Académie Suisse

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The Académie Suisse was a very popular, informal art school founded by Martin François Suisse (1781–1859)[1][2] in 1815,[3] and was located at the corner of the Quai des Orfévres (No. 4) and the Boulevard du Palais, in Paris, France. From Delacroix to Cézanne, most major French artists frequented this venue to meet colleagues and to study after male and female models.

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

Martin François Suisse started his career as a baker or baker's apprentice, but then took up a career as artist's model. As D’Ivol notes,[1] he posed for the celebrated artist Pierre-Narcisse Guérin (1774–1833) in 1796. Suisse was also, according to Monneret,[4] a former model for the great, classicist, artist Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). He, ‘Le Suisse’, posed some 39 times for the great man in the years 1811-1815.[5]

Suisse's life as a model was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). In the latter years of the hostilities, he became a sailor, probably a conscripted marine. He was captured and imprisoned on a miserable prison hulk, most likely moored at Plymouth and was later moved to the infamous Dartmoor Prison, close by. Upon his release and repatriation, he returned to Paris where he resumed being a model. It was said that most of the figures in Eugène Delacroix's (1798–1863) ‘The Barque of Dante’ , also called ‘Dante and Virgil in Hell’ by some, were painted from Suisse, in which case he was still modelling up to 1822 when the painting was completed. In the meantime, the year 1815 saw him open the art academy[6][7] that was to make his name.

Suisse's Academy[edit]

The academy was located in a squalid, red house, 4 Quai des Orfévres, where a sombre corridor led to very old, well-worn and dirty stairs that took one up to the front door on the second floor.[8][9] Here, Suisse fitted out a rented apartment, where a large room served as an art studio and the remaining two rooms became his personal living quarters.[10]

Pont St. Michel with 4, Quai des Orfèvres, the white, corner building, that housed Acadèmie Suisse. Postcard, 1904.
Pont St. Michel with 4, Quai des Orfèvres, the white, corner building, that housed Acadèmie Suisse in the background. Postcard, 1904.

The studio was not attractive in appearance, but was fairly well-lit by a quinquet with twenty lamps; an amphitheater of eighty stools or benches was more-or-less occupied according to the season, but one never saw very many empty seats. The increasingly nicotine-stained walls were covered with academies left in payment of a month in arrears by impoverished art students.[11][12]

The Académie Suisse was much smaller and more informal than the École des Beaux Arts, where many students went on to continue their studies.[13] The registration or attendance fee was modest; in 1850 students paid 5 US dollars/month[14] (25 francs).[15] Any artist could attend the academy to paint, draw or sculpt in their chosen media. Suisse provided a male model for three weeks of the month and a female for the remaining week.[16] Paying fees meant that the cost of models could be shared collectively, which was a great aid to students who had little money. Some students would visit the morgue, just a few yards away from the Suisse's door on the Quai, towards the Pont Saint-Michel. Here, they could observe the anatomy of fresh corpses at no cost whatsoever.[17]

Besides the support and advice of their fellow artists, there was no tuition as such at the Académie Suisse. However, Suisse was a drawing-master[18] and could also offer advice when posing the model. He was a jovial, knowledgeable and helpful man, much loved and admired by his "students". He enjoyed regaling them with anecdotes of the artists he had sat for and the paintings he had seen created, and would often entertain them by reciting classical literature.[19] In artistic circles, he was affectionately known as "Le Père Suisse". Influential individuals such as museum curators and art professors would frequently pay visits, such was the acclaim of the academy and the respect for its proprietor.[1]

Suisse's access to young, talented artists also gave him an excellent position from which to become an art dealer. He would buy their works cheaply and sell them on at a considerably elevated price. There were numerous artists, but Nicolas François Octave Tassaert (1800 –1874) was one of those whose works contributed the most to Suisse's fortune.[20]

In 1858, Suisse retired and left his academy to a nephew, while remaining an honorary professor.[1] However, it was the artist Etiènne Prosper Crébassol (1806–1883)[21] that soon took on the ownership, certainly the running, of the academy, renaming it l’Academie Suisse-Crébassol.[22]

Suisse died in 1859 at his home,[23] 78 years old. He had known and befriended many artists, and many would have attended his funeral. However, before he died, he asked that only his family attend, as artists' time was precious and he had no desire to disturb them. This instruction and his modest savings, he left to a niece who had been very close and helpful.[1]

Passe writes[24] that in 1876, the Ateliers de Dessin et de Peinture, were more-or-less limited to Julian's Academy in the Passage des Panoramas (see Crombie) and Crébassol's insufficient, little course in rue Gît-le-Cœur. He makes no mention of the renowned Académie Colarossi (see below), which must mean it had not been opened. It would seem that Crébassol had moved the school to No. 12, rue Gît-le-Cœur, 6th Arrondissement, over the river from the Quai des Orfèvres.[25] Passe further states that two years later in 1879 the aged Crébassol sold his studio to the Italian model and sculptor Filippo Colarossi (1841–1906)[26][27] for the sum of 500 fr. Crébassol was by this time 73 years old and was presumably no longer able and/or willing to maintain his academy any longer. He died at home in 1883.[21]

Colarossi wanted to start his own professional art academy and had, through hard work and economy, saved the required funds.[28]

In 1881, Colarossi moved his acquisition to a newly built, six studio complex in the courtyard of No. 10, Rue de la Grande Chaumière (6th Arrondissement) in Montparnasse,[29] then a hive of artistic activity. He renamed it the Académie Colarossi,[30] a very successful, fee-funded school that offered expert tuition to male and female students from all over the world.

While Colarossi and his academy went from strength to strength, Suisse's considerable contributions to art were slowly forgotten. No monument or plaque was placed to remind Paris and its visitor of this remarkable man. The memory of his existence was further dimmed when in 1905, the block of buildings including 4 Quai des Orfèvres was expropriated and demolished to make way for the extension of the Palais de Justice in 1906.[31]

Despite this, the memory and gratitude of artists persisted. An attempt was made by ex-students to rekindle a flame of remembrance. In a meeting at the Académie Colarossi in 1913, the "Société Internationale des Anciens Élèves des Académies Suisse-Crebassol-Colarossi" was formed. Its president was the renowned sculptor Jean Antoine Injalbert (1845–1933) and its aim was to hold exhibitions by former students, both in France and abroad. The society proposed to celebrate the contributions of the three schools to the world of art and promote the works of their students.[32]

Sadly, the initiative seems to have failed, perhaps due to the advent of the First World War.[33]

Notable students[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. Some sources give Suisse's forename as Charles. However, it appears he was in fact named Martin François.[34][35]
  2. 5 US dollars had the same buying power as 168 current US dollars.[36][37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e D'Ivol, Paul (25 December 1859). "Feu Suisse". Le Figaro (in French). Paris, France. p. 6.
  2. ^ From Filae.com, 23 juin 2021. Source: Registres journaliers d'inhumation des cimetières parisiens. Les documents d'origine sont consultables sur le site des Archives de Paris, archives.paris.fr: Registres d'inhumations – Archives de Paris –Sépulture, Inhumation: Cimetière de Montparnasse (14e), Martin François Suisse, Novembre 1859, page 17 (pp. 1–194)
  3. ^ a b Ayral-Clause, Odile (9 August 2019). Camille Claudel: A Life. Plunkett Lake Press.
  4. ^ Monneret, Sophie (1979). L'Impressionisme et son époque, dictionnaire international (in French). Vol. 1. Paris, France: Éditions Denoël. p. 925. ISBN 2-221-05222-6.
  5. ^ Benhamou, Reed (1997). "'Diderot et l'enseignement de Jacques-Louis David". Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie (in French). 22: 82. doi:10.3406/rde.1997.1377.
  6. ^ Bourcey (1877). Ballue, A. (ed.). "Les Académies Libres – LÁcadémie Suisse". Musée Universel – revue hebdomadaire illustrée (in French). Paris, France. p. 60.
  7. ^ Lamont, L. M.; Rowe, Eleanor (1912). Thomas Armstrong, C. B. A memoir. 1832–1911. London: Martin Secker. p. 115. ISBN 978-1176313378.
  8. ^ Bacon, Henry (1882). "March". A Parisian Year. Boston, USA: Roberts Brothers. p. 57.
  9. ^ R., E. (2 January 1925). "LES ARTS – L'Atelier Suisse". Paris Midi (in French). Paris, France. p. 2.
  10. ^ Anon. (25 June 1904). "The Art Paris of 'Trilby'". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. XLI. p. 4. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  11. ^ Anon. (16–28 February 1859). "Le Marteau des Démolisseurs". Revue anecdotique des excentricités Contemporaines (in French). 8: 80 – via Archive.org.
  12. ^ Anon. (15 December 1924). "L'Atelier Suisse". Le Bulletin de la Vie Artistique (in French): 550 – via Gallica – Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  13. ^ a b c d Haynes, Danielle (15 December 2018). Claude Monet: Founder of French Impressionism. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5345-6529-6.
  14. ^ H., T. (August 1850). "Parisian Hints for Artists". Bulletin of the American Art-Union: 75–76 – via JSTOR.
  15. ^ Edvinsson, Rodney. "Portal for Historical Statistics". Historicalstatistics.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  16. ^ Martin-Fugier, Anne (2007). La vie d'artistes au XIXe siècle (in French). Paris, France: Audibert. p. 56. ISBN 9782847490848.
  17. ^ Lamont, L.M.; Rowe, Eleanor (1912). Thomas Armstrong, C. B.: A Memoir, 1832–1911. London: Martin Secker. p. 114.
  18. ^ de La Bédollière, Émile (6 June 1840). "The Model". The New World. Vol. 1. New York, USA. p. 23.
  19. ^ Hervet, Emile (26 January 1886). "BEAUX-ARTS, Octave Tassaert". La Patrie (in French). p. 2.
  20. ^ Chesneau, Ernest (1880). Peintres et Statuaires Romantiques (in French). Paris, France: Charavay Frères. p. 295.
  21. ^ a b From Filae.com, 8 juillet 2021. Archives Départementales de Paris –Décès, 4 juin 1883, Paris 9EME (Paris, Paris), Individu concerné: Etienne Prosper CREBASSOL, No. 878 NB.: Sépulture, 5 juin 1883, Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen (93) ((Saint-Ouen) Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis), Inhumation.
  22. ^ Émile-Bayard, Jean (1927). Montparnasse – hier et aujourd'hui, ses artistes et écrivains étrangers et français les plus célébres (in French). Paris, France: Jouve et Cie. p. 394.
  23. ^ Princep, Val C. (1904). Spielmann, M.H. (ed.). "A Student's Life in Paris 1859". The Magazine of Art. 2. London, England: La Belle Savvage [sic]: 340 – via Archive.org.
  24. ^ Passe, Jean (15 February 1891). Dupray, Paul (ed.). "Ateliers Libres". Journal des Artistes – Revue hebdomadaire des Beaux-Arts (in French). Paris, France: 46.
  25. ^ Passe, Jean (3 February 1889). Dupray, Paul (ed.). "Causerie". Journal des Artistes – Revue hebdomadaire des Beaux-Arts (in French): 37–38.
  26. ^ Naissance mentionnée dans son acte de mariage du 21 juillet 1866 à Paris 6e arrondissement (consultable sur http://archives.paris.fr/r/284/etat-civil-a-partir-de-1860/).
  27. ^ Le Paul, Charles-Guy (1987). Gauguin and the Impressionists at Pont-Aven. New York: Abbeville Press. p. 130.
  28. ^ Duval, Henri (8 February 1909). "Romance deserts the Lives of Paris Artists' Models". New York Press. New York City, USA. p. 4.
  29. ^ Crombie, John (2003). CHEZ CHARLOTTE – and Fin-de-Siècle Montparnasse. Paris, France: Kickshaws. p. 11.
  30. ^ Thorell, Marge (13 November 2018). Karin Bergoo Larsson and the Emergence of Swedish Design. McFarland. pp. 43, 166. ISBN 978-1-4766-7406-3.
  31. ^ Anon. (1905). "La Vie et L'Image". Revue Universelle (in French). Vol. 5. Paris, France: Librairie Larousse. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  32. ^ Anon. (2 June 1913). "American Quartier Latin". The New York Herald. Paris, France. p. 4.
  33. ^ Anon. (2 June 1913). "American Quartier Latin". The New York Herald. Paris, France. p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d "Collection: Charles Suisse, 1861". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  35. ^ Arama, Maurice (2017). EUGÈNE DÉLACROIX – Le Générale romain (in French and English). France: Société Archipel. p. 3.
  36. ^ Eliasen, Alan. "Historical Currency Conversions". futureboy.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  37. ^ Webster, Ian (26 June 2021). "Inflation Calculator". officialdata.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2021.

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