Traffic law in the Philippines

The Land Transportation Office, which is responsible for the regulation and enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations.

Traffic law in the Philippines consists of multiple laws that govern the regulation and management of road transportation and the conduct of road users within the country.

The official and latest traffic code of the Philippines is Republic Act No. 4136, also known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code", which was enacted into law on June 20, 1964.

Applicable laws

The following table lists all Philippine laws applicable to the governance of road transportation and road users across the Philippines or in specific major areas within the country.

List of national traffic laws

Designation	Date passed	Title	Scope
Act No. 3045	March 10, 1922	Motor Vehicle Law	Establishes a law regulating motor vehicle traffic and requiring the registration of motor vehicles and licensing of motor vehicle drivers.
Act No. 3992	December 3, 1932	Revised Motor Vehicle Law	Revises provisions in Act No. 3045. Some of these changes include changes to definitions, penalties, and speed limits.
RA 2000	June 22, 1957	Limited Access Highway Act	Authorizes the construction of limited-access highways and defines traffic laws applicable to users of limited-access highways.
RA 4136	June 20, 1964	Land Transportation and Traffic Code	National traffic code. Covers the regulation and licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters of motor vehicles, as well as the traffic laws that apply only to motor vehicles. This act is based on Act No. 3992 and repeals it.
DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968	February 19, 1968	Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways	An administrative order issued by the Department of Public Works and Communications (now the Department of Public Works and Highways), by virtue of RA 2000, defining traffic rules and regulations governing limited-access highways.
PD 96	January 13, 1973	Presidential Decree No. 96	Prohibits and penalizes the usage of sirens, horns, or other similar gadgets with "exceptionally loud or startling sound" on motor vehicles and restricts such usage to authorized government vehicles.
RA 8750	August 5, 1999	Seat Belts Use Act of 1999	Mandates the inclusion of seat belts on private and public motor vehicles, excluding tricycles and motorcycles.
DPWH DO No. 123 s. 2001	July 18, 2001	Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways	Amends provisions in DPWC AO 1 s. 1968 to allow motorcycles on limited access highways and defines rules and regulations specific to motorcycles on such highways.
LTO AHS 2008-015	May 15, 2008	Rules and Regulations for the Use and Operation of Motorcycles on Highways	Defines traffic rules and regulations for motorcycles on roads and highways.
RA 10054	July 27, 2009	Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009	Mandates the wearing of a standard motorcycle helmet for riders and backriders of motorcycles.
RA 10586	July 23, 2012	Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013	Penalizes driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and other substances.
JAO 2014-01	June 2, 2014	Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violations of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land Transportation	Additional fines and penalties for the violation of land transportation traffic laws.
RA 10666	July 28, 2014	Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015	Regulates the backriding of children onboard on public roads with heavy and fast moving traffic.
RA 10913	July 27, 2015	Anti-Distracted Driving Act	Defines and penalizes distracted driving, particularly with electronics such as mobile phones.
RA 10916	July 27, 2015	Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016	Prohibits the registration and operation of any covered motor vehicle without a speed limiter device.
JMC 2018-01	January 17, 2018	Guidelines and Standards for the Classifications of Roads, Setting of Speed Limits Under Republic Act No. 4136, and Collection of Road Crash Data	Standardizes speed limits to be based on road classification and empowers local government units to collect road crash data and set local speed limits on local roads.
DOTr DO No. 2020-14	August 25, 2020	Guidelines and Protocols for Active Transportation and Light Mobility Vehicles	Establishes and prescribes road safety protocols and penalties for motor vehicles, bicycles, and other non-motorized transport on the road.
LTO AO No. 2021-039	May 11, 2021	Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Motor Vehicles	Defines, classifies, and regulates the operation, registration, and related penalties of electric motor vehicles, including electric cars, electric bicycles, and mobility scooters.
RA 11697	April 15, 2022	Electric Vehicle Industry Act (EVIDA)	Defines policies and responsibilities to create an enabling environment for the development of electric vehicles and micromobility.
LTO AO No. VDM-2024-044	February 21, 2024	Amended Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Vehicles	Amends and revises sections of LTO AO No. 2021-039 for light electric vehicles.

The following laws are only applicable to the Metro Manila area.

List of Metro Manila traffic laws

Designation	Date passed	Title	Scope
Joint Metro Manila Traffic Circular No. 01	February 1, 2023	Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023	Regional traffic code for Metro Manila covering unified traffic rules, regulations, ticketing, and penalties.

Since its enactment in 1964, there have been 12 amendments to RA 4136, the latest being in 2017.

List of amendments to RA 4136

Designation	Date passed	Title	Scope
RA 5715	June 21, 1969	An Act Amending Section Thirty-four of Republic Act Numbered Four Thousand One Hundred Thirty-six	Amends RA 4136 by allowing reflectors in place of lights when parked and requiring either of them for vehicle registration.
PD 382	January 28, 1974	Extending the Period for Registration of All for Hire Motor Vehicles, Amending for the Purpose Sub-paragraph 1, Paragraph (B), of Section 5, Republic Act Numbered 4136, as Amended	Amends RA 4136 by extending the period for vehicle registration.
PD 843	December 12, 1975	Amending Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code by Increasing the Annual Registration Fee on Private Automobiles and Imposing an Ad Valorem Tax Thereon, and for Other Purposes	Amends RA 4136 by increasing registration fees and imposing excise tax.
PD 896	February 26, 1976	Further Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends RA 4136 by updating the registration fees and schedule for registration.
PD 1057	November 30, 1976	Further Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends RA 4136 by including vehicles owned by GOCCs for registration.
BP 74	June 11, 1980	An Act Amending Certain Sections Of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends the compulsory vehicle registration sections of RA 4136.
BP 398	May 18, 1983	An Act Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends RA 4136 by requiring the possession of the driver's license and updating driver's licensing classifications.
PD 1934	June 11, 1984	Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty One Hundred And Thirty Six Otherwise Known As The Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends RA 4136 by updating its annual vehicle registration fees and a road users' charge.
PD 1950	September 5, 1984	Amending Certain Sections of Presidential Decree No. 1934, Amending Republic Act No. 4136	Adjustments to the road users' charge in PD 1934, which amends RA 4136.
EO 43 s. 1986	August 22, 1986	Restructuring The Private Motor Vehicle Tax	Restructures the Motor Vehicle User's Charge.
RA 8794	June 27, 2000	An Act Imposing A Motor Vehicle User's Charge On Owners Of All Types Of Motor Vehicles And For Other Purposes	Further amends RA 4136 and nationalizes the implementation of the Motor Vehicle User's Charge implemented in BP 74 and EO 43 s. 1986.
RA 10930	July 25, 2017	An Act Rationalizing and Strengthening the Policy Regarding Driver's License by Extending the Validity Period of Drivers' Licenses, and Penalizing Acts in Violation of Its Issuance and Application Amending for Those Purposes Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code	Amends RA 4136 with updated clauses on the validity and registration of driver's licenses and related penalties.

Definitions and coverage

Vehicles

Motor vehicles are defined by RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code as any vehicle propelled by any power other than human power. Exceptions to this definition include vehicles on railway tracks, motor vehicles such as road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes when not on public roads, as well as tractors, trailers, and vehicles with traction engines used exclusively for agriculture. In addition, trailers with any number of wheels propelled or intended to be proplled by a motor vehicle are classified as a separate motor vehicle.

Regulations for the use of bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles are defined by the DOTr in Department Order No. 2020-14.

Motor vehicle classifications

Motor vehicles in the Philippines are classified according to whether they are propelled by diesel, electric, or gasoline powered motor engines, as well as their maximum design speed and vehicle weight. Electric motor vehicles, including electric cars, electric buses, electric trucks, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric bicycles, and other similar vehicles are classified similarly to gasoline and diesel motor vehicles subject to different restrictions.

Land Transportation Office (LTO) Administrative Order No. 2021-039, which was issued on May 11, 2021, classifies these vehicles into different classifications. Some of these classification may regulate the roads that these vehicles are permitted to operate on, the requirement of vehicle registration and need for a driver's license to operate, and the requirement of a motorcycle or bicycle helmet.

These guidelines were revised in 2024 through LTO Administrative Order No. VDM-2024-044, which requires all electric vehicles on public highways to be registered with the LTO, except for those used only on private roads. The revised guidelines also changed the bicycle helmet requirement for some classifications to use motorcycle helmets.

Philippine motor vehicle classifications

Category	Specifications	Restrictions
		Road restrictions	Helmet requirement	Driver's license restrictions	Vehicle registration (on public roads)
Personal Mobility Scooter	Two, three, or four wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed of 12.5 km/h (7.8 mph) With or without pedals Powered by less than 300 W	Limited to barangay roads only May be used on pedestrian walkways and bicycle lanes Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Electric Kick Scooter		Limited to barangay roads only May be used on bicycle lanes Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L1 Two-wheeled Moped	Two wheeled gasoline or diesel vehicle with or without pedals Maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph)	Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L1a e-Bike	Two-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed of 25 km/h (16 mph)	Limited to barangay roads only May cross other roads May be used on bicycle lanes Not for public transport use Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L1b e-Bike	Two-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed from 26 to 50 km/h (16 to 31 mph)	Can go beyond barangay roads to local roads on outermost lanes May cross other roads Not for public transport use Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L2 Three-wheeled Moped and e-Moped	Three wheeled electric, gasoline, or diesel vehicle with or without pedals with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph)	Prohibited on limited-access highways	Not required	A2 restriction	Required
Category L2a Two-wheeled e-Moped	Two-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed up to 25 km/h (16 mph)	Limited to private and barangay roads only and may cross other roads May be used on bicycle lanes Not for public transport use Prohibited on limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L2b Two-wheeled e-Moped	Two-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed from 26 to 50 km/h (16 to 31 mph)	Can go beyond barangay roads to local roads on outermost lanes May cross other roads Not for public transport use Prohibited on limited-access highways.	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L3 Motorcycle	Two-wheeled electric, diesel, or gasoline vehicle with a maximum design speed of more than 50 km/h (31 mph)	Allowed on all roads except limited-access highways	Motorcycle helmet	A restriction	Required
Category L4 Asymmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle	Three-wheeled asymmetrical (with sidecar) electric, diesel, or gasoline vehicle with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph) Electric variants with a maximum curb weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb) and powered by least 1000 W	Can go beyond barangay roads to local and tertiary roads May cross other roads May be authorized by LGUs to traverse national highways or main thoroughfares on outer lanes only Prohibited on limited-access highways	Not required	A2 restriction	Required
Category L5 Symmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle	Three-wheeled symmetrical electric, diesel, or gasoline vehicle with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph) Electric variants with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb) and powered by at least 1000 W		Not required	A2 restriction	Required
Category L6 Light Quadricycle	Four-wheeled electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles with a maximum design speed of 45 km/h (28 mph) Gasoline and diesel variants with an unladen vehicle weight up to 350 kilograms (0.35 t) Electric variants with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 kilograms (770 lb) and powered by up to 4000 W	Can go beyond private and barangay roads to local and tertiary roads May cross other roads May be authorized by LGUs to traverse national highways or main thoroughfares on outer lanes only Prohibited on limited-access highways	Not required	A2 restriction	Required
Category L7 Heavy Quadricycle	Four-wheeled electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles with an unladen vehicle weight of 350 to 550 kilograms (0.35 to 0.55 t) Maximum design speed of 45 km/h (28 mph) Electric variants with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 to 550 kilograms (770 to 1,210 lb) and powered by up to 15000 W		Not required	A2 restriction	Required

Category M and N classifications

Category	Specifications	Restrictions
		Road restrictions	Driver's license restrictions	Vehicle registration
Category M1 Car, Van, and SUV	Electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles with not more than 8 passenger seats Gasoline and diesel variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t) Electric variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 3.5 metric tons (3,500 kg)	All roads including limited-access highways	B restriction	Required
Category M2 Utility Vehicle and Jeepney	Electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles with more than 8 passenger seats Gasoline and diesel variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t) Electric variants with a gross vehicle weight of 3.500 to 5.000 kilograms (7.716 to 11.023 lb)		B1 restriction	Required
Category M3 Bus and e-Bus	Electric, gasoline, and diesel passenger vehicles with more than 8 seats Gasoline and diesel variants with a gross vehicle weight exceeding 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t) Electric variants with a gross vehicle weight exceeding 5.000 kilograms (11.023 lb)		D restriction	Required
Category N1 Truck	Electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight up to 3,500 kilograms (3.5 t)		C restriction	Required
Category N2 Truck	Electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight of 3,500 to 12,000 kilograms (3.5 to 12.0 t)		C restriction	Required
Category N3 Truck	Electric, gasoline, and diesel vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight exceeding 12,000 kilograms (12 t)		C restriction	Required
Category O1 Articulated Car	Articulated gasoline and diesel vehicles with a gross vehicle weight up to 750 kilograms (0.75 t)		BE restriction	Required
Category O2 Articulated Car	Articulated gasoline and diesel vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of 750 to 3,500 kilograms (0.75 to 3.50 t)		BE restriction	Required
Category O3 Articulated Truck	Articulated gasoline and diesel vehicles with a gross vehicle weight exceeding 3,500 kilograms (3.5 t)		CE restriction	Required

Roads

All public roads and highways, defined as thoroughfares, boulevards, driveways, avenues, parks, and alleys are covered by RA 4136. This does not include corridors within private property or any institutions.

Republic Act No. 917 or the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 prohibits highways, bridges, or right-of-ways covered by RA 4136 from being obstructed, or from being usurped or converted to private use. The act also prohibits the removal or tampering of road infrastructure such as markers, signs, and other road-side facilities.

RA 4136 also applies to limited-access highways, more commonly known as expressways, alongside additional traffic laws and restrictions provided by Republic Act No. 2000 and DPWC Administrative Order No. 1 series of 1968.

In Metro Manila, the Metro Manila Traffic Code covers all roads and public places within the metro.

Parking

Under RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code, a motor vehicle is considered to be parked when it has been stopped on the shoulder or edge of a highway for an "appreciable" period of time. A motor vehicle stopping to unload passengers or cargo is not considered to be parked if the vehicle moves away "without delay".

Standard rules

List of some standard rules of the road for motor vehicles and animal-drawn vehicles, all based on RA 4136:

• Keep to the right of the road except to pass others, where passing is allowed
• Vehicles must not exceed their registered carrying capacity
• Right-of-way at marked and unmarked intersections under various conditions
• Prohibited places for parking a vehicle
• Yield to police, fire department, and ambulance vehicles with a siren
• Yield right of way to pedestrian crossings
• Observe proper vehicle lighting and traffic light signalling
• Observe caution while driving and avoid impeding traffic
• Stopping if there has been a traffic collision

Speed limits

Main article: Speed limits in the Philippines

Speed limits for motor vehicles across the country are defined by RA 4136 based on the type of roads and their conditions. A higher speed limit is generally applied to light motor vehicles while lower speed limits are applied to heavier motor vehicles. Pursuant to DILG-DPWH-DOTr Joint Memorandum Circular 2018-001, local government units may designate lower maximum speed limits on local roads in the interest of road safety.

Lane splitting and filtering

Main articles: Lane splitting and Lane sharing

Lane splitting and lane filtering is not explicitly illegal on Philippine roads for any type of vehicle. However, lane sharing (which is incorrectly defined as "lane splitting") is considered illegal for motorcycles under LTO Administrative Order 2008-015, which states that a motorcycle or scooter must observe one lane per vehicle only. This policy however, is not actively enforced on the road.

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 prohibits any vehicle from lane splitting, lane sharing, or lane filtering on all expressways in the Philippines. This also applies to motorcycles, as of DPWH Department Order No. 123 s. 2001.

Overtaking lanes and slow lanes

Main article: Overtaking

Expressways in the Philippines have a passing lane designated for overtaking and lanes designated for slow-moving vehicles. This however does not apply to public roads by default.

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 states that slow-moving vehicles must use the right lane and use the left lane only when passing.

Liability in incidents

RA 4136 states that any accident resulting in death or injuries of another person due to negligence or reckless or unreasonable fast driving will be subject to provisions of the Revised Penal Code.

The traffic code also states that in the event of an accident, the driver must stop and show their drivers' license and the details of registration of the vehicle to the other parties involved. No driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident should leave the scene without aiding any victims except if there is imminent danger of harm, if the incident is reported to law enforcement, or if medical services are called.

The Civil Code of the Philippines also dictates in the following articles that the liability of operating motor vehicles falls primarily on the owner or driver:

• Article 2184 states that in motor vehicle mishaps, the owner is solidarily liable with his driver, if the former, who was in the vehicle, could have, by the use of the due diligence, prevented the misfortune. It is disputably presumed that a driver was negligent, if he had been found guilty of reckless driving or violating traffic regulations at least twice within the next preceding two months. If the owner was not in the motor vehicle, the provisions of article 2180 are applicable.
• Article 2185 states that unless there is proof to the contrary, it is presumed that a person driving a motor vehicle has been negligent if at the time of the mishap, he was violating any traffic regulation.
• Article 2186 states that every owner of a motor vehicle shall file with the proper government office a bond executed by a government-controlled corporation or office, to answer for damages to third persons. The amount of the bond and other terms shall be fixed by the competent public official.

In 2004, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals that Article 2185 was not intended at the time of its creation in 1950 to also cover non-motorized vehicles on the road, affirming previous rulings that have affirmed the higher level of responsibility expected from motor vehicle drivers. The ruling also clarifies the principle of negligence per se, which states that to indict individuals for negligence in an incident, the violation of a statutory duty must directly cause the incident.

Traffic restrictions

Outside of the traffic code, there are traffic restrictions which designate the time and day that certain vehicles or road users are allowed to operate on, as well as specific roads where these restrictions are enforced or exempted on.

Light electric vehicles

In Metro Manila, LEVs such as electric bicycles (e-bicycles), motorized scooters, and electric rickshaws (e-tricycles) are required to use bicycle lanes when traversing major roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.

RA 11697 provides that light electric vehicles may also use bicycle lanes. All light electric vehicles with a maximum design speed below 60 km/h (37 mph) are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.

Motorcycles

Motorcycles and mopeds are allowed on most roads with the exception of roads designated as expressways.

Only two-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 400 cc (24 cu in) and three-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 600 cc (37 cu in) are allowed to be used on expressways.

Some highways, particularly in Metro Manila, have motorcycle lanes where motorcycles are designated to use. However, these lanes are usually not exclusive to motorcycles and allow other road users to use them and require motorcycles to remain in the lane. One exception to this is the motorcycle lane along Commonwealth Avenue where vehicles other than motorcycles may be penalized for unnecessary usage of the motorcycle lane.

Non-motorized transport

See also: Cycling in the Philippines

Non-motorized vehicles include bicycles, kick scooters, and pedicabs, which are allowed on all public roads unless restricted otherwise.

All non-motorized transport are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.

Bicycle lanes are lanes along roads or separate paths designated for the exclusive or shared use of bicycles, non-motorized transport, and light electric vehicles. The generally applied rule is that only personal kick scooters, mobility scooters, bicycles, and pedal-assist bicycles are allowed to use bicycle lanes.

In Metro Manila, alongside LEVs, pedicabs and kuligligs are prohibited from traversing major roads and may only cross said roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.

Some cities and municipalities have local traffic codes require the registration of bicycles and mandate that bicycles are to be ridden only on bicycle lanes when present along a road, such as in San Juan and Mandaluyong. However, the bicycle-specific sections of the majority of these ordinances are not being actively enforced or may have been forgotten.

Public utility vehicles

Public transport vehicles, such as jeepneys, buses, and the UV Express are restricted to use designated lanes on certain roads. A notable example of this is the EDSA Busway, located on the inner lanes of EDSA in Metro Manila, which is restricted for the exclusive use of EDSA Carousel route buses and authorized government vehicles.

Similar to trucks, buses are to use the outermost lanes on the expressway. On the other hand, both public and private jeepneys are classified the same as cars and are allowed on all lanes.

Tricycles, pedicabs, and motorized tricycles used for public transport are prohibited from using national highways based on the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Memorandum Circular No. 2020-036. This restriction does not apply to those being used for private use.

Trucks

Main article: Traffic in Metro Manila § Truck Ban Ordinance

Trucks are prohibited from passing through certain roads due to their large size and concern for safety around trucks. In Metro Manila, a truck ban ordinance prohibits trucks from most roads during the day and designates certain roads that are exempted from the truck ban.

Some highways such as Circumferential Road 5 have designated lanes that trucks must stay in at all times while traversing the road, usually designated on the third lane from the sidewalk. In addition to this, expressways have also designated the outermost lanes as lanes where trucks are only allowed to use.

See also

• Driving license in the Philippines
• Road signs in the Philippines
• Speed limits in the Philippines
• Philippine expressway network#Laws and restrictions
• Vehicle registration plates of the Philippines
• No Contact Apprehension Policy

External links

• Land Transportation Office - Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) Volume 1, 2nd Edition
• Land Transportation Office - Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) Volume 2, 2nd Edition
• Republic Act No. 4136 - Land Transportation and Traffic Code
• Joint Metro Manila Traffic Circular No. 01 - Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023
• Joint Administrative Order No. 2014-01 - Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violations of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land Transportation