Democratic Memory Law
The Law of Democratic Memory (Spanish: Ley de Memoria Democrática) is a law in Spain which came into effect in October 2022, concerning the legacy of Francoist Spain.[1][2]
Background[edit]
After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, the Spanish transition to democracy saw the birth of the Pact of Forgetting, where both leftist and rightist parties of Spain decided to avoid confronting directly the legacy of Francoism. Because of the Pact (expressed most clearly in the 1977 Amnesty Law), there were no prosecutions for persons responsible for human rights violations or similar crimes committed during the Francoist period, no exhumations of mass graves, Francoist public memorials remained standing, and the Francoist "Day of Victory" celebration was changed to "Armed Forces Day", celebrating both Nationalist and Republican parties of the Spanish Civil War.
In 2007, the government of Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero passed the Historical Memory Law, formally condemning the repressions of the Franco regime and giving certain rights to the victims and the descendants of victims of the Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship. However, the law attracted criticism, with some on the left arguing that it does not go far enough and with the conservative People's Party arguing that it was "using the Civil War as an argument for political propaganda."[3]
On 18 June 2018, the government of Pedro Sánchez announced its intention to remove Franco's remains from the Valle de los Caídos, the monument to the Civil War on the outskirts of Madrid.[4] On 24 August 2018, Sánchez's cabinet approved a decree that modifies two aspects of the 2007 Historical Memory Law to allow the exhumation of Franco's remains from the Valle de los Caídos. After a year of legal battles with Franco's descendants, the exhumation took place on 24 October 2019, and Franco was reburied at Mingorrubio Cemetery in El Pardo with his wife Carmen Polo.[5]
Summary[edit]
In 2020, the Sánchez government announced its intentions to introduce a new law to address the legacy of Francoism - the Democratic Memory Law.[6] On 15 September 2020, the cabinet approved a draft bill to be presented to parliament.[7] The law passed the upper house of parliament on 5 October 2022, and came into effect on 21 October 2022.[8][9]
The bill includes a provision to ensure secondary school, Spanish Baccalaureate, and vocational training students are taught about the dictatorship. The bill also declares the tens of thousands of convictions for military rebellion against Franco from 1936 to 1938 void, but bars those targeted by the illegitimate convictions from suing the government for compensation.
As well, the law renders the government responsible for exhuming and identifying the bodies of those murdered by the fascist regime and buried in unmarked graves.[10] It creates an official register of victims to connect currently scattered information about the victims and would include the possibility of DNA testing to help locate surviving relatives. The law also redefines the Valley of the Fallen monument as a national cemetery for people killed on both sides of the civil war, with no remains to be placed in particular prominence.[11][12]
The law also intends to finally remove a number of remaining Francoist symbols from the country, including the possibility of issuing fines of €200 to €150,000 for those who promote fascist symbols or attempt to humiliate the victims of fascism.[13] It also abolished 33 titles of nobility awarded by the fascist regime[14] and would dissolve the Francisco Franco National Foundation.[15]
The law offers Spanish citizenship to the children of Spanish exiles who had fled from the Franco regime. The 2007 Historical Memory Law had excluded children of exiles who had changed or renounced their Spanish citizenship; the new law entitles any descendant of Spanish immigrants born before 1985 – the year Spain changed its nationality law – to citizenship. This now includes the grandchildren of people exiled under the Franco dictatorship, and the descendants of women who had lost their citizenship on marrying non-Spaniards. It is estimated that 700,000 people could be eligible for citizenship under the new "grandchildren law".[9]
Some confusion was caused after deputy PM Pablo Iglesias tweeted that "the descendants of the members of the International Brigades who fought for freedom and against fascism in Spain will be eligible for Spanish nationality", but the draft bill only included posthumous citizenship for the veterans of the International Brigades.[16] Jim Jump, chair of the International Brigade Memorial Trust said that, as all the anti-fascist veterans were now deceased, the provision was "a welcome gesture" but "mainly symbolic."[17]
Reception[edit]
PSOE politician and Secretary-General of the Office of the Prime Minister of Spain Félix Bolaños argued that it was "the first law to repudiate the coup of 1936" and that "No democratic force should have any problems paying tribute to the victims of a dictatorship." Far-right party Vox, however, has pledged to repeal the law if they gain power in the next Spanish general election, due to be held at the latest in December 2023.[18] The former leader of the centre-right People's Party Pablo Casado stated that all it did was "dig up grudges."[19]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Spain's New Memory Law Will Finally Recognize Franco's Victims". Jacobin. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Misremembering Franco". tribunemag.co.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Hamilos, Paul (10 October 2007). "Spanish MPs to vote on law recognising Franco's victims". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Junquera, Natalia (18 June 2018). "Removal of Franco's remains from Valley of the Fallen one step closer". El País (in Spanish). Madrid: Prisa. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- ^ Jones, Sam (23 October 2019). "Franco's remains to finally leave Spain's Valley of the Fallen". Archived from the original on Oct 25, 2023 – via The Guardian.
- ^ "The Spanish government proposes a new law on history". The Economist. Sep 17, 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Government approves draft bill of Democratic Memory Act". La Moncloa. Sep 15, 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Alina Ramos Martin (21 October 2022). "Spain assumes the Law of Democratic Memory". Prensa Latina. Archived from the original on Oct 27, 2022.
- ^ a b Burgen, Stephen (27 October 2022). "Spain's new citizenship law for Franco exiles offers hope in Latin America". The Guardian. Archived from the original on Oct 17, 2023.
- ^ "New law aims to boost hunt for Spain's Franco-era mass graves". The Local Spain. Jul 21, 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Spain's Democratic Memory bill to honour dictatorship victims". Reuters. July 20, 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Jones, Sam (15 Sep 2020). "Spain plans to turn Franco's former burial site into civil cemetery | Spain". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Vishwajeet Deshmukh; Devansh Parekh (October 21, 2020). "The Spanish Democratic Memory Law: Theory and Implementation". Jurist. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Spain scraps 33 titles handed out by dictator Franco to family and aides". Reuters. October 21, 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ Gilmartin, Eoghan; Wardle, Tom (Aug 27, 2021). "The Whitewashing of Franco's Regime in Spain Must End". Jacobin. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Confusion over Spain's plans to grant citizenship for descendants of International Brigades". The Local Spain. 24 Sep 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Jump, Jim (17 September 2020). "Draft law will not offer citizenship to descendants of volunteers". Morning Star. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 – via International Brigade Memorial Trust.
- ^ Junquera, Natalia (Jul 22, 2021). "Spanish Civil War: Spain drafts more ambitious historical memory bill amid wave of revisionism". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Jones, Sam (9 Oct 2021). "Old wounds are exposed as Spain finally brings up the bodies of Franco's victims | Spain". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.