk vs. Pink for the singer). These are directly parallel cases. It's "The Hague" and The New York Times, vs. the Hague and the New York Times because these are exceptions to normal orthography that  overwhelmingly tell us are exceptions, not because the city council of Den Haag or the board of directors of the NYT shake their fists about it. While our WP:MOSCAPS section doesn't go into this stuff, it's actually written already in a manner that's consistent with this policy interpretation, while the sloppy 'follow the institution's own usage' addition at issue here is not.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:28, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Support There is typical use of a lower case "t" and, as this will not affect article titles, a general rule here would be of benefit. GregKaye 15:16, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Centralized spot for capitalization after hyphenation
Weirdly, there was no one place this was located, but it was scattered about in MOS:CAPS and not written in generalized form. I've fixed this at Manual of Style/Capital letters, with shortcut MOS:HYPHENCAPS. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  00:23, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

Capitalization of German loanwords?
In the German language, all nouns are always capitalized -- Blitzkrieg, Kindergarten, Panzer, etc. When these evolve to English as loanwords, our MOS:ITALICS states they lose the italics, because they're now English words that just happen to have a foreign origin. My question is, do they also lose that capital letter? MOS:FOREIGN and MOS:TEXT are unclear (their focus is italics, not caps). Our WP articles seem divided -- Gestapo uses capitals, while kindergarten does not. Opinions?
 * I'll start with my own.


 * Lowercase. There's no benefit in the initial capital.  I think using it for German loanwords just looks confusing to English readers who don't know how German uses them.  It ends up looking like it's supposed to be a proper noun, or some kind of typo.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 15:27, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Lower case for common nouns and upper case for proper nouns. I agree that if they are not italicized, they are English words so they should follow English capitalization -- kindergarten, blitzkrieg. The Gestapo, on the other hand, was a specific organization, so it should be capitalized as a proper noun. If it were being used in a general sense, e.g., "the lunch room gestapo" or "the municipal bylaw enforcement gestapo", I would not capitalize it, but I would hope that those phrase would stay in discussion forums and comment pages, and not make their way into encyclopedia articles. Ground Zero &#124; t 16:02, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed on all counts. Evensteven (talk) 16:11, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Concur. GregJackP   Boomer!   00:15, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. To my mind it's either a loanword and the rules of English apply (lower case, no italics; eg "blitzkrieg") or it's a foreign term, and the style reflects that (initial caps for German nouns, italics; eg "Weltanschauung"). Deciding whether a word has become an English noun is the challenge.  Of course, blitzkrieg (in the sense we understand it today) isn't really a German word at all - see Blitzkrieg Shem (talk) 09:25, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Re "Deciding whether a word has become an English noun is the challenge." True, but that's the challenge of application, not the challenge of setting policy. So I think we can beg the issue in the MOS as being outside its purview. I don't see the proposed policy creating interpretational difficulties that are not already there. Evensteven (talk) 17:15, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The posted question is answered -- thanks, all. Does MOS need to state this specifically?  IDK.  I'll leave that up to others.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 17:24, 14 August 2015 (UTC)


 * Lower case except in the for partially-assimilated words used in academia (like Festschrift and Weltanschauung, usually not italicized any longer in such contexts, though I see above someone argues for italicizing one of these) that English-language sources still capitalize almost uniformly; partially-assimilated entire phrases (italicize those, too: Sturm und Drang, and Ding as Sich); and proper names (Panzer tank and the Blitzkrieg, but not a blitzkrieg). A generation from now, we'll probably stop capitalizing even the academic ones, as has already happened with urheimat. This is basically a "follow the sources" case. Virtually no one capitalizes (or italicizes) "kindergarten", "angst", or "gymnasium". MOS probably should cover this.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:37, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Generally, lower case for common nouns and upper case for proper nouns. i.e. normal rules for English nouns. So "Gestapo" would normally be capitalized when referring to the German institution. When used in an extended sense, it might depend on whether it is being uses as a normal common noun or as a metaphor using the proper name, so it might sometimes be a matter of editorial judgement. Also agree with capitalization of some partially assimilated terms that may have lost their italics, particularly when used in specialist articles. MoS should allow considerable flexibility. --Boson (talk) 23:08, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

Capitalization after hyphens in titles - resolving inconsistency
It said:


 * In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. The Out-of-Towners).

I partially clarified this to:


 * In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. The Out-of-Towners), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question (e.g. The History of Middle-earth.

because the "exception" is what we actually do. There are various cases were a title is given as something like The Dog-faced Cat (by artistic/editorial intent external to WP), and given that way in most reliable sources. There are many other cases, like The Out-of-Towners, where the capitalization is used. Per MOS:CAPS's general "do not capitalize unless necessary" we should have a to recommend the capitalization recommended here, and the only sensible one is do it when the sources do it consistently. If anything, we should probably invert this to:


 * In hyphenated terms, use lower case after a hyphen except for a proper name, as usual (e.g. The History of Middle-earth, unless high-quality, general-audience sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question and doing so agrees with the applicable rules above (e.g. The Out-of-Towners, but not The Out-Of-Towners)

Pop-culture-specialized sources (rock and hip-hop magazines, anime and manga blogs, etc.) are utterly unreliable in this regard, and have a strong tendency to capitalize every single word, even "A" and "Of", in a title, or to robotically follow the stylization on the cover (which may have been nothing but a designer's idea, without author/band/director or editor/producer control). If other encyclopedias, major newspapers, and other high-quality, general works give it as "The Dog-faced Cat" we should use that, and if they give it as "The Dog-Faced Cat", grudgingly use that, but default to "The Dog-faced Cat" just like we always would for anything other than a title of published work, if the RS treatment is not remarkably uniform. This might not be worth the effort, because WP:COMMONNAME will often override any such "rule", due to the frequency with which external sources do capitalize after a hyphen in titles of published works.

We should at least retain the fact that when the sources do do such capitalization consistently, we should not contradict them, since they're probably lower-casing that part of the title for a reason, most often to respect artist intent. Tolkien, to use the example above, spelled it "Middle-earth" consistently throughout his books, making it essentially a term of art with regard to his works, so it should not be altered to comply blindly with an MOS "rule", that the real world does not consistently apply generally, and virtually never applies to that particular case, at least not in reputable publications. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:25, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
 * In general terms I support the above and, if anything, think that we could go further in regard "If other encyclopedias, major newspapers, and other high-quality, general works give it as "The Dog-faced Cat" we should use that, and if they consistently give it as "The Dog-Faced Cat", grudgingly use that, but default to "The Dog-faced Cat" just like we always would for anything other than a title of published work, if the RS treatment is not remarkably uniform."
 * I don't think that it would in any way supportive or the goals of our encyclopedia if an internet user conducted a search as "dog faced cat" and got results such as:
 * A presentation of a title that takes a form that is not used by other sources may look churlish.
 * There are many time wasting RM that are raised on the basis of these planet Wikipedia foibles that others tend to disregard. Why should spelling usages that are commonly used elsewhere only be grudgingly used?
 * GregKaye 12:15, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * A presentation of a title that takes a form that is not used by other sources may look churlish.
 * There are many time wasting RM that are raised on the basis of these planet Wikipedia foibles that others tend to disregard. Why should spelling usages that are commonly used elsewhere only be grudgingly used?
 * GregKaye 12:15, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * There are many time wasting RM that are raised on the basis of these planet Wikipedia foibles that others tend to disregard. Why should spelling usages that are commonly used elsewhere only be grudgingly used?
 * GregKaye 12:15, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Clarifying MOS:INSTITUTIONS
As with the discussion immediately above, there has been an unproductive discussion here about capitalising "the Trust", "the Society". MOS:INSTITUTIONS says:
 * Names of institutions (George Brown College) are proper names and require capitals. The word the at the start of a title is usually uncapitalized, but follow the institution's own usage (a degree from the University of Sydney; but researchers at The Ohio State University).
 * Generic words for institutions (university, college, hospital, high school) do not take capitals:
 * {|style="background:transparent"


 * Incorrect || (generic): || The University offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * Correct  || (generic): || The university offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * Correct  || (title):   || The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * }
 * Political or geographical units such as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: as proper names they require capitals; but as generic words (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not.
 * Correct  || (title):   || The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * }
 * Political or geographical units such as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: as proper names they require capitals; but as generic words (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not.


 * {|style="background:transparent"


 * Incorrect || (generic):         || The City has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || (generic):          || The city has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || (title):            || The City of Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("city" omitted):   || Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("City" used as proper name):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Correct  || (title):            || The City of Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("city" omitted):   || Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("City" used as proper name):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Correct  || ("City" used as proper name):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Correct  || ("City" used as proper name):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.


 * }

I propose to clarify the guide's intent here by changing the subsection title to "Instutitions, organizations, companies, etc.", and by borrowing from The Economist 's style guide (changes in purple ):


 * Full names of institutions, organizations, companies, etc. (United States Department of State are proper names and require capitals. Also treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently used in reliable sources (e.g., US State Department or the State Department, depending on context).
 * The word the at the start of a title is usually uncapitalized, but follow the institution's own usage (a degree from the University of Sydney; but researchers at The Ohio State University).
 * If you are not sure whether the English translation of a foreign name is exact or not, assume it is rough and use lower case (e.g., the French parliament).


 * Generic words for institutions, organizations, companies, etc., and rough descriptions of them (university, college, hospital, high school) do not take capitals:
 * {|style="background:transparent"


 * Incorrect || (generic): || The University offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * Correct  || (generic): || The university offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * Correct  || (title):   || The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * }
 * Political or geographical units such as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: As proper names they require capitals; but as generic words and rough descriptions (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not.
 * Correct  || (title):   || The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.
 * }
 * Political or geographical units such as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: As proper names they require capitals; but as generic words and rough descriptions (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not.


 * {|style="background:transparent"


 * Incorrect || (generic):         || The City has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || (generic):          || The city has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || (title):            || The City of Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("city" omitted):   || Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Exception  || ("City" used as proper name for the City of London ):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Correct  || (title):            || The City of Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Correct  || ("city" omitted):   || Smithville has a population of 55,000.
 * Exception  || ("City" used as proper name for the City of London ):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Exception  || ("City" used as proper name for the City of London ):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
 * Exception  || ("City" used as proper name for the City of London ):   || In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.


 * }

Comments? Ground Zero | t 12:38, 5 August 2015 (UTC) Amended Ground Zero | t 23:33, 5 August 2015 (UTC)


 * Support I like it. I would also like it if it specifically included "company". Chris the speller   yack  13:49, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion -- done. Ground Zero | t 13:52, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Correct     ("City" used as proper name, e.g. for the City of London):     In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London. [Rescinded, but see clarification below. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:49, 7 August 2015 (UTC)]
 * Needs work: I definitely agree with the ''If you are not sure whether the English translation of a foreign name is exact or not ...' addition. But I have several issues with this otherwise.
 * The debate at Talk:Mid-Norfolk Railway is simply pointless. There is no actual question what to do in this case, on Wikipedia, under MOS: Do no capitalize "the trust" or "the society". There is no wiggle-room there. That said, if it takes some clarifications to stop editwarring of that sort, so be it, as long as it doesn't introduce additional problems.
 * The Economist 's like all news style guides is a poor choice of model. News style is only semi-formal writing, and it tends to show too much deference to the style demands of external entities and informal usage.
 * As a case in point, this is too vague: 'or something pretty close to it, e.g., State Department'. This would permit capitalization of anything faintly similar to something's real name, and directly contradicts the 'not sure whether the English translation of a foreign name is exact or not' directive you want to add.  Rather, we should use: 'or shorter but still specific form, consistently used in reliable sources (e.g., US State Department or the State Department, depending on context)'. Sentence might need to be reordered to flow better, e.g. ' Full names of institutions, organizations, companies, etc. (United States Department of State are proper names and require capitals. Also treat as proper names a shorter but still specific form, consistently used in reliable sources (e.g., US State Department or the State Department, depending on context).
 * London is not magically special. The existing rule is written the way it is for a reason. The capitalized usage is used, consistently in reliable sources, to refer to a) city governments as entities distinct from cities as geographical locations, and b) officially incorporated jurisdictions with exact boundaries as opposed to wider metropolitan areas that are conventionally thought of as part of those cities in a more general sense. New York City in the conventional sense is not the same as the City of New York in either of those enumerated senses. If you think clarification is needed, this should probably work:
 * While we're at it, we should fix something. This leads to a never-ending torrent of style warring: 'The word the at the start of a title is usually uncapitalized, but follow the institution's own usage'. This should be changed to 'Do not capitalize the at the start of a title, except as provided for at .' (We can then drop the two university examples, too, which add nothing useful to the guideline.) We need this change because virtually every organization internally capitalizes everything to do with itself, rendering this MOS rule moot at worst, and subject to endless WP:WIKILAWYERing and WP:GAMING at best. Our extant entire section about The Hague, etc., is already adequate in this regard, but is being undermined by the 'follow the institution's own usage' wording which incorrectly tries to summarize it; MOS is directly contradicting itself.  [Moved to new section.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:49, 7 August 2015 (UTC)]
 * — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  21:09, 5 August 2015 (UTC)


 * 1 - I thought it was clear too, but you can see how one user just did not get it.
 * 2, 3 - amended as suggested. Thanks. That is an improvement.
 * 4 - actually, London is sui generis in this regard. "The City" is universally used to refer to the square mile of the ancient city, rather than the much bigger modern city, and is also used as a toponym to identify the UK's financial industry, like "Wall Street" in the US or "Bay Street" in Canada. Are there any other examples of where "the City" is used so widely in the capitalized form?
 * 5 - there is always a danger of scope creep in these discussions. If you don't mind, I am going to start another discussion below on this issue -- it will make it easier to keep the issues separate.
 * Thanks, Ground Zero | t 23:33, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, I will concede on London. I was arguing a point I don't actually want to make here. Momentary brainfart, arguing for the news style and op-ed/editorial practice in local journalism of referring to the publisher/writer's local metropolitan center as "the City" in context. While this is a legitimate usage in those contexts (and quite common; New York City, San Francisco, and many other cities are referred to this way), it's not an encyclopedic usage, because our context is global. So, I strike my objection. We still need to address use of "the City" as shorthand for "the municipal government of the City of X"; that shorthand is very, very common, especially with regard to political, regulatory, and legal matters. It's wrong to write that, e.g., "the city pursued a noise ordinance enforcement action against the venue in 2014"; that means that the population of the city did it, which is clearly not the intended meaning. By contrast "the city reacted to the ordinance with a series of violent protests in 2014" refers to [a subset of] the population, not the city government (it might well have been it!), and not the inanimate geographical area.  We would do the same with "the State" vs. "the state" when referring to a US state government vs. a state's population or vs. a state as a geographic area, too, though we need not spell that out, since a City-as-legal-entity example gets the point across.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:47, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * that way lies endless argument. What about a club or society? Are you going to distinguish between "The Society decided" (meaning the committee of the society or the trustees of the society) and "The society decided" (meaning the members of the society)? If not, where along the spectrum of organizational size does your proposal apply? There are two self-consistent positions: the now old-fashioned one, rejected by the English Wikipedia, that properness of meaning is the key, and the position that only distinctive full (or conventionally abbreviated) proper names are capitalized. Peter coxhead (talk) 07:44, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I'll actually concede on that, too; the costs could outweigh the benefits if people tried to game it to apply beyond geographical jurisdictions and the bodies that govern them. We could state that it only applies to those. But it's probably simpler to just say: Avoid ambiguous use of terms like "city" and "state", and write clearly to indicate whether a governing body, a population, or a geographic area is meant in the context. That's broad enough to cover everything from clubs to nation-states. I'm a big fan of "rewrite to avoid dispute or confusion", and "the City Council did X" is surely clearer than "the City did X" anyway.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  08:56, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * surely it should be "the city council did X" here? Personally, I'd always use capitals in this context off-Wikipedia, but that's the "capitals = proper meaning" position. "City Council" isn't going to be a reliably sourced proper name. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:12, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, it would be if a city's council were named the City Council, vs. the Municipal Board of Aldermen, City and County Board of Supervisors, or whatever. Wasn't meaning to imply that "City Council" should be capitalized automatically. It's the "treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently used in reliable sources" rule. If the formal name of the entity is really "The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco", it's fine to call them the Board of Supervisors in-context, but they're a board of supervisors generically.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  10:23, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I think this is another slippery slope. Sutton Park is "a park" generically, but in an article about Sutton Park, is it fine to call it "the Park" in-context? If not, why is this different from your example above?
 * I don't ask just to be argumentative, but because I genuinely find the usage recommended in the MoS puzzling. Consider this bit at MOS:JOBTITLES: [Capitalize] "when a title is used to refer to a specific and obvious person as a substitute for their name, e.g. the Queen, not the queen, referring to Elizabeth II". So what happens if I change this to "when a component of its name is used to refer to a specific and obvious institution as a substitute for its name, e.g. the Society, not the society, referring to the Alpine Garden Society", or "when a component of its name is used to refer to a specific and obvious place as a substitute for its name, e.g. the Park, not the park, referring to Sutton Park"? If "title" is a magic word in this context, your example about a city council is wrong.
 * It doesn't surprise me that editors find capitalization in the English Wikipedia problematic! Peter coxhead (talk) 11:29, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * It's "the park" not "the Park" (but "the Board of Supervisors" for an entity actually named that even if they have a longer, more complete name) for the same reason the United States Department of Justice, and Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs are in less verbose form the Justice Department, and Revenue and Customs, respectively: treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently used in reliable sources, if we stick with that wording (maybe it should be consistently capitalized in reliable sources). No preponderance of reliable sources is ever going to call any particular park, even a world-famous one like Hyde Park or New York City's Central Park, simply "the Park" even when the context is probably clear, even city papers in those places usually give the name of the park in full, and use "the park" thereafter. What we're advising here seems to track at least Chicago Manual of Style pretty closely.  I'd have to dig around a bit to see if it also comports with Hart's Rules or whatever the current version is called (I think I have four editions under different names). I agree it would probably be a good thing to rewrite this stuff more cohesively, but getting any changes into MOS is a tooth-pulling exercise most of the time (without anaesthesia). PS: This actually also gets at a previous, now archived, thread about "city hall" vs. "City Hall"; if the real name of the thing is "City Hall" then capitalize it (I just passed one two days ago named this in meter-tall letters, in San Leandro or San Rafael, CA), even if there's a long-form version like "San Leandro City Hall" or "City Hall and Courthouse of the Incorporated City of San Rafael" or whatever. But many city halls are not really named that; a lot of them are memorially named, e.g. J. N. Doe Hall or whatever, and some have completely different names, e.g. the Metropolitan [Something-or-other]. If one of those is called the "city hall" in shorthand, it shouldn't be capitalized.  I'm not finding this too hard to extrapolate from, but maybe I'm weird. Example: If there's an actual place in a city called the [City_name_here] City Library, it can be referred to as the City Library, but the system of libraries in the city would be the city library system. Also relates to previous debates about, e.g. national wildlife preserves, vs the [Name_here] National Wildlife Preserve; an IUCN-listed threatened species vs. a species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; national/state/whatever parks and monuments vs. the Mount Rushmore National Monument; etc., etc.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  15:10, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that using capitalized City/State to refer to a government is common but can be confusing. Here is a suggested variation on SMcCandless's proposal: Avoid ambiguous use of terms like "city"/"City" and "state"/"State" to indicate a governing body. Write clearly to indicate "the city government" or "the state government". I think that city/state would be more commonly understood to mean the geographic entity, so let's leave them to serve that role. Ground Zero | t 13:52, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, though it would be less repetitive and more illustrative of specificity with "the city council" or "the state legislature" (going with lower case; Peter's instinct about "city council" is right, in that many things we'd call city councils have some other formal title, such as Board of Supervisors, etc.).  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  15:10, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I see your point, but there is a difference between the state legislature and the state government. The legislature will pass laws, but the state government will issue a driver's licence. It will depend on what the State (sorry) is doing. For the purposes of the examples, I'd rather stick with the more general term. Ground Zero &#124; t 17:34, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I understand that; the point is that we should use "the state legislature" when we mean that, not "the state", and use "the city's budget office" when we mean that, not "the city"; they're all valid examples, and its more useful to use more specific ones, both to avoid repetition and to encourage specificity in writing. Even "the state government" is too vague in many if not most cases.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  13:10, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I do see you your point. I am not familiar enough with American political terminology to sort this out though. IN Canada, the provincial legislature would levy a tax, but you wouldn't pay the tax to the legislature, you'd pay it to the "provincial government". What term would you use to describe the state's administrative body as opposed to the legislative one? Ground Zero &#124; t 16:26, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Vary's by state and topic; in California, we pay taxes to the California Franchise Tax Board; in NM it's New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department. In CA the driver's license and vehicle registration bureau is the Deparment of Motor Vehicles, in NM it's the Motor Vehicle Department. And so on. Even how states are divided up varies. In most states every community is within a county, and all land in the state is part of one county or another. In some, this is not true (e.g. Newport News is not part of any county), and in Lousiana, they have parishes (in a strictly civil-law, not religious sense) rather than counties. Even local administration varies. San Francisco, the city, is co-extensive with its county and has a merged government, the City and County of San Francisco.  In the UK the divisions of the country keep changing, and many traditional ceremonial counties a.k.a. historic counties in Wales, no longer exist as politico-legal entities, but have been replaced by sometimes-merged, sometimes-split metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties.  This sort of complication was why I suggested using several specific, detailed examples, instead of repeating the same vague example several times.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:22, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Just want to add a thought here... I think it would help to remember that there are always going to be occasional exceptions to any generalized guidance we come up with. Rather than try to work all of them into the guidance (impossible, because there will always be something we didn't think of), we should stay generalized... and then acknowledge that this is a generalization (where occasional exceptions can be made). Blueboar (talk) 18:42, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Undoubtedly there will be exceptions, but the main guidance needs to be sufficiently clear so that the exceptions are obvious. I'm afraid I still don't find treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently capitalized in reliable sources meets the requirement for clarity, because of the still specific form. Yes, it rules out "the City", with a known exception, but "City Hall" or "Board of Supervisors" are not "specific forms" but general forms. And we know from experience that consistently capitalized in reliable sources is open to constant argument as to what constitute "reliable" sources (SMcCandlish's observation that "City Hall" was written outside a building is clearly not a reliable source here). What actually happens is that editors choose their "reliable sources" to fit their pre-existing views. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:12, 8 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Re: "Editors choose there "reliable sources" to fit their pre-existing views". That is true on both sides of such debates.  The flaw isn't with examining usage in reliable sources... the flaw is in a) looking at a limited range of sources (stopping the search once you find a source that agrees with your view), or b) ignoring the sources that don't agree with their view. Blueboar (talk) 12:54, 8 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually we need to introduce a qualification (as SMcCandlish knows well!), namely "consistently capitalized in reliable generalist sources", as per the debate over capitalizing the English names of species. The problem (speaking as a statistician) is that I don't know how to obtain a valid sample of "reliable generalist sources", even supposing we could agree on a definition. So even editors acting in good faith (and I agree that unfortunately there's quite a bit of bad faith) can legitimately disagree as to the capitalization practices of "reliable generalist sources". Hence my preference for a clearly defined default position, with limited exceptions dealt with on the talk pages of the articles concerned. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:37, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * To address both your recent posts at once: If the city's council is named the Board of Supervisors, then it's not a "general form". It's not general because all reliable sources on the city in question will regularly abbreviate "the Board of Supervisors of the Great City of Foo" (or whatever the full, official name is) as "the Board of Supervisors" and capitalize it. They will not consistently do this to "the City" (though some columnists will, Carrie Bradshaw style). Nor will they do it to "board of supervisors" used generically, as in "similar ordinances were passed by several other city councils and boards of supervisors in the region". I.e., it's fine to abbreviate "the Department of Defense" (or "Defence", depending on country) as "the Defense Department", but just "the Department" is insider, cutesy jargon, like calling your club the Society. Consistent, independent, mainstream source usage tells us what to do in each case. As a side point, we should avoid nicknames, like "the Company" for the CIA, or "the Bureau" for the FBI (which coincidentally converges on an ultra-shortening of the FBI's actual name); WP shouldn't be using wink-wink-nudge-nudge stuff like this. Anyway, we don't really need a statistical sample. As in the WP:BIRDCON case, it didn't take much evidence to demonstrate that the capitalization being promoted was not consistent in reliable general-audience sources (or even in non-ornithology-specific specialist sources when publishing orn. material, for that matter). Same should apply here. Just saying ""consistently capitalized in reliable, independent, general-audience sources" should probably cover every angle. Eliminates blogs & crap, and insider stuff, and specialized stuff.   — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  13:10, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Ngrams seem to support a lower case "t" as per searches on "the university of", "the city of" , "the school of" , "the college of" , "the faculty of" , "the court of" , "the museum of" and "the national museum".
 * GregKaye 15:04, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Moving along
As SMcCandlish wrote, "getting any changes into MOS is a tooth-pulling exercise most of the time (without anaesthesia)", so I am going to be bold and implement the changes that I think we've sort of gravitated toward. I know that these won't keep everyone happy, but I think it would be a good idea to implement something, and then continue the discussion based on the revised version -- i'm not trying to shut down the discussion, just trying to get it moving.

So now that you can see a new version, what further improvements can be made on this question? Ground Zero &#124; t 16:49, 10 August 2015 (UTC)


 * Side issue... not really related to capitalization... re: "(researchers at the Ohio State University not researchers at The Ohio State University)". I think this example is flawed since the word "the" is not commonly included (at all) when writing about this specific institution.  Most sources would write "researchers at Ohio State University..."  (actually, this is generally the case when writing about "X State University"... as opposed to the "University of X") Blueboar (talk) 12:35, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * That's as may be, by the university itself uses "The Ohio State University", so I think it would not be unheard-of to see that construction. I have no dog in that race, though, so I have no objection to changing it. Ground Zero &#124; t 16:26, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Notwithstanding, I tend to agree with Blueboar; it would be more useful to have a "University of X" example there.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  01:44, 21 August 2015 (UTC)