Wuthering Heights (1970 film)

Wuthering Heights is a 1970 British drama film directed by Robert Fuest and starring Anna Calder-Marshall and Timothy Dalton. It is based on the classic 1847 Emily Brontë novel of the same name. Like the 1939 version, it depicts only the first sixteen chapters, concluding with Catherine Earnshaw Linton's death, and omits the trials of her daughter, Hindley's son, and Heathcliff's son.

Plot summary
The Earnshaws are Yorkshire farmers during the early 19th Century. One day, Mr. Earnshaw returns from a trip to the city, bringing with him a ragged little boy called Heathcliff. Earnshaw's son, Hindley, resents the child, but Heathcliff becomes companion and soulmate to Hindley's sister, Catherine. After her parents die, Cathy and Heathcliff grow up wild and free on the Moors, and despite the continued enmity between Hindley and Heathcliff, they're happy—until Cathy meets Edgar Linton, the son of a wealthy neighbor.

Cast

 * Anna Calder-Marshall as Catherine Earnshaw Linton
 * Timothy Dalton as Heathcliff
 * Harry Andrews as Mr. Earnshaw
 * Pamela Brown as Mrs. Linton
 * Judy Cornwell as Nelly Dean
 * James Cossins as Mr. Linton
 * Rosalie Crutchley as Mrs. Earnshaw
 * Hilary Dwyer as Isabella Linton
 * Julian Glover as Hindley Earnshaw
 * Hugh Griffith as Dr. Kenneth
 * Morag Hood as Frances Earnshaw
 * Ian Ogilvy as Edgar Linton
 * Peter Sallis as Mr. Shielders

Hindley Earnshaw
This film version differs from the book in several ways, and most of the differences involve Hindley Earnshaw. First it takes a more sympathetic look at Hindley. Usually portrayed as being a cruel oppressor of Heathcliff, in this version he is persecuted by his father and lives in Heathcliff's shadow. Also in this version, Nelly Dean, the narrator, is shown as being in love with Hindley and unable to express her feelings due to their class difference. After his wife's death, Hindley goes through a hedonistic stage but finally pulls himself out of it.

At the end of the film, perhaps the most controversial of all the differences, Hindley succeeds in fatally shooting Heathcliff and remains the owner of Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff and Cathy's ghosts are then reunited.

When first introducing Heathcliff, the film also suggests that Heathcliff might be Mr Earnshaw's illegitimate son and hence Cathy's half-brother.

Development
The film was announced in June 1969. AIP were not traditionally associated with Gothic romance, but were inspired to make the film by the success of Romeo and Juliet (1968). A studio spokesman said, "We believe that given the modern, youthful look we plan for it, the Bronte story deserves re-telling. Louis M. Heyward was the executive in charge of the project while Meade Roberts was going to write the script.

"Classics have a presold audience," said AIP president James H. Nicholson.

In August AIP announced that Curtis Harrington would direct with filming to begin in late September.

However filming did not proceed. (Harrington wound up making Who Slew Auntie Roo? for AIP instead. ) In February 1970 AIP announced the film as part of its slate with Robert Fuest, who had just made Just like a Woman, directing from a Pat Tilley script. The following month the two leads were announced: Timothy Dalton, best known for The Lion in Winter, and Anna Calder-Marshall, best known for Female of the Species. Fuest said "We shall show Heathcliff as a man completely fascinated by Catherine's passion, sexuality, jealousy and cruelty. And the tempestuous Catherine will be seen as a woman hypnoised by Heathcliff's violence, brutality and sadistic vengefulness."

Fuest says "we are making the same story" as the 1939 film but "our version will be harder, relatively stronger, closer to the book... This is a totally unromantic story. It's a classical story about generation gap and revolt. Attitudes that existed then, exist now."

Filming
Filming began 6 April 1970 and was shot on location in Blubberhouses, Weston Hall near Otley, and Brimham Rocks as well as Shepperton Studios. (Another film based on a Bronte novel, Jane Eyre, started filming 18 May. ) Producer Lous Heyward said at the time: "I'm the only American here. For the first time in 30 years Hollywood said to me, 'No big names, no huge publicity, just a good film that stands on its merits'. This is very encouraging except now we stand naked in judgement. It has to be really good with two to three million dollars invested. The last version, with Laurence Olivier as Heathcliff and Merle Oberon as Cathy, portrayed him as a regular nice guy and her as sweetness and light. That was not the truth and Hollywood now goes in for the truth. Heathcliff was a bastard and Cathy a real bitch and that's how they'll be in this film." Filming was plagued by poor weather.

Reception
The film was given a royal premiere in Britain in front of Princess Alexandra on 9 June 1971.

Critical
Vincent Canby of The New York Times remarked that the film "is simply petulant when it tries to be overwrought, which may be what American International Pictures publicity people mean when they describe the film as 'youth-oriented.'"

Variety called it "a competent, tasteful, frequently even lovely re-adaptation of Emily Bronte's Gothic, mystical love story. But the brooding tension, the electric passion of two lovers compelled to an inevitable tragedy is not generated."

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one star out of four and wrote that the actors "are simply not equal to the demands of the script that, if not controlled, easily slips into laughable melodrama", adding that "the film has the unfortunate physical appearance of a vampire tale."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times stated, "At the tag end of 1970, the sight of Emily Bronte's Cathy Earnshaw running all over those Yorkshire moors shouting Heathcliff! Heathcliff! seems supremely silly—at least in AIP's handsome new version of 'Wuthering Heights' ... The trouble is that it's impossible to care about any of these people, so self-indulgent are they in their romanticism. As a result, you come away from the film thinking how much healthier and honest are today's young people, the audience for which this picture presumably is intended." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post panned the film as "inane and incoherent", with "such a tenuous, sickly resemblance to the book it's based on (and whose reputation it's confiscating) that, in simple justice, the producers should be restrained from using the original title. Some of the film characters have the same names as Miss Bronte's characters, but the resemblance ceases right about there: her story, her atmosphere and her emotions are almost totally ignored, bungled or butchered." David Pirie of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "At the very least, the combination of AIP and Emily Brontë promises a creative tension; but it turns out to provide only a flattened and monotonous version of her classic novel ... they have played safe in the worst possible way, reducing and telescoping the action into a meagre, spiritless soap-opera, with everyone lacking conviction and Heathcliff in particular about as demonic as a shy farm-hand."

The film holds a score of 64% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews.

Box Office
The film was a box office success, earning rentals of $2.2 million in the US and Canada.

Arkoff attributed this success to the fact that they related the story "to the youth of today". He contrasted this with the box office failure of Kidnapped.

Arkoff also said the film "had a female audience. Which didn’t mean that men didn’t go. A lot of young men, of course, went with young girls. But it was a picture that young women bought."

Proposed Sequel
AIP had announced a sequel Return to Wuthering Heights but it was not made. Neither were other adaptations of classic novels mooted by the studio, including Camille, The House of Seven Gables, and Tale of Two Cities. The House of Seven Gables was to start filming in England in July 1971 from a script by Tilley who wrote Wuthering Heights. Les Miserables was to start in mid 1971 in France. Tale of Two Cities also from a script by Tilley was to film at the end of 1971.Henry VIII was another proposed AIP project. In November 1971 Fuest was to direct Seven Gables and Return to Wuthering Heights.

In April 1972 Sam Arkoff said he wanted to remake Camille by "applying it to the emotions of today", including showing "physical love". He said his version of Tale of Two Cities was discarded "because it didn't seem to relate to today." However, none of these proposed follow-ups were made.