Clitorophallus

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Clitorophallus of an intersex person.

Clitorophallus is a term used to refer to the penis or clitoris. It is typically used when the clitorophallus is of a size where it is not clear as to whether it is a penis or a clitoris (ambiguous genitalia).[1][2] Often it is a matter of size that leads people to differentiate it as a penis or a clitoris,[3][4][5][6] though placement of the urethral meatus may also play a part.

During sexual development of an embryo, the clitorophallus is typically referred to as the "genital tubercle". The stages of development between male and female embryos are identical until around the 9th week post-fertilization, thus the clitorophallus is not distinguishable as a penis or a clitoris.[7] The position of the urethra is also likely to vary (see Hypospadias and Epispadias). These occasions may occur when someone is intersex, which is also referred to as "disorders of sex development" or "DSD". The term may also be used when referring to the phallus of a transsexual, and not limited to humans.[8][9][10][11] In certain contexts, the term may appear as "clitorophallic".[12]

The terms "clitoropenis" or "clitoropenile" have also been used for the same purposes.[13][14][15][16][17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Emans, S. Jean; Laufer, Marc R. (2019-10-14). Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health. ISBN 978-1-9751-0745-1.
  2. ^ Sanfilippo, Joseph S.; Lara-Torre, Eduardo; Gomez-Lobo, Veronica (2019-08-06). Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-37584-9.
  3. ^ Grimstad, Frances; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Taghinia, Amir; Estrada, Carlos R.; Ganor, Oren (2021). "The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients". Andrology. 9 (6): 1719–1728. doi:10.1111/andr.13016. ISSN 2047-2927. PMID 33834632. S2CID 233192141.
  4. ^ Huhtaniemi, Heino FL (2019). "Intersexuality: Gender assignment and social care". Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Academic Publishers. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-12-812200-6.
  5. ^ Money, John (1991). Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism in Paired Comparisons: Clinical Supplement to the Handbook of Sexology. Elsevier. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-444-81403-6.
  6. ^ Goel, Krishna M.; Gupta, Devendra K. (2012-12-15). Hutchison's Paediatrics. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 456. ISBN 978-93-5090-686-6.
  7. ^ P A, Aatsha; Krishan, Kewal (2022), "Embryology, Sexual Development", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491533, retrieved 2022-07-31
  8. ^ Helbing, Caren C.; Crump, Kate; Bailey, Carmen M.; Kohno, Satomi; Veldhoen, Nik; Bryan, Teresa; Bermudez, Dieldrich; Guillette, Louis J. (2006-11-01). "Isolation of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) thyroid hormone receptor α and β transcripts and their responsiveness to thyroid stimulating hormone". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 149 (2): 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.05.019. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 16884722.
  9. ^ Guillette Jr., Louis J.; Pickford, Daniel B.; Crain, D. Andrew; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1996-01-01). "Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 101 (1): 32–42. doi:10.1006/gcen.1996.0005. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 8713642.
  10. ^ Pickford, D. B.; Guillette, L. J.; Crain, D. A.; Rooney, A. A.; Woodward, A. R. (2000). "Plasma Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations and Phallus Size in Juvenile American Alligators (A. mississippiensis) from Contaminated and Reference Populations". Journal of Herpetology. 34 (2): 233–239. doi:10.2307/1565420. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565420.
  11. ^ Guillette, Louis J.; Woodward, Allan R.; Crain, D. Andrew; Pickford, Daniel B.; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1999-12-01). "Plasma Steroid Concentrations and Male Phallus Size in Juvenile Alligators from Seven Florida Lakes". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 116 (3): 356–372. doi:10.1006/gcen.1999.7375. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 10603274.
  12. ^ Schober, Justine M. (2006), Oldham, Keith T.; Stringer, Mark D.; Mouriquand, Pierre D. E. (eds.), "Feminization (surgical aspects)", Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long-Term Outcomes (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 595–610, ISBN 978-0-511-54575-7, retrieved 2021-11-29
  13. ^ Earp, Brian; Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Adler, Peter; Alderson, Priscilla (September 2019). "Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting and the Rights of the Child: Moving Toward Consensus". ResearchGate. ISSN 1526-5161.
  14. ^ Hutton, J. M. (1987). "Incubation temperatures, sex ratios and sex determination in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)". Journal of Zoology. 211 (1): 143–155. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb07458.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
  15. ^ Reese, A. M. (1924). "The structure and development of the intromittent organ of the Crocodilia". Journal of Morphology. 38 (3): 301–313. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050380302. ISSN 1097-4687. S2CID 85865226.
  16. ^ Nuñez Otaño, Noelia Betiana; Imhof, Alba; Bolcatto, Pablo Guillermo; Larriera, Alejandro (June 2010). "Sex differences in the genitalia of hatchlings Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801)". Herpetological Review. ISSN 0018-084X.
  17. ^ Ciocan, Hernán; Leiva, Pamela M. L.; Simoncini, Melina S. (August 2020). "Sexual Identification of Caiman latirostris Hatchlings by Cloacal Inspection". South American Journal of Herpetology. 16 (1): 50–55. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00075.1. ISSN 1808-9798. S2CID 221380233.
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