Talk:Pinus sibirica

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WikiProject Food and drink Tagging[edit]

This article talk page was automatically added with {{WikiProject Food and drink}} banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here . Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories , but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns , please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:38, 4 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]

Edit to improve sort order in category Pinus[edit]

I edited this to change the sort order on the page for the Category:Pinus. It had been set to alphabetize under Pine. That might make sense for categories where there are a lot of trees and a few of them are pines; then all the pines group together. But on the page where everything is a pine, it made more sense to alphabetize under Siberian. 140.147.236.194 (talk) 20:30, 13 April 2010 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza[reply]

Moved from article for possible expansion[edit]

The ip added similar walls of text to two other articles. See discussion at Talk:Rhodiola_rosea#Recent_edit. --Ronz (talk) 17:38, 14 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Biologically active components[edit]

The wood contains the following organic acids: malic, citric, oxalic, shikimic, chinic [1]. Diterpenoids: cembrene, isopimaric and dehydroabietic acids; steroids: β-sitosterol. Higher aliphatic hydrocarbons: heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane etc. Higher fatty acids: arachnid, octadecadien -6,9- etc. [2]. Stilbenes: pinosilvene, methyl and dimethyl ethers of pinosilvene. Flavonoids: aroma dendrin, apigenin, kaempferol, tekto-chrysin , chrysin, pinostrobene, pinocembrene. [3] The bark contains carbohydrates: glucose, arabinose [4]. Phenol-carbon acids: vanillic, n-hydroxicinnamic, protocatechic, caffeic, ferulic, n-hydroxibenzoic. [5]. Stilbenes: resveratrol, pinostilbene [6]. Catechins, flavonoids: quertsetin, dehydroquertsetin, taxifolin, pinosylvin [7] . In the phloem there were found oxibenzoic and oxi-cinnamic phenol acids [8] Chemical composition of the Siberian pine resin alters when going uphill: the content of α-pinene decreases (from 50,5% to 39,1%) and the amount of Δ3-carene and β-phellandren increases, respectively from 27,6% to 39,5% and from 6,4 to 8,4%. [9] Resin contains monoterpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, limonene, β –phellandrene, n—cymene, bornyl acetate, borneol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, Δ3-carene, linalool, terpinene, phellandrene, menthol, camphora, terpinolene [10]; sesquterpenoids: β –bisabolene, epielemol, caryophyllene, humulene, muurolene, cadinenes, δ-cadinol, etc. [11]; diterpenoids: isocembrene, isocembrol, cembrene, abietic, dextropimaric, lambertian acids etc. [12] Pine resin contains methyl ether of isocupressic acid, isocembrol, bisabolol, δ-cadinol, pinusolid, isoagatholal, methyl ether of timol, sandaracopimarinal, palustral, isopimarinal, abiental, dehydroabietinal, mono-, sesqui- and diterpens (cembrene, isocembrene, neocembrene, isopimaradien, dehydoabietan, abietadien agathodiol, lambertianine, trans-scyadopic and pinusolic acids etc. [13] The needles contain organic acids: malic, citric, oxalic, shikimic, chinic [14] Essential oil (5,76%) contains in (%) α-pinene- 50.4, β –pinene - 1.7, santen- 9.6, limonene - 1.6, muurolene - 1.5, caryophyllene - 1.1, camphene - 4.5, bornyl acetate - 9.3, cadiens 2, bisabolen and humulen 1.9, camphora 1.2, borneol -0.7 etc. Diterpenoids: isocypressic, lambertianine, dehydroabietic, isopimaric and palustric acids, methyl ether of isocypressic acid, succynilisocypressic acid and its ethers [15] Phenol carbon acids and their derivatives; n-hydroxibenzoic, vanillic, n-cumaric, ferulic; lignans [16]. Flavonoids: kaempferol, quertsetin, myricetin et al. [17] The needles contain 0,42-1.49% of essential oil. Composition of oil from the needles alters with age: the content of cadinene decreases, and pinene- icreases. Needles of the young and more lighted trees contain more essential oils. In the needles, there were found 4-8 mg% of carotenoids. Young needles contain 0,19-0.54 mg% of ascorbic acid, while 1.5- year-old - 0.34-0.87 mg%. The content of ascorbic acid in needles reaches its maximum in April (0,87 mg%), then decreases to its minimum in May 0.34 mg%, and later gradually keeps increasing till April of the next year [18] Needles of Siberian Pine contain 0,8-1,05% of essential oil. In essential oil, there were found α-pinene (56,6-63,2%), β- pinene (0,95-1,38%), β-phellandren (0,78-1,71%), limonene (0,97-2,03%), hermacrene –D (10,8-15,8%), cadinens (5,7-8.4%), β- myrcene, cis-β-ocimene (0,46%), α-terpinene, n-cymol, γ-terpinene, α-terpinalene, α-thujene, camphene, sabinene, Δ3 carene, α-bisabolene, β- bisabolene, α- and β-caryophyllenes, bornyl acetate etc. [19] Needles of Siberian Pine grown in Belorussia contains 0.86% of essential oil. In the essential oil there were found α-pinene (54,5%), β- pinene (2,11%), β- myrcene (0,64%), limonene (5,87%), β-phellandrene (4,05%), hermacrene –D (7,32%), γ-terpinen, α-terpinolene, α- and β-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate etc. [20] The needles of Pine growing in Novosibirsk region, contain the following microelements: manganese 756 mg/kg, ferrum 151 mg/kg, borium 13 mg/kg , zinc 12,6 mg/kg, molybdenum 2,6 mg/kg, copper 2,5 mg/kg. [21] The nut kernel contains amino-acids - alanine 5,37 g/100 g of protein, arginine, asparagine acid , gistidine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, tirozine, serine, cystine, inluding issential: lizine 5,74 g/100 g of protein, methionine 1,6 g/100 g, tryptophane 1,23 g/100 g, valine 3,39 g/100 g,leucine+isoleucine 15 g/100 g, treonine 3,1 g/100 g, phenylalanine 6,47 g/100 g. Nut oil contains fatty acids: myristinic 0,1-1,26%, palmitic 3,6-7,26%, palmito-oleic 0,04-1,19%, stearic 1,77-4,86%, oleic 19,9-26,3%, linoleic 38,8-46,7%, linolenic 18,9-23,7%, arachic 0,28-1,64%, eucozadiene 0,58-1,24%, eucozatriene 0,94-1,35%. [22] In the proteins of the nut kernels there were identified 19 amino-acids, 70% of which are essential or conditionally essential. There were found 18 amino-acids in the composition of free amino-acids, the dominating ones being glutamic acid, gistidine, arginine, asparagic acid, proline, tirozine, alanine. Nut kernels contain essential aminoacids teronine 0,24-0,31%, valine 0,44-1,05%, metionine 0,14-0,39%, isoleucine 0,39-0,88%, leucine 0,69-1,33%, lizine 0,35-0,78%, phenil-alanine 0,35-0,81%, triptophane. Proteins of pine nuts in the content of phenilalanine, tirozine, gistidine, arginine and triptophane do not give way to proteins of the main cereal and oil-bearing crops, and by the content of particular amino-acids (cystine and triptophane) nut proteins are close to the proteins in dairy, but are superior in the content of arginine. Thanks to the specific composition, amino-acids of pine nuts do not only provide structural-plastic and regulatory function of proteins, but also participate in prevention of some metabolic disorders in human body. Nut kernels contain mono- and di- sugars 0,24-0,66 mg%, tocoferols 9,2-32,8 mg%, Vitamins В3, В5, В6. By the content of tocoferols, tiamine and riboflavin, cedar nuts are superior to other nuciferous . In the nut kernel, there was found ascorbic acid 64 mg%. Nuts serve as a rich source of magnesium, which is essential for cholesterol metabolism, prevention of lithogenesis and lowering irritability of nervous system. Nut kernel contains ferrum 1,8-4,2 mg%, magnesium 244-440 mg%, zinc 0,85-2,1 mg%, iodine 0,03-0,07 mg%, argentum 0,003-0,006 mg%. The content of fatty oil in nut kernel varies depending on the level of maturity, plant growth zone and can reach 63-66%.[23]. Pine nuts gathered in Irkutsk region, contain iodine 0,387-0,741 mg/kg, manganese 5,43-15,15 mg/kg, cobalt 0,107-0,197 mg/kg , copper 2,18-3,816 mg/kg , nickel 0,046- 0,073 mg/kg . High concentration of iodine, manganese and copper is especially valuable. That's why these nuts are used for treatment of hypothiroidism. The content of microelements in nuts can vary from 15 to 60% depending on the season (Karetnikov, Dmitrichenko, 1966) Pine nut kernel contains 56-63% of fatty acid, 17-23% of protein, 10-14% of carbohydrates, 0,65-1,12% of phosphatides. The following microelements are contained: calcium 16-20 mg%, magnesium 200-260 mg%, iodine 0,38-0,74 mg/kg, manganese 7-15,1 mg/kg, ferrum 7-18 mg/kg, cobalt, copper and nickel; vitamin Е 9,24-10,9 mg%. Pine oil contains Vitamin Е- 27,6 mg%, Vitamin В1 0,51-0,66 мг%. Iodine value of pine nut oil is 155-169. [24] Nut kernel contains fatty oil -56-59.9%, protein-16,6%, pentozanes - 2.1%. starch- 12, 4%. In the fatty oil there are oleic acid - 33,7-35,8%, linoleic acid - 31,1-34,3%, linolenic acid - 20,6-27,7% [25] Pine nuts contain the following amount of macroelements per 100 g of dry kernels: phosphorus - 486-716 mg, magnesium 396-488 mg, potassium 350-403, calcium - 35-49 mg, ferrum- 2-3,8 mg; the following amount of microelements per 1kg of dry kernel: manganese 5,1-9,7 mg, copper 1,5-3,1 mg, silicon 2.1-3,1 mg, iodine 0,38-0,71 mg, argentum 0,028-0,071 mg, as well as molibdenum, Borium, nickel, cobalt, zinc etc. Compared to other nuciferous growing in Russia, nuts of Siberian Pine have a higher concentration of phosphorus and especially magnesium. 100 g of pine nuts fully satisfy daily requirement for humans in magnesium, 200 g of kernel – in phosphorus [26] Nut kernels contain the following carbohydrates: glucose 2-3.8%, fructose 0,14-0,3%, saccharine 0,23-0,71%, dextrines 2,1-2,5%, starch 5.2-6.11%, pentozanes 1,72-2,11%; oil 59,2-66,3%, nitrogenous matter 2,8-3,3%, phosphatides 1,16-1,41 % (pine nuts are superior in their content to other nut-bearing and oil-bearing seeds.) Pine nut oil contains linoleic acid 50,8-67%, linolenic acid 14,9-27,4%, oleic acid 10,4-22,3%; tocopherols 47,8-68,2 mg%, including . Α-tocopherol 25,2-34,4mg%, γ- tocopherol 5,8-6,6 mg%, δ-tocopherol 16,8-26,2mg%. (Rush, Lizunova, 1969) Siberian Pine seeds contains condensed tannins (proantocyanidenes), hydrolyzed tannins (derivatives of gallic and ellagic acids), flavonoids (eriodictiol, taxifolin), epicatechin, syringic and vanillic acids, as well as a small amount of catechin, proto-catechic acid, epigallocatechingallate, naringenin etc. [27] 17 fatty acids were found in pine nut kernel: miristinic 0,7%, palmitic 6,4-7,6%, palmitooleic 0,08-0,3%, stearic 3,2-4%, oleic 21,7-26,2%, linoleic (ω6) 38,4-44,3% , γ-linolenoic (ω6) 16,8-18,7%, α- linolenoic (ω3) 0,31-0,45%, eucosadiene (ω6) 0,6-0,7%, eucosatriene (ω6) 1,2% atc. [28] Fatty oils of cedar nuts contain 5-11% of saturated acids, 10,4-26,5% of oleic , 38,8-59,1% of linoleic, 14.8-24,4% of γ - linolenic , 0,15-1,35% of α- linolenic , 0,58-1,24% of eucosadiene , 0,94-1,35% of eucosatriene . According to some Technical Conditions, the content of PUFA in oil has to be not less than 65%. Composition of fatty oil greatly changes depending on the growth zone of pine. Pine nut oil contains up to 58-70 mg% of tocopherols (all α,β,γ,δ isomers are present). [29] . Pine nut oil contains 22,3% of oleic acid, 4,5 of palmitic, 3,1% of stearic, 46.1% of linoleic acid, 19.6% of γ-linolenic acid (ω-6), 0.3% of α- linolenic acid (ω-3). i.e. high content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids ω-6 and ω-3 with their total concentration being not less than 60%. [30] Concentration and correlation of fatty acids, tocopherols in pine nut oil depends on the growth zone of cedar pine, its maturity level and the speed of nut processing. In Irkutsk region the content of linoleic acid in oils is 50,8-61,4%, linolenic - 14,9%- 27,4%, while in Novosibirsk region – respectively 53,9-67% and 17,6-25,2%, in Tomsk region - 40,4-44,5% of linoleic acid and 18,2-21,9% of linolenic. The bigger the geographic width the more tocopherols observed in pine nut oil. For example, Siberian pine from Krasnoyarsk region contains 49.6mg% of tocopherols in nut oil, in the Mountain Altai- 35,1-67,1 mg% , in Irkutsk region - 47,8-64,6 mg%, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Region 40-121 mg%. In pine nut oil there can be found α-, β-, γ- and δ- tocopherols, however, in the majority of regions the main isomer is α-tocopherol ( from 50.5-61.2 % оf the total tocopherol amount) [31] Pine nut oil contains 4.5% of palmitic acid, 3,1% of stearic, 0.3% of palmitoleic, 22.3% of oleic , 46,1% of linoleic, 19.6% of γ-linolenic (ω-6), 0,3% of α- linolenic (ω-3) , 52 mg% of tocopherols, density is 0,922 g/cm3. [32] Pine nut oil contains linalool, limonene, terpinene, phellandrene, menthol, cymol, pinenes, camphene, camphora, borneol, terpinolene, the latter being the dominant. [33] 11 fatty acids were identified in the fatty nut oil of Siberian pine. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids make up about 66% of the total content of fatty acids, with linoleic and linolenic acids being the dominating acids. [34]

Pharmacologicl properties[edit]

Pine nut oil normalizes blood lipid range, lowers cholesterol level, facilitates weight loss. [35] A number of physiological effects of pine nut oil is related to the presence of terpenes found in it. [36]

Use in medicine[edit]

Pine needles are used as an anti-scorbutic treatment, infusion of its resin – against wounds, cuts and burns. In alternative medicine infusion of fresh nut shells is used against deafness, emotional disorders, diseases of liver and kidneys, against hemorrhoids. Infusion of nut shells is used for washing arms and legs against hairiness. [37] Siberian pine nut oil is a great source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids PUFA. To satisfy daily value of essential fatty acids it is necessary to take daily about 20ml of oil. It facilitates the stabilization of lipid range of blood (the level of HDL cholesterol increased by 29%, and the level of LDL decreased by 21% , the Atherogenic Index decreased by 40%), lowering of systolic arterial pressure and weight loss. [38] Chopped pine nuts suppress gastric section, the production of gastric acid is decreased as well as the acidity. 100g of pine nuts satisfy daily value of Vitamin E for people. [39] When included into the diet of people suffering from cardiovascular pathologies, there was also acknowledged preventive effectiveness of pine nut oil [40]

Use in cosmetics[edit]

The main part of biologically active substances of pine nut oil is poly-unsaturated fatty acids Vitamin F. Positive effect of their influence on skin is that the membranes built with their participation have less hardness than membranes built with the domination of saturated fatty acids. As a result of this, skin elasticity and smoothness increases improves, there is visible invigoration of its barrier protective function and reduction of trans-epidermal water loss with the preservation of natural humidity of skin. Also pine oil is valued by cosmetologists for high concentration of tocopherols vitamin E, vitamins В1, В2, В6. Vitamins of B group are essential for regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism of skin. They participate in oxidant-restorative processes positively effecting aging skin. Tocopherols protect cells from free radicals and prevent peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the composition of cell membranes, which causes tissue damage. Another well-studied property of tocopherols is their moisturizing and smoothing action, as well as healing and anti-inflammatory effect. Β-tocopherol is introduced to the cosmetic formulations in order to stabilize ingredients prone to oxidation. Clinical tests conducted in the institutes of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, clinics and medical research centers have shown high therapeutic and cosmetic value of pine nut oil. Oil components have mild deodorant and anti-septic effect, improve the state of various burns and frostbites, allowing to optimize restorative process and change the structure and biomechanical properties of scar tissue. [41]. The main role of showing its biological activity when using pine nut oil in cosmetics belongs to poly-unsaturated fatty acids PUFA. At the present moment oils containing ω-6 fatty acids are recommended for treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Majority of contemporary skin diseases, including acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, are related to lack of γ-linolenic acid in the body. This is the reason why cosmetics containing linoleic, especially γ-lino acilinolic acids, is considered a natural component of immune-modulating therapy: it normalizes sebum funсtion, lowers the risk of inflammatory reactions in epithelium and strengthens barrier protective functions. It is explained by the fact that linoleic and γ-linolenic acids are essential for the synthesis of prostaglandines, which have clear anti-inflammatory activity in skin cells. α-linolic acid in its turn, as a representative of ω-3 group fatty acids, apart from anti-inflammatory effect caused by E3 prostaglandines synthesis, positively effects the state of blood vessels and restores skin micro-circulation. The best effect is attained by using both γ-linoleic and linolenic ω-3 fatty acids together . Phospholipids in pine nut oil are active components of cosmetic treatments, they serve as a source of fatty acids, which are essential for skin, restore damaged areas of skin upper protective layer. Besides, forming on skin surface bi-layer film, they prevent water loss. Also phospholipids have the function of anti-oxidants, slowing reactions of free oxidation in tissues. Phospholypids fortify anti-oxidant and anti-radical activity of tocopherols. Tocopherols Vitamin E have immune-stimulating and immune-modulating properties. They protect cells from ruining effect of free radicals and prevent peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. With lack of tocopherols, oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is accompanied by the formation of compounds causing structural alteration of epidermis and increase of skin exposure to infection diseases. Taking into account the unique combination of biologically active components, pine nut oil can be used for manufacturing cosmetics for both adults and kids (including newborns), it is especially effective in prevention of skin aging and fading. Also it can be introduced into scalp nourishment recipes, for prevention and treatment of hair brittleness, nail nourishment and strengthening. Linoleic and linolenic acids are precursors of prostoglandines , which protect humans against early aging, new formations, allergies and other pathological syndromes. Lack of PUFA consumption can lead to slowdown in the growth, necrotic skin damaging, alteration of capillary permeability. Combined action of valuable components of PUFA fatty oil, tocopherols and phospholypids provide synergetic effectiveness intensification of each of these substances. The main direction of oil physiological activity is participation in repairative processes going on cellular level in all body systems. Positive effect from using PUFA in skin metabolism is that, being part of the lipid interlayer of PUFA corneous layer, they lower its viscosity, and as a result, the membranes become less penetrable. [42]

Other uses[edit]

Confectionery products, enriched by protein products from the nuts of Siberian Pine, can be manufactured and recommended for functional and preventive nutrition. [43] Based on pine nut oil, there were developed recipes of three-component mixtures of vegetable oils, optimized by the content of ω-3 and ω-6 acids, designated for functional nutrition. There were also developed combined products with pine nut meal: cheeses, mayonnaise, confectionery pastes, cereals, food concentrates - pre-packed flour-based confectionery products, as well as baked products. [44]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ossipov, 1972
  2. ^ Lissina et al., 1967
  3. ^ Lutsky et al., 1971; Shostakovsky et al., 1969; Tyukavkina et al., 1968
  4. ^ Yartseva et al., 1971
  5. ^ Dolgodrovova et al., 1971; Gromova et al., 1971
  6. ^ Syrchina et al., 1972
  7. ^ Dolgodrovova et al,, 1971; Lutsky et al., 1970; Yartseva et al., 1971
  8. ^ Gromova et al., 1977
  9. ^ Vorobiyov et al., 1971
  10. ^ Lissina et al., 1965; Plant resourses; Roschina; Yegorova, 2009
  11. ^ Pentegova et al., 1966; Khan et al., 1983; Khan et al., 1985
  12. ^ Kashtanova et al., 1968; Kashtanova et al., 1969
  13. ^ Lissina et al., 1972; Raldugin etc., 1984
  14. ^ Ossipov, 1972
  15. ^ Raldugin, Pentegova, 1984; Raldugin et al., 1983
  16. ^ Medvedeva et al., 1985; Medvedeva et al., 1983
  17. ^ Ivanova et al., 1979
  18. ^ Useful plants of the USSR, 1951
  19. ^ Domrachev et al., 2011
  20. ^ Shutova et al., 2010
  21. ^ Ivashin et al., 1981
  22. ^ Yegorova, Poznyakovsky, 2010
  23. ^ Yegorova, 2011
  24. ^ Karetnikov, 1967
  25. ^ Beneficial plants of the USSR, 1951
  26. ^ Rush, Lizunova, 1969a
  27. ^ Pozharitskaya et al., 2007
  28. ^ Chepeleva, Annikova, 2006
  29. ^ Yegorova, 2011
  30. ^ Zhukova et al., 2005
  31. ^ Yegorova ,2007
  32. ^ Bakhtin et al., 2006
  33. ^ Yegorova, Roschina, 2009
  34. ^ Zadernowski et al., 2009
  35. ^ Zhukova et al., 2005
  36. ^ Yegorova, Roshina, 2009
  37. ^ Surina et al., 1974
  38. ^ Bakhtin et al., 2006
  39. ^ Karetnikov, 1967
  40. ^ Yegorova, 2012
  41. ^ Yegorova et al., 2005
  42. ^ Yegorova , 2006; Yegorova, 2011
  43. ^ Roslyakov et al., 2007
  44. ^ Yegorova, 2012

Move discussion in progress[edit]

There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Big-cone pinyon which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:46, 2 November 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Another / Better Image?[edit]

Right now in this article there is only a photograph of the pine cone of this tree, which is only one detail of the organism. I'd appreciate if there was another picture, for example, this one by Maksim Teltsov: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemalsky_District,_Altai_Republic,_Russia_-_panoramio_%2858%29.jpg . It shows two trees together in a natural habitat. I'm not familiar with image add/remove edits so I'll only write a suggestion here, for now. Thanks. 37.33.27.207 (talk) 11:25, 9 December 2017 (UTC)[reply]

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