Hot Springs Conference
The Hot Springs Conference, also referred to as the Food and Agriculture Conference[1]: 1654 and officially known as the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture,[2] was held from 18 May to 3 June 1943, in Hot Springs, Virginia, in the United States. Its primary function was the creation of the Food and Agriculture Organization,[3] the first functional organization of what would later become the United Nations.[4]: 152f.
History[edit]
The primary mover of progress towards and at the conference was Frank L. McDougall, economic advisor to the Australian High Commission and previously a long-time activist for agricultural and nutritional issues at the League of Nations.[4]: 153 Attached to the Australian legation in Washington, McDougall managed to approach US Vice President Henry A. Wallace and subsequently the President and First Lady, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, about the advantages of his ideas in regards to postwar agricultural issues.[5]: 630
The conference opened on 18 May 1943.[6]: 183 All countries that were then members of the United Nations (established through the Declaration by United Nations, 1 January 1942), plus an observer from Denmark, were in attendance.[2]: 162 The conference set the outlines for what would become the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which was subsequently inaugurated on 16 October 1945, and took up its headquarters in the office of the International Institute for Agriculture (IIA) in Rome, Italy.[4]: 153f.
Members of the Axis powers were not invited; Nazi Germany's state newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, reported on 21 May 1943, that the Hot Springs Conference was an Allied ploy to place global food supplies under the control of the major Allied states, making the Hot Springs Conference, in Nazi parlance, an attempted "anchoring of the political dictatorship of Wall Street Jews all over the world". The Völkischer Beobachter repeated its attacks (always paired with antisemitic rhetoric) on the Hot Springs Conference over several articles and into June 1943.[7]: 219–222
The Hot Springs Conference stands in a greater context of Allied and United Nations conferences about the establishment of postwar infrastructure; other such meetings were held at Geneva in 1947 to establish the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and at Havana in 1948 to establish the Havana Charter.[8]: 34 The Hot Springs Conference's focus on postwar humanitarian relief preparations is also reflected in the preparations, starting in 1943, for the establishment of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).[4]: 154
References[edit]
- ^ Hull, Cordell (1948). Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume 2. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781404748118.
- ^ a b Evang, K. (September 1944). "The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, Hot Springs, Virginia, 18th May–3rd June, 1943". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2 (3–4): 163–176. doi:10.1079/PNS19440010.
- ^ Foot, M. R. D. (1980). "CONFERENCES, ALLIED". In Baudot, Marcel (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World War II. Facts on File. pp. 119–120. ISBN 9781349052547.
- ^ a b c d Clavin, Patricia (2015). "International Organizations". In Bosworth, Richard J. B.; Maiolo, Joseph A. (eds.). Politics and Ideology. Cambridge History of the Second World War. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–161. ISBN 9781107034075.
- ^ Ekbladh, David (2021). "Worlds of International Development". In Blower, Brooke L.; Preston, Andrew (eds.). 1900–1945. Cambridge History of America and the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 617–638. ISBN 9781108419260.
- ^ Royal Institute of International Affairs, ed. (1990). Chronology and Index of the Second World War, 1938–1945. Meckler. ISBN 088736568X.
- ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674027381.
- ^ Ogle, Vanessa (2021). "Global Capitalist Infrastructure and US Power". 1945 to the Present. Cambridge History of America and the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–54. ISBN 9781108419277.
Literature[edit]
- Evang, K. (September 1944). "The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, Hot Springs, Virginia, 18th May–3rd June, 1943". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2 (3–4): 163–176. doi:10.1079/PNS19440010.