William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon





William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475 – 9 June 1511), feudal baron of Okehampton and feudal baron of Plympton, was a member of the leading noble family of Devon. His principal seat was Tiverton Castle, Devon with further residences at Okehampton Castle and Colcombe Castle, also in that county.

Origins
He was the son of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon by his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter of Sir Philip Courtenay (b. 1445) of Molland, 2nd son of Sir Philip Courtenay (18 January 1404 – 16 December 1463) of Powderham by Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford (d. 1449). William's parents were thus distant cousins, sharing a common descent from Hugh Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377).

Career
William was a supporter of King Henry VII (1485–1509), the first of the Tudors, who made him a Knight Bachelor at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth on 25 November 1487. He also served in the royal army as a Captain and assisted his father in the defeat of the pretender Perkin Warbeck at the siege of Exeter in 1497, which secured the Tudor succession at last.

Attainder
However, William fell out of favour. King Henry VII discovered that he had joined in the conspiracy to crown Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1513), the last Yorkist claimant. For his complicity, the king attainted and imprisoned him in the Tower of London in February 1504, and so made him incapable of inheritance.

Pardon and restoration
Released from prison by Henry VIII (1509–1547), Courtenay received a pardon and the restoration of his rights and privileges as a sword bearer at the coronation on 24 June 1509. It is a matter of debate as to whether he lived long enough to have been restored in his honours formally. Certain sources, however, maintain that he assumed the full titles and lands of the earldom on 10 May 1511, after jousting in a tournament with the king, his cousin Sir Thomas Knyvett, and Sir William Nevill.

Marriage and issue
In October 1495 he married Catherine of York, the sixth daughter of King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville and sister to the then-queen. William and Catherine had three children:
 * Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (c. 1496 – 9 January 1539) married (1) Elizabeth Grey, Viscountess Lisle and (2) Gertrude Blount.
 * Lady Margaret Courtenay (c. 1499 – before 1526) married Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester.
 * Edward Courtenay (1497 – 12 July 1502)

Monument to daughter


An effigy tradition identifies as "little choke-a-bone", Margaret Courtenay (d. 1512), an infant daughter of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) by his wife Princess Catherine of York (d. 1527), the sixth daughter of King Edward IV (1461–1483) exists in Colyton Church in Devon. The effigy is only about 3 feet in length, much smaller than usual for an adult. The face and head were renewed in 1907, and is said to have been based on the sculptor's own infant daughter. One of the Courtenay seats was Colcombe Castle within the parish of Colyton. A 19th-century brass tablet above is inscribed: "Margaret, daughter of William Courtenay Earl of Devon and the Princess Katharine youngest daughter of Edward IVth King of England, died at Colcombe choked by a fish-bone AD MDXII and was buried under the window in the north transept of this church".

The effigy appears to contain errors—records show that Margaret was still alive and serving Princess Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII, on 2 July 1520. However, another nobleman from that period—Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk—had named two living sons Thomas and two living daughters Elizabeth; hence, it is possible the Courtenay family had two daughters named Margaret who lived at the same time.

Heraldry
Three sculpted heraldic shields of arms exist above the effigy, showing the arms of Courtenay, Courtenay impaling the royal arms of England and the royal arms of England. Later authorities have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be the wife of Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), namely Lady Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409 – 1449), daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1373–1410), KG (later only 1st Earl of Somerset) (the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (4th son of King Edward III), and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife) by his wife Margaret Holland. The basis of this re-attribution is the belief that the "royal arms" shown are not the arms of King Edward IV, but those of Beaufort. The arms of Beaufort are the royal arms of England differenced within a bordure compony argent and azure.

Death and burial
He died of pleurisy on 9 June 1511 and was buried by a royal warrant at Blackfriars, London.