1345 Liverpool riot
| 1345 Liverpool riot | |
|---|---|
| Location | Liverpool, United Kingdom |
| Date | 1345 |
Attack type | Riot |
The 1345 Liverpool riot took place on St Valentine's Day that year when a large body of armed men entered the town of Liverpool and attacked the Courts.
Period of disorder[edit]
The period around 1345 was a time of much public disorder, particularly in the north. In Carlisle, men "led by a most wiked spirit" effectively made a local truce with the Scots, who frequently invaded England at this time. It was thought at the time that they intended to surrender the city and Castle, and allow a "hostile invasion".[1] The following year riots took place in which several citizens and members of the castle guard were injured. It does not appear that the disorder was linked to food scarcity, although this may have been a factor, as war preparations diverted the food supply more than usual. Rather, it has been posited that the number of men being recruited in the north for Edward III's newly-instigated war in France. There was probably increasing emnity between townsmen and the mayor and corporation, who were accused of drawing and hanging several citizens while allow Scots to dwell in peace, even when indicted by the Crown.[1] Other major disturbances took place in Newcastle upon Tyne, this time between the town burgesses and the friars minor. The former broke the doors and smashed the locks of the priory, while diverting the friars water supply for the town's use.[2]
Liverpool riots[edit]
Having "feloniously and seditiously"[2] unfurled banners, the mob broke into the court—while the Justices of the Peace were in session—and began abusing them. What began with hurling insults escalated into violence, and swiftly following their "'insulting and contumacious words",[3] the armed mob "did wickedly kill, mutilate, and plunder of their goods, and wound very many persons there assembled, and further did prevent the justices from showing justice" as they were due to.[3]
A Commission of the Peace was held three weeks later to bring to justice those involved; many of whom, it was discovered, were propertied men. By July, Henry, Earl of Lancaster had ensured that most of them had received royal pardons on condition that they joined his military campaign to Gascony.[3] Recent scholarship has indicated that the riots were an extension of an on-going feud between two gentry families, the Radcliffe and Trafford families, all of whose retainers were later found among the accused.
There were a number of casualties among each family. Of the Traffords, says the Victoria County History, "Geoffrey son of Sir Henry de Trafford; Richard de Trafford, son of Sir John the elder, and John and Robert his brothers; also Richard brother of Henry de Trafford" were all killed.[4] Robert Ratcliffe also died the day of the riot, but in his particular case, there is some uncertainty whether his death was directly the result of injuries sustained in the riot.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Cohn 2013, p. 114.
- ^ a b Cohn 2013, p. 115.
- ^ a b c V.C.H. 1911, pp. 4–36.
- ^ V.C.H. 1911, p. 331 n.38.
- ^ Stewart-Brown 1933.
Bibliography[edit]
- Cohn, S. K. (2013). Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10702-780-0.
- Stewart-Brown (1933). "Two Medieval Liverpool Affrays". Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 85: 7187. OCLC 79946806.
- V.C.H. (1911). "Liverpool: The castle and development of the town". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
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