Xukuru language

Xukurú (Xucurú, Shukurú, Ichikile) is a indigenous language of Brazil. It is also known as Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).

It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka (1968) reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.

Classification
Loukotka (1968) considers Xukurú to form a small family with Paratió.

Distribution
Geraldo Lapenda (1962) reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.

Consonants
Xukuru consonants:

Vowels
Xukuru vowels:

Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).

Morphology
Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.

Pompeu (1958)
Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu (1958), cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! Portuguese gloss (original) !! English gloss (translated) !! Xucurú
 * homem || man || xenúpre
 * mulher || woman || moéla
 * fogo || fire || intôa
 * água || water || teu
 * pedra || stone || kébra
 * cabeça || head || kreká
 * orelha || ear || bandulak
 * bôca || mouth || mãz
 * nariz || nose || korõzá
 * língua || tongue || izarágo
 * dente || tooth || ciladê
 * mão || hand || kereké
 * pé || foot || poyá
 * casa || house || sek
 * olho (olha) || eye (see) || pigó
 * }
 * nariz || nose || korõzá
 * língua || tongue || izarágo
 * dente || tooth || ciladê
 * mão || hand || kereké
 * pé || foot || poyá
 * casa || house || sek
 * olho (olha) || eye (see) || pigó
 * }
 * pé || foot || poyá
 * casa || house || sek
 * olho (olha) || eye (see) || pigó
 * }
 * olho (olha) || eye (see) || pigó
 * }
 * }

Meader (1978)
Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.

Lapenda (1962)
The following Xucuru words are from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). The data was collected by Raimundo Dantas Carneiro and Cícero Cavalcanti. (Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).)

Loukotka (1949)
The following Shukurú words are from Loukotka (1949). The data is from a 137-word manuscript list collected by Curt Nimuendajú in 1934 from 4 elderly semi-speakers in Pernambuco. The list was obtained by Loukotka in 1940.


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! French gloss (original) !! English gloss (translated) !! Shukurú
 * chien || dog || ʒebrégo
 * dent || tooth || tʃilodé
 * eau || water || téu
 * femme || woman || moéla
 * feu || fire || intóa
 * hache || axe || tilóa
 * homme || man || ʃenũprĕ
 * jaguar || jaguar || lamprémp
 * langue || tongue || ĩʃ-arágŏ
 * main || hand || koreké
 * maïs || maize || ʃígŭ
 * maison || house || ʃek
 * manioc || cassava || ʃakurarágŭ
 * manger || eat || kreŋgô
 * oreille || har || bandalák
 * pied || foot || poyá
 * pierre || stone || kéiba
 * pot || pot || koréka
 * serpent || snake || saŋsála
 * tabac || tobacco || mãʒé
 * tête || head || kreká
 * }
 * maison || house || ʃek
 * manioc || cassava || ʃakurarágŭ
 * manger || eat || kreŋgô
 * oreille || har || bandalák
 * pied || foot || poyá
 * pierre || stone || kéiba
 * pot || pot || koréka
 * serpent || snake || saŋsála
 * tabac || tobacco || mãʒé
 * tête || head || kreká
 * }
 * pierre || stone || kéiba
 * pot || pot || koréka
 * serpent || snake || saŋsála
 * tabac || tobacco || mãʒé
 * tête || head || kreká
 * }
 * tabac || tobacco || mãʒé
 * tête || head || kreká
 * }
 * }

Sentences
The following Xucuru sentences are from Lapenda (1962).