Old Dhivehi
| Old Dhivehi | |
|---|---|
 Dhanbidhoo Loamaafaanu (1195 CE) is written in the Old Dhivehi language | |
| Region | Maldives |
| Era | 12-13th century CE |
Indo-European
| |
| Eveylaa akuru (older variant of Dhives Akuru) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Old Dhivehi is the earliest attested form of the Maldivian language, recorded in Loamaafaanu in the 12th and 13th centuries CE and various Buddhist texts beginning from the 6th century CE. It is the ancestral form which gave rise to the modern northern dialect of the Dhivehi language. Old dhivehi belongs to Indo-Aryan branch of wider Indo-European language family.
No endonym for the language is known. However the language may have been called "Dhuvesi" or "Dhivesi" meaning "Islander", which has evolved into the endonym for the modern language.[1]
History[edit]
Old Dhivehi descends through Proto Dhivehi-Sinhala or Elu spoken in 3rd century BCE. Around 1st century BCE, the unattested Proto-Dhivehi, the direct ancestor to all Maldivian dialects, started to separate from Elu prakrit. Proto-Dhivehi came to be influenced by subcontinental Middle Indo-Aryan dialects and Dravidian languages.[2]
Phonology[edit]
Vowel inventory of Old Dhivehi is mostly identical to that of modern dhivehi. Like Sinhala and Dravidian and unlike most Indo-Aryan languages, spoken Old Dhivehi distinguished between long and short forms of [e, eː] and [o, oː]. However these were not distinguished in writing.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
| Open | a | aː | ||||
- Modern [æː] developed as an independent phoneme from the Old Dhivehi diphthong /ai/.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ||||||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
p |
b ᵐb |
t̪ |
d̪ ⁿd̪ |
ʈ |
ɖ ᶯɖ |
k |
ɡ ᵑɡ |
||||
| Fricative | s̪ | h | ||||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l̪ | ɭ | j | ||||||||
| Tap | ɽ | |||||||||||
Old Dhivehi vowel inventory was more limited compared to that of modern dhivehi as [f],[z̪],[d͡ʒ],[t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] did not exist. OIA sibilants had [ʃ] and [ʂ] merged into [s] prehistorically.[5]
Old Dhivehi consonant clusters /dy/ and /ty/ evolved into later [d͡ʒ] and [t͡ʃ] respectively.[6]
Prenasalized consonants existed in the spoken form of old dhivehi, however were not rendered orthographically.[7]
Modern dhivehi ށ [ʂ~ʃ] is a reflex of OIA and Old Dhivehi [ʈ] rather than OIA [ʂ].[5]
Old Dhivehi contrasted between retroflex nasal ޱ and dental nasal ނ.[8][9]
Old Dhivehi /p/ shifted to /f/ after 17th century[10]
Vowel backing of Old Dhivehi /e/ to /o/ occurred after 13th century.[11]
Grammar[edit]
Vocabulary[edit]
| Old Dhivehi | Modern Dhivehi | English |
|---|---|---|
| Puʈi ޕުޓި | Fuʂi ފުށި | Islet |
| Pavuru ޕަވުރު | Fāru ފާރު | Wall |
| Ateɭu އަތެޅު | Atoɭu އަތޮޅު | Atoll |
| Malu މަލު | Mā މާ | Flower |
| Raʈu ރަޓު | Raʂ ރަށް | Island/Country |
| Keɭu ކެޅު | Koɭu ކޮޅު | end/piece |
| Simu ސިމު | In އިން | Border |
| Saᶯdu ސަނދު | Haᶯdu ހަނދު | Moon |
| Doruveʈi ދޮރުވެޓި | Dorōʂi ދޮރޯށި | Gate |
References[edit]
- ^ Fritz, Sonja (2002). "The Dhivehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects" (PDF). Beiträge zur Südasienforschung. 191: 32, 61 – via TITUS.
- ^ Dwayne., Cain, Bruce. Dhivehi (Maldivian): A synchronic and diachronic study. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-0-599-50452-3. OCLC 841782150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ahmed., Maniku, Hassan (1986). Isdhoo loamaafaanu. Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. p. iv. OCLC 30815973.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Disanayake, J.B.; Wijayawardhana, G.W. (1986). "SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MALDIVIAN LOAMAAFAANU COPPER PLATES OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Sri Lanka Branch. 31 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Dwayne., Cain, Bruce. Dhivehi (Maldivian): A synchronic and diachronic study. pp. 154, 155. ISBN 978-0-599-50452-3. OCLC 841782150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fritz, Sonja (2002). "The Dhivehi language : a descriptive and historical grammar of Maldivian and its dialects" (PDF). Beiträge zur Südasienforschung. 191: 38–39 – via TITUS.
- ^ Dwayne., Cain, Bruce. Dhivehi (Maldivian): A synchronic and diachronic study. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-599-50452-3. OCLC 841782150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "2. The Dhivehi Language", Dhivehi, De Gruyter, p. 21, 2016-12-05, retrieved 2023-04-05
- ^ Ofitsch, Michaela; Zinko, Christian (2002). 125 Jahre Indo-Germanistik in Graz: Festband anlässlich des 125jährigen Bestehens der Forschungseinrichtung "Indogermanistik" an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. p. 149.
- ^ Dwayne., Cain, Bruce. Dhivehi (Maldivian): A synchronic and diachronic study. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-599-50452-3. OCLC 841782150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dwayne., Cain, Bruce. Dhivehi (Maldivian): A synchronic and diachronic study. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-599-50452-3. OCLC 841782150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fritz, Sonja (2002). "The Dhivehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects" (PDF). Beiträge zur Südasienforschung. 191: 54–64 – via TITUS.