Kathleen E. Carpenter

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Kathleen E. Carpenter
Kathleen Carpenter circa 1910
Born(1891-03-24)24 March 1891
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England
Died29 May 1970(1970-05-29) (aged 79)
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England
Alma materAberystwyth University
Scientific career
FieldsFreshwater biology
InstitutionsAberystwyth University
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Radcliffe College
McGill University
Washington College
University of Liverpool

Kathleen E. Carpenter (1891–1970) was a British freshwater ecologist.[1][2] She is best known for her early studies of the effects of metal pollution on Welsh rivers and their biota, as well as her book Life in Inland Waters, the first textbook in English wholly devoted to freshwater ecology.[3][4][5][6]

Early life[edit]

She was born Kathleen Edithe Zimmerman on 24 March 1891 in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, one of the four daughters of Francis Frederick Zimmerman and Victoria Boor. Her father was a successful businessman.[4] In 1914 she changed her surname by deed poll to Carpenter (the English translation of the German word Zimmerman).[4]

Academic career[edit]

Carpenter was admitted to Aberystwyth University in 1907 to study for a BSc degree, which was awarded by the University of London in 1910.[7] She also received MSc and PhD degrees from Aberystwyth University in the 1920s.[1]

She was commissioned by Julian Huxley to write a textbook about freshwater ecology. Life in Inland Waters (1928) was based on her knowledge and experience. It included almost 100 line drawings that she had made.[6] In the late 1920s she was a researcher in North America at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and later Radcliffe College and McGill University.[8][3] She was subsequently a professor at Washington College from 1931 to 1936.[8][9] She returned to Britain and was a lecturer at the University of Liverpool during World War II.[1] Her research at this time including into the diet of young salmon, including the observation that the eggs were sometimes eaten by the adults.[6]

Research[edit]

Carpenter was one of the first to assess British running water fauna, and her PhD thesis included a "'food relations' diagram" that seems to be one of the first food webs of fresh water animals in the UK.[6] She undertook research into the effects of metal mining on streams in Cardiganshire, collecting samples from distinct habitats within streams. Through studying pristine streams as well as those where mining had recently commenced or finished, she was able to record how the stream's fauna was affected.[4]

Later life[edit]

Her academic career appears to have ended during the early 1940s. She died in 1970 while living in Cheltenham.[4]

Publications[edit]

  • Zimmermann, Kathleen E. (1912). Notes on the Respiratory Mechanism of Corystes Cassivelaunus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 9(3), 288-291.[10]
  • Zimmermann, K. (1913). Habit and Habitat in the Galatheidea: a study in adaptation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 10(1), 84-101.[11]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1922). The fauna of the Clarach stream (Cardiganshire) and its tributaries. Aberystwyth studies by members of the University College of Wales, 4, 251–258.[12]
  • Carpenter, K. (1922). Lead and Animal Life. Nature 110(2764), 543.[13]
  • Carpenter, K. (1922). Freshwater Fauna of Aberystwyth Area in Relation to Lead Pollution (Abstract). Journ. Brit. Assoc. (Hull), 30-31.[14]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1923). Notes on the History of Cardiganshire Lead Mines. Aberystwyth studies by members of the University College of Wales, 5, 99–103.[15]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1923). Distribution of Limnæa pereger and L. truncatula. Nature 112(2801), 9.[16]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1924). A study of the fauna of rivers polluted by lead mining in the Aberystwyth district of Cardiganshire. The Annals of Applied Biology, 9(38), 1–23.[17]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1924). The freshwater fauna of the Aberystwyth district of Cardiganshire, studied with especial reference to the pollution of streams consequent on lead-mining operations. No. 49, File F.G. 1898, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Standing Committee on River Pollution.[18]
  • Carpenter, K. (1924). Problems of River Pollution. Nature 113(2837), 385-386.[19]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1925). Biological factors involved in the destruction of river-fisheries by pollution due to lead-mining. Ser. No 84, Rep. No. 77, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Standing Committee on River Pollution.[20]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1925). On the biological factors involved in the destruction of river-fisheries by pollution consequent on lead-mining. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1925, p. 403.[21]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1925). On the biological factors involved in the destruction of river-fisheries by pollution due to lead-mining. The Annals of Applied Biology, 12(44), 1–13.[22]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1926). The lead mine as an active agent in river pollution. Annals of Applied Biology, 13(3), 395–401.[23]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1926). A Planarian species new to Britain. Nature, 117(2946), 556.[24]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1926). Report on the lethal action of lead salts on fishes. Ser. No. 190, Rep. No. 129, Ref. File F.G. 1655. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Standing Committee on River Pollution.[25]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1926). On a Vexed Question. Fishing Gazette, June 11. 1927.
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1926). On the Toxicity of Lead-Salts to Fishes. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the Ninety-Fourth Meeting. Oxford 1926, August 4-11, p.368-369.[26]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1927). The lethal action of soluble metallic salts on fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology, 4, 378–390.[27]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1927). Faunistic ecology of some Cardiganshire streams. Journal of Ecology, 15(1), 33–54.[28]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1927). On the Survival of some Ice-age Relics in the Freshwater Fauna of Cardiganshire. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1927. p. 336.[29]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1928). Life in Inland Waters, with especial reference to animals. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1928). On the distribution of freshwater Turbellaria in the Aberystwyth district, with especial reference to two ice-Age relicts. Journal of Ecology, 16(1), 105–122.[30]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1928). On the tropisms of some freshwater planarians. The British Journal of Experimental Biology, 5, 196–203.[31]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1930). Further researches on the action of metallic salts on fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 6, 407–422.[32] †Contributions from the Zoölogical Laboratories of the University of Illinois, no. 376.
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1930). Fish life in relation to polluting influences in the Lake Champlain watershed. New York State Dept Conserv Suppl to 19th Ann Rept, pp. 186-209.[33]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1931). Variations in Holopedium Species. Science, 74, 550–551.[34]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1931). Fresh Water Investigations. Annual Report of the work of the Biological Board of Canada for the year 1930, 13-14. [35]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1939). Food of Salmon Parr. Nature, 143, 336.[36]
  • Carpenter, K. E. (1940). The feeding of Salmon parr in the Cheshire Dee. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 110, 81–96.[37]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Williams, Dudley; Duigan, Catherine (2009). Rivers of Wales. Margraf Publishers. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-3-8236-1561-3.
  2. ^ Talling, Jack (2004). "The Development of Freshwater Science in Britain, And British Contributions Abroad, 1900–2000". Freshwater Forum. 22: 24. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b Duigan, Catherine. "'A Life in Fresh Water' Kathleen Carpenter (1891–1970), a pioneering freshwater ecologist at Aberystwyth University". Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e Duigan, Catherine (2018). "Who was... Kathleen Carpenter?". The Biologist. 65 (3): 22–25. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  5. ^ Downes, Barbara J.; Lancaster, Jill (2019). "Celebrating women conducting research in freshwater ecology … and how the citation game is damaging them". Marine and Freshwater Research. 71 (2): 139. doi:10.1071/MF18436. hdl:11343/234116. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d Duigan, Catherine; Kovach, Warren (15 December 2020). "CARPENTER, KATHLEEN EDITHE (1891 - 1970), ecologist". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  7. ^ London, University of (1930). "University of London Calendar, 1920". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  8. ^ a b "The Washington Elm". No. XXXI (1). 3 October 1931. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  9. ^ Darlington, Andrew. "The Mother of Freshwater Ecology". Washington College website. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  10. ^ Zimmermann, Kathleen E. (1912). "Notes on the Respiratory Mechanism of Corystes Cassivelaunus". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 9 (3): 288–291. doi:10.1017/S0025315400048323. S2CID 86210028. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  11. ^ Zimmermann, K. (1913). "Habit and Habitat in the Galatheidea: a study in adaptation". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 10 (1): 84–101. doi:10.1017/S0025315400006755. S2CID 85376763. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Aberystwyth Studies. / by Members of the University College of Wales, 1912-1923, p.650". Archive.org. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  13. ^ Carpenter, K (1922). "Lead and Animal Life". Nature. 110 (2764): 543. Bibcode:1922Natur.110..543C. doi:10.1038/110543d0. S2CID 4081728. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  14. ^ Carpenter, K. "Freshwater Fauna of Aberystwyth Area in Relation to Lead Pollution. In:Report of the Ninetieth Meeting, Hull, 1922". archive.org. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Aberystwyth Studies. / by Members of the University College of Wales, 1912-1923, p.786". Archive.org. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  16. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1923). "Distribution of Limnæa pereger and L. truncatula". Nature. 112 (2801): 9. Bibcode:1923Natur.112....9C. doi:10.1038/112009c0. S2CID 4086403.
  17. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1924). "A Study of the Fauna of Rivers Polluted by Lead Mining in the Aberystwyth District of Cardiganshire". Annals of Applied Biology. 11: 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1924.tb05689.x.
  18. ^ "Freshwater Fauna of Aberystwyth district with reference to pollution of stream by lead-mining operations". National Archives, Kew. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  19. ^ Carpenter, K (1924). "Problems of River Pollution". Nature. 113 (2837): 385–386. Bibcode:1924Natur.113..385C. doi:10.1038/113385a0. S2CID 4099999. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Biological Factors involved in destruction of river fisheries by pollution due to lead mining". National Archives, Kew. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  21. ^ "Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science". Archive.org. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  22. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1925). "On the biological factors involved in the destruction of river-fisheries by pollution due to lead-mining". Annals of Applied Biology. 12: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1925.tb02252.x.
  23. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1926). "The lead mine as an active agent in river pollution". Annals of Applied Biology. 13 (3): 395–401. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1926.tb04285.x.
  24. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1926). "A Planarian Species New to Britain". Nature. 117 (2946): 556. Bibcode:1926Natur.117..556C. doi:10.1038/117556b0.
  25. ^ "Lethal action of lead salts on fishes". National Archives, Kew. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  26. ^ Carpenter, K. E. (1926). "On the Toxicity of Lead-Salts to Fishes". British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the Ninety-Fourth Meeting. Oxford 1926: 368–369. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  27. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (June 1927). "The Lethal Action of Soluble Metallic Salts on Fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 4 (4): 378–390. doi:10.1242/jeb.4.4.378. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  28. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1927). "Faunistic Ecology of Some Cardiganshire Streams". Journal of Ecology. 15 (1): 33–54. doi:10.2307/2256062. JSTOR 2256062.
  29. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E (1927). "On the Survival of some Ice-age Relics in the Freshwater Fauna of Cardiganshire". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 95th Meeting, Leeds, 1927: 336. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  30. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1928). "On the Distribution of Freshwater Turbellaria in the Aberystwyth District, with Especial Reference to Two Ice-Age Relicts". Journal of Ecology. 16 (1): 105–122. doi:10.2307/2255844. JSTOR 2255844.
  31. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (March 1928). "On the Tropisms of Some Freshwater Planarians". Journal of Experimental Biology. 5 (3): 196–203. doi:10.1242/jeb.5.3.196. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  32. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1930). "Further researches on the action of metallic salts on fishes". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 56 (4): 407–422. doi:10.1002/jez.1400560403.
  33. ^ Carpenter, K. E. (1930). "Fish life in relation to polluting influences in the Lake Champlain watershed". New York State Dept Conserv Suppl to 19th Ann Rept: 186–209. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  34. ^ Carpenter, K. E. (1931). "Variations in Holopedium Species". Science. 74 (1926): 550–551. doi:10.1126/science.74.1926.550-a. JSTOR 1658491. PMID 17801815.
  35. ^ Carpenter, K. E. "Fresh Water Investigations. In: Annual Report of the work of the Biological Board of Canada for the year 1930, p.13-14" (PDF). Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  36. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (1939). "Food of Salmon Parr". Nature. 143 (3617): 336. Bibcode:1939Natur.143Q.336C. doi:10.1038/143336a0. S2CID 4083703.
  37. ^ Carpenter, Kathleen E. (2010). "The Feeding of Salmon Parr in the Cheshire Dee". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1–2): 81–96. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1940.tb08461.x.
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