User:Briannaanewton/Moken language
| Moken | |
|---|---|
| Selung, Mawken, Basing, Selong, Salong, Salon, Chau Ko', Moklen | |
| Native to | Thailand, Myanmar |
| Region | Southeast Asian, Oceania |
| Ethnicity | Mokken, Mawken |
Native speakers | 6,000 worldwide (2010)[UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger] |
Standard forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mwt |
| Glottolog | moke1242 |
Classification[edit]
Moken is spoken by inhabitants in western Burma and Southern Thailand, who refer to themselves as Moken [people] and Mawken (Bay, 1995). The language is closely related to the dialect of Moklen, and can be mistaken to be similar to Urak Lawoi' but is in actuality distantly related [1]. They are also regarded as "sea people" as the speakers are primarily concentrated within the Andaman Sea [2].
History[edit]
An oral language, Moken is a Malayo-Polynesian language that emerged after the migration of the southern Chinese to Taiwan 5,000-6,000 years ago, resulting in the development of this Austronesian language [3]. While the population consists of 4,000 Moken, only an estimated 1,500 native speakers remain as of 2009, causing the dialect to be threatened with extinction.[citation needed]
Endangerment[edit]
Out of the ethnic population, the main speakers of Moken are the elder generations as its lack of literacy becomes difficult in the transference of the language [4], however its lack of literacy has also helped conserve the language. Their title of "sea people" alludes to their grand knowledge of the sea, as that was their way of migration, and the traditional lifestyle of remaining within villages has built generations of marine and forest knowledge as well as boating skills. The advantages of their lifestyle were capitalised when the Surin Islands, where a great many Moken reside, experienced a great tsunami in December 2004 as their ancestors have integrated legends of the "seven rollers" and the "laboon" [giant wave] [5].
Geographic distribution[edit]
The language of Moken is spoken in Burma and Thailand, and its related languages are spoken around the Andaman Sea.[citation needed]
Dialects/Varieties[edit]
- Dung (635 speakers[6]), spoken in Burma
- Jait (331 speakers[6]), spoken in Burma
- Lebi, L'be (980 speakers[6]), spoken in Burma
- Niawi, spoken in Burma
- Jadiak, spoken in Thailand
Dung, Jait, Lebi, and Niawi are spoken in Burma, and Jadiak in Thailand. The Burmese varieties have not been adequately investigated.[citation needed]
Sounds/Phonology[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | t | c | k |
| ph | th | ch | kh |
| b | d | j9 | g |
| - | s | - | h |
| m | n | r | j1 |
| w | l | j | - |
| I,i: | u,u: | |
| e,e: | ə | o,o: |
| ɛ,ɛ: | a,a: | ɔ, ɔ: |
| iə | uə |
The phonology of Moken is similar to English phonology regarding intonation in sentences. Rising contour intonations occur when saying sentences that end as questions or as exclamations. Falling contour intonations are used within regular sentences.
When it comes to two words in Moken that are pronounced in sequences; the first word will maintain a level intonation and the second word ends with a rising intonation.
In terms of syllables, monosyllabic words with have a levelled amount of stress throughout pronunciation; while words composed of a prefixed syllable and a major syllable will have stressed placed on the major syllable. In other words, the last syllable will always be stressed and its absence gives clue to word breaks.
Moken mostly consists of disyllabic words. [9]
Examples[edit]
Since Moken is an unwritten language, there are no recorded examples of alphabets or symbols.[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^ Bay, N. S. (1995). The phonology of the dung dialect of moken. Pacific Linguistics.Series A.Occasional Papers, 83, 193.
- ^ Shaw, Rajib & Uy, Noralene & Baumwoll, Jennifer. (2008). Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction: Good Practices and Lessons Learnt from the Asia-Pacific Region.
- ^ Dancause, K., Chan, C., Arunotai, N. et al. (2009). Origins of the Moken Sea Gypsies inferred from mitochondrial hypervariable region and whole genome sequences. J Hum Genet 54, 86–93.
- ^ Kraisame, Sarawut. (2018). Language endangerment and community empowerment: Experience form community training in the Moken language documentation and preservation project. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 39. Issue 2.
- ^ Shaw, Rajib & Uy, Noralene & Baumwoll, Jennifer. (2008). Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction: Good Practices and Lessons Learnt from the Asia-Pacific Region.
- ^ a b c Naw Say Bay. 2015. The process of preserving Moken from extinction. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
- ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2005). Moken as a mainland Southeast Asian language. 10.15144/PL-569.189.
- ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2005). Moken as a mainland Southeast Asian language. 10.15144/PL-569.189.
- ^ Chantanakomes, V. (1980). A description of Moken: a Malayo-Polynesian language. Master Thesis, Univ., Nakhon Pathom.
Bibliography[edit]
- Bay, N. S. (1995). The phonology of the dung dialect of moken. Pacific Linguistics.Series A.Occasional Papers, 83, 193.
- Bradley, David. (2007) , C. Moseley. East and Southeast Asia. London & New York: Routledge.
- Chantanakomes, V. (1980). A description of Moken: a Malayo-Polynesian language. Master Thesis, Univ., Nakhon Pathom.
- Dancause, K., Chan, C., Arunotai, N. et al. (2009). Origins of the Moken Sea Gypsies inferred from mitochondrial hypervariable region and whole genome sequences. J Hum Genet 54, 86–93.
- Kraisame, Sarawut. (2018). Language endangerment and community empowerment: Experience form community training in the Moken language documentation and preservation project. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 39. Issue 2.
- Larish, Michael. 2005. "Moken and Moklen." in Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann (eds.), The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, 513-533. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1286-0.
- Naw Say Bay. 1995. "The phonology of the Dung dialect of Moken", in Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13, Studies in Burmese Languages, ed. D. Bradley, vol. 13, pp. 193–205. Pacific Linguistics, the Australian National University.
- Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2005). Moken as a mainland Southeast Asian language. 10.15144/PL-569.189.
- Shaw, Rajib & Uy, Noralene & Baumwoll, Jennifer. (2008). Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction: Good Practices and Lessons Learnt from the Asia-Pacific Region.