User:سائغ/H

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سائغ/H
Weber in 1918
Born
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber

(1864-04-21)21 April 1864
Erfurt, Saxony, Prussia
Died14 June 1920(1920-06-14) (aged 56)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Spouse
​
(m. 1893)​
Academic background
Alma mater
Doctoral advisorLevin Goldschmidt[2]
Influences
Academic work
Discipline
  • History
  • economics
  • sociology
  • law
Sub-discipline
School or traditionAntipositivism
Liberalism
Institutions
Notable works
Notable ideas
Influenced

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (/ˈveɪbər/;[14] German: [ˈveːbɐ]; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas profoundly influence social theory and research. Despite being recognized as one of the fathers of sociology along with Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Émile Durkheim, Weber saw himself not as a sociologist but as a historian.[15][16]

Unlike Émile Durkheim, Weber did not believe in monocausal explanations, proposing instead that for any outcome there can be multiple causes.[17] Also unlike Durkheim, Weber was a key proponent of methodological anti-positivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) methods, based on understanding the purpose and meanings that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber's main intellectual concern was in understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and the ensuing sense of "disenchantment". He formulated a thesis arguing that such processes result from a new way of thinking about the world[18] and are associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity.[19]

Weber is best known for his other thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion, emphasising the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism (in contrast to Marx's historical materialism).[i] Weber would first elaborate his theory in his seminal work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), where he attributed ascetic Protestantism as one of the major "elective affinities" leading to the rise of market-driven capitalism and the rational-legal nation-state in the Western world.[20] Arguing the boosting of capitalism as a basic tenet of Protestantism, Weber suggested that the spirit of capitalism is inherent in Protestant religious values.[20] Protestant Ethic would form the earliest part in Weber's broader investigations into world religions, as he later examined the religions of China and India, as well as ancient Judaism, with particular regard to their differing economic consequences and conditions of social stratification. In another major work, "Politics as a Vocation", Weber defined "the state" as an entity that successfully claims a "monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory".[21] He would also be the first to categorise social authority into distinct forms: charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal. Among these categories, Weber's analysis of bureaucracy emphasized that modern state institutions are increasingly based on the latter (rational-legal authority). Weber made a variety of other contributions in economic history, theory, and methodology. His analysis of modernity and rationalisation would significantly influence the critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School.[22]

After the First World War, Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party. He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill-fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919. After contracting Spanish flu, he died of pneumonia in 1920, aged 56.

Personal life[edit]

Early life and background[edit]

Max Weber (left) and his brothers, Alfred (center) and Karl, in 1879

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber was born on 21 April 1864 in Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Prussia.[3] He would be the oldest of eight children to Max Weber Sr. and his wife Helene Fallenstein.[23] Over the course of his life, Weber Sr. held posts as a lawyer,[3] a civil servant, and a parliamentarian for the National Liberal Party in the Prussian Landtag and German Reichstag.[23] Fallenstein partly descended from French Huguenot immigrants[3] and came from a wealthy background.[23] Over time, Weber Jr. would be affected by the marital and personality tensions between his father, "a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures"[24][23] while overlooking religious and philanthropic causes,[23] and his mother, a devout Calvinist "who sought to lead an ascetic life"[24][23] and held moral absolutist ideas.[25]

Weber Sr.'s involvement in public life immersed his home in both politics and academia, as his salon welcomed scholars and public figures like philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey and jurist Levin Goldschmidt.[26] The young Weber and his brother Alfred, who also became a sociologist and economist, passed their formative years in this intellectual atmosphere. For Christmas in 1877, a thirteen-year-old Max Weber gifted his parents two historical essays, entitled "About the Course of German history, with Special Reference to the Positions of the Emperor and the Pope", and "About the Roman Imperial Period from Constantine to the Migration Period".[27]

In class, bored and unimpressed with teachers—who, in turn, resented what they perceived as a disrespectful attitude—Weber secretly read all forty volumes of Goethe,[28][29] and it has been argued that this was an important influence on his thought and methodology.[30] Before entering university, he would read many other classical works, including those by Kant.[29]

Education[edit]

In 1882, Weber enrolled in the University of Heidelberg as a law student,[31] transferring to the University of Berlin after a year of military service.[28] After his first few years as a student, during which he spent much time "drinking beer and fencing", Weber would increasingly take his mother's side in family arguments and grew estranged from his father.[24][23][32] Simultaneously with his studies, he worked as a junior lawyer.[28] In 1886, Weber passed the examination for Referendar, comparable to the bar association examination in the British and U.S. legal systems. Throughout the late 1880s, Weber continued his study of law and history,[28] earning his law doctorate in 1889 by writing a dissertation on legal history titled The history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages. This work would be used as part of a longer work, On the History of Trading Companies in the Middle Ages, based on South-European Sources, published in the same year.[33]: ix  Two years later, working with August Meitzen, Weber completed his habilitation, Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law.[34][1] Having thus become a privatdozent, Weber joined the University of Berlin's faculty, lecturing and consulting for the government.[35]

Marriage[edit]

Max Weber and his wife Marianne (1894)

In 1893, Weber married his distant cousin Marianne Schnitger, later a feminist activist and author in her own right,[3][36] who was instrumental in collecting and publishing Weber's journal articles as books after his death, while her biography of him is an important source for understanding Weber's life.[37][38] They would have no children.[32] The marriage granted long-awaited financial independence to Weber, allowing him to finally leave his parents' household.[23]

Career and later life[edit]

Early work[edit]

In the years between the completion of his dissertation and habilitation, Weber took an interest in contemporary social policy. In 1888, he joined the Verein für Socialpolitik,[39] a new professional association of German economists affiliated with the historical school, who saw the role of economics primarily as finding solutions to the social problems of the age and who pioneered large scale statistical studies of economic issues. He also involved himself in politics, joining the left-leaning Evangelical Social Congress.[40] In 1890, the Verein established a research program to examine "the Polish question", or ostflucht: the influx of Polish farm workers into eastern Germany as local labourers migrated to Germany's rapidly industrialising cities.[3] Weber was put in charge of the study and wrote a large part of the final report,[3][39] which generated considerable attention and controversy, marking the beginning of Weber's renown as a social scientist.[3]

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bendix2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Borchardt, Knut (2002). "Max Weber's Writings on the Bourse: Puzzling Out a Forgotten Corpus". Max Weber Studies. 2 (2): 139–162. ISSN 1470-8078. JSTOR 24579605. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cite error: The named reference plato.stanford.edu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Najemy, John M. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli. Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
  5. ^ Zouboulakis, Michel S. (1 March 2001). "From Mill to Weber: the meaning of the concept of economic rationality". The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 8 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1080/09672560010015431. ISSN 0967-2567. S2CID 154518185. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  6. ^ Bellamy, Richard (1992), Liberalism and Modern Society, Polity, p. 165
  7. ^ Apel, Karl-Otto; Krois, John Michael (1987). "Dilthey's Distinction Between "Explanation" and '"Understanding" and the Possibility of Its "Mediation"". Journal of the History of Philosophy. 25 (1): 131–149. doi:10.1353/hph.1987.0009. ISSN 1538-4586. S2CID 143506491.
  8. ^ Strong, Tracy B. (1985). "Weber and Freud: Vocation and Self-Acknowledgement". The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie. 10 (4): 391–409. doi:10.2307/3340048. ISSN 0318-6431. JSTOR 3340048. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  9. ^ Faught, Jim (1985). "Neglected Affinities: Max Weber and Georg Simmel". The British Journal of Sociology. 36 (2): 155–174. doi:10.2307/590799. ISSN 0007-1315. JSTOR 590799. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  10. ^ Bendix, Reinhard; Roth, Guenther (1971), Scholarship and Partisanship: Essays on Max Weber, University of California Press, p. 244, ISBN 978-0-520-04171-4, archived from the original on 25 February 2017, retrieved 13 March 2016
  11. ^ Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (2013). Max Weber and His Contemporaries. Routledge. pp. 8–10.
  12. ^ Lichtblau, Klaus (1 August 1991). "Causality or Interaction? Simmel, Weber and Interpretive Sociology". Theory, Culture & Society. 8 (3): 33–62. doi:10.1177/026327691008003003. ISSN 0263-2764. S2CID 144273193. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jaspers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ "Weber". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. 2 of 2.
  15. ^ Burke, Peter (1992). History and Social Theory. Cornell University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-8014-8100-7.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference WPet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Tiryakian, Edward A. (2009). For Durkheim: Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology. Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-7546-7155-8.
  18. ^ Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology (14th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Habermas, Jürgen 1990 p2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b Weber, Max 2002 [1905]. The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism, translated by S. Kalberg. Roxbury Publishing.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Löwy, Michael (1996). "Figures of Weberian Marxism". Theory and Society. 25 (3): 431–446. doi:10.1007/BF00158264. ISSN 0304-2421. JSTOR 658052. S2CID 147323256. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference LK was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Ritzer2009-32 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cotesta, Vittorio (23 November 2018). Max Weber on China: Modernity and Capitalism in a Global Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-5275-2221-3.
  26. ^ Käsler, Dirk (1988). Max Weber: An Introduction to His Life and Work. University of Chicago Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-226-42560-3.
  27. ^ Sica, Alan (2004). Max Weber and the New Century. London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0190-6. p. 24.
  28. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Calhoun2002-165 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Käsler1988 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ McKinnon, Andrew M. (2010), "Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism" (PDF), Sociological Theory, 28 (1): 108–26, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01367.x, hdl:2164/3035, S2CID 144579790, archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2016, retrieved 25 October 2014
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bendix1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AllanAllan2005-146 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference diss was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lachmann1970 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Marianne was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference LehmannRoth1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference HonigsheimSica2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference WaSI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference Max Weber and German Politics, 1890–1920 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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