Talk:Twin paradox/Literature

This is the beginning of a toolbox for the article. References in here are kept for reference, the good, the bad and the ugly. ATM, this page is strictly under construction. Paradoctor (talk) 21:31, 5 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]

README[edit]

This page is intended to save editors time and work, providing easily verifiable information. We collect material (references, media, websites, newsgroups, people, ...) that has come up at one time or another, and is not obviously irrelevant. We also record consensus information about the material, like

primary or secondary source? why?
is it reliable? why?
is it notable? why?
has the material been reviewed elsewhere? where? what result?
was it used or deleted? in what way does it contribute to the article? permalink relevant discussions
(websites/newsgroups): e.g., suitable for redirecting off-topic discussions?

If you think something in here is not correct, discuss it on the talk page and obtain consensus before editing here.

It is not necessary to actively research these items, just enter information whenever it becomes available.

Always provide links, permalinks or archival links where available, which means pretty much "almost always" today.

Do not sign your edits here.

Notes[edit]

Miller, Arthur I. (1981). Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911). Reading: Addison–Wesley. pp. 257–264. ISBN 0-201-04679-2.
Langevin, Paul (1911). "L’évolution de l’espace et du temps". Scientia 10: 31–54. http://diglib.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=7&int_ptnum=10&term_ptnum=39&format=jpg.
Laue, Max von (1913). Das Relativitätsprinzip (2 ed.). Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Einstein, A. (1918) "Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie", Die Naturwissenschaften 48, pp697-702, 29 November 1918 (English translation: dialog about objections against the theory of relativity)
Jones, Preston; Wanex, L.F. (February 2006). "The clock paradox in a static homogeneous gravitational field". Foundations of Physics Letters 19 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1007/s10702-006-1850-3. http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0604025.
C. Lagoute and E. Davoust (1995) The interstellar traveler, Am. J. Phys. 63:221-227
E. Minguzzi (2005) - Differential aging from acceleration: An explicit formula - Am. J. Phys. 73: 876-880 arXiv:physics/0411233
Michael Paul Hobson, George Efstathiou, Anthony N. Lasenby (2006). General Relativity: An Introduction for Physicists. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 0521829518. http://books.google.com/books?id=xma1QuTJphYC. See exercise 9.25 on page 227.

References[edit]

Einstein, A. (1905) "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", Annalen der Physik, 17, p891, June 30 1905 (English translation)
Einstein, A. (1916) "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity ." Annalen der Physik, 49 (English translation)
French, A. P. (1968). Special Relativity. W. W. Norton: New York.
Møller, C. (1952). The Theory of Relativity. Clarendon press: Oxford.
Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1992). Basic Concepts in Relativity. New York: Macmillan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Tipler, Paul and Llewellyn, Ralph (2002). Modern Physics (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4345-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE IN SPECIAL RELATIVITY, PART 2, THE TWIN PARADOX

External links[edit]

The twin paradox: Is the symmetry of time dilation paradoxical? From Einsteinlight: Relativity in animations and film clips.
FLASH Animations: from John de Pillis. (Scene 1): "View" from the Earth twin's point of view. (Scene 2): "View" from the traveling twin's point of view.

From the archives[edit]

USENET Physics FAQ from here
Bruno van Rossum's solution from here
Brans and Stewart (1973) paper on twin paradox in compact space, from here
Ives' 1937 paper, from [[1]]
Mehta2001 from here
Ricker3rd2005 from here
page 2 of Science at the Cross Roads - A Summary of Dingle's Critique of Special Relativity from here
Wang1999 from here
Mendel Sachs' proposed resolution of the clock paradox. Physics Today (Sept 1971, pp23-29), from here
Lasky's 2003 SciAm article from here
Builder1957a from here
Builder1959c from here
Hafele citation of Builder1959 from here
Chang1993 from here
Relativity in the Global Positioning System from here
Unnikrishnan's Current Science paper from here
Harald88 mentions English translation of Einstein1918k but gives no source from here
English tranlation of Einstein1918k provided by Cleon from here
Kak2006 from here
SciAm paper, possibly not referring to Lasky2003, from here
a Ricker from here
another Ricker from here
five papers published in the European Journal Of Physics since 2002 that attempt to solve the paradox, from here
Dirk Van de moortel's site from here
Edward Schaefer USENET posting from here
Schaefer1997 from here
Ned Wright offers a quintuplets scenario, from here

TwPx's Proposal[edit]

from here

H.A. Lorentz, Proc. R. Acad Amsterdam 6, 809 (1904).
H.E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell, An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Clock, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 215 (1938).
H.E. Ives, The Measurement of Velocity with Atomic Clocks, Science, 91, 79 (1940).
H.E. Ives, "The Clock Paradox in Relativity Theory", Nature, 168 (1951).
G. Builder, Bull. Inst. Phys. 8, 210 (1957).
G. Builder, Aust. J. Phys. 10, 424 (1957).
G. Builder, Aust. J. Phys. 11, 279 (1958).
G. Builder, Aust. J. Phys. 11, 457 (1958).
G. Builder, Aust. J. Phys. 12, 300 (1959).
S.J Prokhovnik, "The Logic of Special Relativity" (Cambridge U. P., 1967), pp 1-85, 108.
S.J Prokhovnik, Speculat. Sci. Technol. 2, 225 (1979).
S.J. Prokhovnik, Found. Phys. 19, 541 (1989).
R.T. Weidner and R.L. Sells, "Modern Physics" (Allyn and Bacon, 1961), pp. 56-64.
P.G. Bergmann, "Introduction to the Theory of Relativity" (Prentice-Hall, 1942), pp.33-44.
C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne and J.A. Wheeler, "Gravitation" (W.H. Freeman & Co., 1973), pp. 177-191, p. 1055.
A. Grunbaum, Philos. Rev. 66, 525 (1957).
H. Dingle, Nature 195, 985 (1962).
H. Dingle, Nature 197, 1248 (1963).
H. Dingle, "Science at the Crossroads" (Martin Brian & O'Keeffe, 1972), pp. 129-249.
W.H. McCrea, The Clock Paradox in Relativity Theory, Nature 167, 680 (1951).
W.H. McCrea, Nature 179, 909 (1957).
W.H. McCrea, Nature 216, 122 (1967).
L. Marder, "Time and the Space Traveler" (U. Pennsylvania P., 1971), pp.11-22.
C. Møller, "The Theory of Relativity" (Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 292-298.
J.T.Y Chou and S. Bradbury, Nature 179, 1242 (1957).
J. Terrell, R.K. Adair, R.W. Williams, F. C. Michel, D. A. Ljung, D. Greenberger, J.P. Matthesen, V. Korenman, T.W. Noonan, Phys. Today, 9, (January 1972).
A. d'Abro, "The Evolution of Scientific Thought" (Dover, 1927), pp. 223-224.
M. Born, "Einstein's Theory of Relativity" (Dover, 1965), pp. 261-262, pp. 355-356.
D.W. Sciama, "The Unity of the Universe" (Doubleday, 1959), pp. 151-152.
J.L. Martin, "General Relativity: A Guide to its Consequences for Gravity and Cosmology" (John Wiley & Sons, 1980), pp. 12-16.
E.F. Taylor and J.A. Wheeler, "Spacetime Physics" (W. H. Freeman and Co., 1963), pp. 92-95.
H. Bondi, "Relativity and Common Sense" (Dover, 1964), pp. 147-154.
A. Lovejoy, The Paradox of the Time-Retarding Journey, Philos.Rev., 40, 48 (1931).
C.H. Brans, D.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. D, 8, 1662 (1973).
F.L. Markley, Am. J.Phys. 41, 1246 (1973).
D.E. Hall, Am. J.Phys. 44, 1204 (1976).
W.G. Unruh, Am. J. Phys. 49, 589 (1981).
P. Beckmann, "Einstein Plus Two" (Golem Press, 1987)
M.P. Haugan and C. M. Will, Phys. Today, 69 (May 1987).
I.J. Good, The Self Consistency of the Kinematics of Special Relativity", Phys. Essays 4, 591 (1991)
J.N. Percival, The Twin Paradox Analyzed Using Two Different Space-Time Models, Phys. Essays, 8(1), 29 (1995).
I. McCausland, Phys. Essays 9(3), 484 (1996)
E. Sheldon, Relativistic twins or sextuplets?", Eur. J. of Phys., 24, 91 (2003)

Media[edit]

Images
from here
from here
from here
from here
from here, current version

Animations
from here
from File:Lorentz_transform_of_world_line.gif
from here
from here

Tables and Computations 1[edit]

by wwoods, from here: Maybe adding something like this would be helpful in explaining what's going on:

	x₁	t₁	x₂	t₂	x₃	t₃	x₄	t₄
O	$0\,$	$0\,$	$0\,$	$0\,$	$0\,$	$0\,$	$-2\gamma vT\,$	$\left({\frac {2}{\gamma ^{2}}}-2\right)\gamma T$
A	$0\,$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}T$	$-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma vT$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma vT$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T$	$\left({\frac {2}{\gamma ^{2}}}-2\right)\gamma vT$	$\left({\frac {3}{\gamma ^{2}}}-2\right)\gamma T$
B	$0\,$	$T\,$	$-\gamma vT\,$	$\gamma T\,$	$\gamma vT\,$	$\gamma T\,$	$-\gamma vT\,$	$\left({\frac {2}{\gamma ^{2}}}-1\right)\gamma T$
C	$0\,$	$\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)T$	$-\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)\gamma vT$	$\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)\gamma T$	$\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)\gamma vT$	$\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)\gamma T$	$-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma vT$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T$
D	$0\,$	$2T\,$	$-2\gamma vT\,$	$2\gamma T\,$	$2\gamma vT\,$	$2\gamma T\,$	$0\,$	${\frac {2}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T\,$
E	$vT\,$	$T\,$	$0\,$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T\,$	$2\gamma vT\,$	$\left(2-{\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\right)\gamma T\,$	$0\,$	${\frac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\gamma T\,$

T is the time the traveling twin takes to reach turnover, in the stay-at-home's rest frame.
v is the speed of the traveling twin. For simplicity, acceleration takes negligible time.

O is the point at which the traveling twin leaves the stay-at-home.
E is the point at which the traveling twin reverses course.
D is the point at which the traveling twin returns home.

A is the point simultaneous with turnover, in the outbound twin's rest frame.
B is the point simultaneous with turnover, in the stay-at-home twin's rest frame.
C is the point simultaneous with turnover, in the returning twin's rest frame.

[x₁, t₁] is the rest frame of the stay-at-home twin, with origin at O.
[x₂, t₂] is the rest frame of the outbound twin, with origin at O.
[x₃, t₃] is the rest frame of the returning twin, with origin at O.
[x₄, t₄] is the rest frame of the returning twin, translated so the coordinates of E are the same as in frame #2.

A worked example:
If γ = 2 (implying v = √3c/2 = 0.867 c), and T = 1 [whatever]

	x₁	t₁	x₂	t₂	x₃	t₃	x₄	t₄
O	0	0	0	0	0	0	-4 v	-3
A	0	0.25	-0.5 v	0.5	0.5 v	0.5	-3.5 v	-2.5
B	0	1	-2 v	2	2 v	2	-2 v	-1
C	0	1.75	-3.5 v	1.75	3.5 v	3.5	-0.5 v	0.5
D	0	2	-4 v	4	4 v	4	0	1
E	v	1	0	0.5	4 v	3.5	0	0.5

Diagrams would be nice, but ASCII art isn't well suited for those long skinny triangles. The important time periods can be read out of the table:

The stay-at-home twin experiences the interval OD = 2T.
The traveling twin experiences the intervals OE + ED = 0.5T + 0.5T = 1T.
The traveling twin sees the stay-at-home experiencing the intervals OA + CD = 0.25T + 0.25T = 0.5T.

—wwoods 19:25, 22 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]
[typos fixed, 21:51, 6 September 2007 (UTC)][19:26, 7 September 2007 (UTC)]

Tutorials[edit]

notable didactic material for those needing help to understand the article

Research[edit]

where those wishing to participate in original research can go, loosely rated for suitability (crackpot/specialties/cutting edge "real" research/history/...)

sci.physics.relativity

from main talk[edit]

 author = {Toichiro Kinoshita},
 title = {Quantum Electrodynamics},
 publisher = {World Scientific},
 year = {1990},
 pages = 539-549
 isbn = {9810202148},
 googleinfo = {http://books.google.com/books?id=bhuBDAcc2zQC},
 schmiednote = {p539 "As a bonus it sheds light on the so-called twin paradox, gives an upper limit to the 
 granularity of space-time, and tests the CPT invariance of the weak ..."}

Paul Sukys, "Lifting the scientific veil : science appreciation for the nonscientist", p192-199, Google Books

p95 of Grøn and Hervik's "Einstein's general theory of relativity"

Mildred Benton, "The clock problem (clock paradox) in relativity : theories, both pro and con, recorded in the literature : an annotated bibliography", WorldCat1 WorldCat2, ~250 entries, Naval Research Laboratory Bibliography No. 15, 1959

diff: physorg.com report on arxiv:0905.2428v1