User:CROIX/Barbudarewrite

Coordinates: 17°38′N 61°47′W / 17.633°N 61.783°W / 17.633; -61.783
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Barbuda
Motto: "Each Endeavouring, All Achieving"
Anthem: "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"
Royal anthem: "God Save the King"
Location of Barbuda
Capital
and largest city
Codrington
17°38′N 61°47′W / 17.633°N 61.783°W / 17.633; -61.783
Official languagesNone
Ethnic groups
(2011)[1]
Antiguan and Barbudan (92.10%)
Demonym(s)Barbudan
Government

Mackenzie Frank
Trevor Walker
LegislatureBarbuda Council
Establishment
1678
• Annexation
23 September 1859
23 December 1976
Area
• Total
160.56 km2 (61.99 sq mi) (N/A)
Population
• 2011 census
1,634
• Density
10.2/km2 (26.4/sq mi) (not ranked)
CurrencyEastern Caribbean dollar ($) (XCD)
Time zoneUTC−4 (−4)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy (CE)
Driving sideleft
Internet TLD.ag
Not to be confused with Bermuda, Barbados, or The Bahamas.
For other uses, see User:CROIX/Barbudarewrite (disambiguation).
Part of the series on
Barbuda
Government & politics
Populated locations
Society & history
Geography & wildlife

Barbuda (/bɑːrˈb(j)uːdə/)[2][3] is an island located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the twin-island state of Antigua and Barbuda as an autonomous entity. Barbuda is located approximately 30 miles north of Antigua. Barbuda is a flat island with the western portion being dominated by Codrington Lagoon, and the eastern portion being dominated by the Barbuda Highlands, with salty ponds and scrubland spread throughout the island. The climate is classified as tropical marine, with January and February being the coldest months, and July and August being the warmest months. Barbuda has a population density significantly lower than Antigua, being by far the least populated first level-administrative division in the country, and one of the most sparse islands in the Caribbean. The sole settlements on the island are Codrington and its surrounding localities.

The Ciboney, who were canoe-driving hunter-gatherers, were the initial inhabitants of Barbuda. Around 3,000–4,000 years ago, the Ciboney made their first appearance. Habitat locations are found close to Codrington, River, Sucking Hole, Factory, and Goat Pen along the shore. At Boiling Rocks, close to Spanish Point, more recent human remains that were carbon-dated as being 3100 years old were discovered. Between 1200 and 1600, frequent raids by Kalinago from Dominica and St. Vincent led to Barbuda receiving the name "Wa'omoni" from the Kalinago. Christopher Columbus traveled through the eastern Caribbean south of Antigua in 1493, but it's unclear if he ever came across Barbuda. In Barbuda, slavery was abolished in 1834. Because the entire island had been covered by a single land grant, the Barbudans kept on autonomous cultivation on communal property after slavery's abolition.

Barbuda was first annexed as a dependency of Antigua in 1859, after the passing of the Barbuda (Extension of Laws of Antigua) Act. This made Barbuda subject to the laws of the Antigua colony. Barbuda was first granted a status of autonomy in 1976, during the concluding era of the Associated State of Antigua. This autonomous status came after the passing of the Barbuda Local Government Act. This established the Barbuda Council, which allowed Barbuda to regulate its own public works, finance, and agriculture, among other activities. The Barbuda Local Government Act was later enshrined in the constitution under the Antigua and Barbuda Constitution of 1981. The Barbuda Council elects a chairperson and a vice chairperson, with Mackenzie Frank serving as chairperson since 2023. Christianity is the largest religion on the island, and the main ethnic group being those of African descent. English and Barbudan Creole are the most commonly spoken languages on the island.

The economy of Barbuda is based mostly around tourism and government, with the central government and the local government being the largest employers on the island. Fisheries accounts for the majority of the island's exports, with the island having a significant lobster catching industry.

History[edit]

The first settlements on Barbuda date to 2,900 BC with the arrival of the Ciboney.[4][5] The Ciboney arrived in Barbuda by canoe, and were hunter gatherers who likely originated in the Yucatán region of Mexico.[5][6] Cutting blades from the enormous gastropods that the Ciboney gathered are among the artifacts from this period, along with hoes, picks, and water containers constructed from conch, trumpet, and whelk shells.[4][5] The southwest coast of Barbuda, from Coco Point up to River, and the southeast corner of the Lagoon provide the strongest proof of their presence.[5] Habitat locations are found around Codrington, River, Sucking Hole, Factory, and Goat Pen along the coast.[7][5][8]

The successors of the Ciboney were the Arawaks, who arrived from what is now Venezuela and Guyana.[5] The Barbuda Highlands and Spanish Point in the easternmost parts of the island were home to many of the Arawak people.[9] Sweet potatoes, corn, peanuts, cotton, tobacco, as well as a variety of other fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, were all grown by the Arawaks.[5] The intricate pottery made by the Arawaks, known as Saladoid, is what makes them unique.[5] The decoration had zoned-incised crosshatching and was white on red. Later, when red, brown, or orange predominated, the pottery became more straightforward.[5] It's possible that Indian Town, close to Two Foot Bay, has some of this pottery as well as Sufferers, which is in the Spanish Point region.[5] The peak Arawak population of Barbuda, which was frequently only used for brief stays or seasonal supplies, occurred between 1500 and 800 years ago.[5] Six or more village sites are known including Sufferers, Indian Town, Highland Road, Guava and Welches.[5]

The Kalinago spent some time in Barbuda as well; by the time the Europeans arrived, they had probably displaced the more tranquil Arawaks.[5] The Kalinago preferred the mountainous and well-watered islands of Saint Kitts and Dominica; they visited the island only sometimes to harvest seafood and whatever crops and land animals they could find.[5] In the early 1700s, the British Royal Navy was forced to defend the people of Codrington against Kalinago raids because the Kalinago served as a deterrent to European colonization.[5] The Kalinago called Barbuda "Wa'omoni",[10] which is thought to mean "Island of Herons", however, it may have also referred to frigate or weather birds, also common on Barbuda.[11]

Christopher Columbus traveled through the eastern Caribbean south of Antigua in 1493, but it's unclear if he ever sighted Barbuda.[12] Under a Letters Patent granted to the Earl of Carlisle in 1625, Captain Smith and John Littleton attempted to colonize Barbuda from St. Kitts.[12] Barbuda was referred to as "Barbado" in these Letters Patent.[12] Due to ferocious Kalinago resistance, this attempt at colonization was unsuccessful; however, subsequent early settlers called Barbuda "Dulcina",[13] and by 1666 the village of Codrington had become the primary residential area.[12] In 1678, Barbuda was colonized.[13] The island was given to the Codrington family by the crown in 1685.[13] The colony was intended to be a slave breeding colony but this never went through.[13][14][15]

The Codrington family held Barbuda from 1685 to 1870, and were absentee owners of the island.[16] The Codringtons were represented on Barbuda by their resident managers on Barbuda due to their frequent absence from the island.[17] The slave population in Barbuda grew naturally from 172 in 1746 to 503 in 1831.[17] Due to the increase in the slave population, to increase profits, the Codringtons attempted to transfer some of slaves to Antigua, which was ultimately unsuccessful.[17]

Beach's Rebellion, the first slave rebellion on Barbuda, occurred in 1741 as a result of claims of cruel and inhuman treatment of the island's slaves by the island manager Thomas Beach.[18] This resulted in the killing of several animals, property of the Codringtons damaged, and the escape of several slaves.[18] In 1774,[18] another island manager, named McNish, was killed with seized arms[19] after the mulilation of slaves as a punishment for stealing sheep and cattle.[20] The slaves successfully occupied the Codrington's castle and its arms and ammunition.[20] To put down the rebellion, soldiers were brought from Antigua, and two slaves (known as "afro heroes")[21] were burned alive in front of the castle at the main gate.[10][21]

The right for Barbudans to use the island's lands in common was enshrined in the law in 2007 by the Baldwin Spencer-led United Progressive Party government.[22][23] On 5 April 2007, the Barbuda Council released the final copies of the Barbuda Land Act, which created a land registry, a Barbuda Planning Commission, and a National Park Authority, all subordinate to the Council.[22] In 2017, immediately after Hurricane Irma which devastated Barbuda, this was considered the starting point of the Barbuda land grab which has resulted in various policies and laws made by the Gaston Browne-led administration relating to Barbudan land.[24] On 1 August 2023, it was announced by the Barbuda People's Movement, which controls the Barbuda seat in parliament, and controls the council, that a bill proposed and passed days earlier that would end Barbudan communal land ownership, would vow to do everything to reverse the decision, with the council being in support of the stance of the Barbuda People's Movement.[25]

Politics and government[edit]

Main articles: Barbuda Council and Law of Barbuda

In January of every year, before the Barbuda Council proceeds with any other business, the council must elect a chairperson and a deputy chairperson.[26] In a year where an election is held, at the first sitting of the council after the election, this is also an instance where the council must elect a chairperson and a deputy chairperson.[26] If the chairperson or the deputy chairperson resigns, dies, or becomes disqualified from serving in the council, the vacancy must be filled by an election of a new chairperson or deputy chairperson.[27] If the chairperson is to resign from the council, the chairperson must address a note to the secretary of the council.[28] The Barbuda Council has the duty to administer agriculture and forestry,[29] to administer public health, medical and sanitary facilities and services,[30] to administer public utilities,[31] to manage roadworks,[32] and to collect revenues for its operations.[33] It is the additional duty of the council to improve and maintain public buildings, wharves, and harbour facilities,[34] to encourage the development of tourism and hotels,[35] to administer fisheries,[36] to protect public buildings,[37] to apply monies collected by the council to maintain public works and public places,[38] to keep accounts of all assessments made,[39] to deliver copies of all such accounts, once per year, to the auditor-general,[40] to make detailed lists of houses and lots of land, and owners and occupants,[41] and to perform other duties required by the Barbuda Local Government Act or by a by-law.[42]

The council has the power to make by-laws,[43] with respect to the dates and procedures for holding meetings, the members' presence and the format and sequence of discussions at such sessions, the selection and establishment of committees, the rules governing committee proceedings, and the conduct of business of the Council and its committees;[44] the designation of streets and roads, their regular maintenance, their breadth, and any other roadways placed under the Council's jurisdiction;[45] the suppression, abatement, removal, or cessation of any nuisance, as well as the management and disposal of sewage matter;[46] the collection and removal of home trash from properties, as well as the cleanliness of public areas or destinations for the general public;[47] the amount and types of animals, birds, and beasts that may be kept by one individual, as well as the destruction of insects and the importation and exportation of livestock;[48] the establishment of pounds, their regulation, and the imposition of pounds fees;[49] creating and governing marketplaces, slaughterhouses, and the charges for fairs, sales, and the peddling of cattle, produce, or any other items;[50] the killing of animals whose flesh is destined for human consumption, as well as the inspection and sale of livestock, meat, fish, vegetables, and other foodstuffs and beverages;[51] the construction, maintenance, and control of public restrooms, public washing facilities, and other hygienic problems;[52] the establishment of public cemeteries, their administration and maintenance, as well as the charging of fees for grave openings, burials, and the erection of monuments there;[53] the construction of structures to serve as theaters, the payment of related license fees, and public entertainment and performances;[54] the oversight and maintenance of public parks, cultural institutions, and other recreational areas;[55] regulating the sale and storage of hazardous or combustible materials;[56] the provision of tour guides and the elimination of beggars and idlers who disturb tourists;[57] the installation of water tanks or other rainwater collection devices on any property, whether they are already there or are slated to be built;[58] controlling any other public utilities that the Council may from time to time establish or that the Government, any other organization, or any person may transfer to the Council, as well as the levying and collection of fees, rates, and charges therefor;[59] governing traffic on streets and roads covered by the Vehicles and Road Traffic Act's requirements and any rules imposed thereunder;[60] regulating mobile refreshment vans and carts, itinerant traders and vendors, aerated water factories, restaurants and other eating establishments, and levying fees, rates, and taxes on all of the aforementioned entities;[61] the control and regulation of vacant building sites;[62] the imposition of rates and taxes on all land and structures in the Island, with the exception of those vested in the monarch and used for government purposes;[63] grounds for provision;[64] defense against fire;[65] prohibition of and limitations on the importing of cotton seed from Antigua;[66] infectious conditions;[67] chopping wood, burning charcoal, and burning lime;[68] shooting game, including deer;[69] licenses for dogs, boats, and livestock;[70] alcohol licenses;[71] tanners and other businesses;[72] roadways and fences;[73] coasting business;[74] fishing;[75] the buying and selling of cotton, corn, crops in general, and of skins and meat;[76] lighting;[77] the height above earth that buildings' foundations must be raised;[78] the maximum number of people that may live in a dwelling, as well as the minimum size and ventilation requirements for each room;[79] securing the space or territory around each building;[80] the row of structures bordering or otherwise on a road or route;[81] the designation of building numbers and building lots, the design and materials of new buildings' foundations, walls, and roofs, the process for renovating or rebuilding older structures, particularly with regard to the materials used, and the closing, removal, or demolition of dilapidated or dangerous structures.[82]

The Council may create bylaws with regard to despite the Public Utilities Act's restrictions such as regulating the distribution and supply of water to any property on the island for sanitary, household, and commercial uses;[83] minimizing waste and water contamination in such areas;[84] managing the distribution and supply of electricity to all buildings on the island;[85] the charging of fees for the provision of electricity and water to any premises, the collection of such fees, and the procedure for collecting unpaid fees from people who have fallen behind on their payments.[86]

By-laws made by the Barbuda Council may apply penalties not exceeding 250 dollars or 3 months imprisonment.[87]

Geography[edit]

There are a total of 160.56 square kilometers of land, which is equivalent to 62 square miles. Codrington, which is the largest town, has a population of around 1,300 people (2011 estimate). Coral limestone makes up the majority of the island, which has very little topographical diversity. The "highlands" region on the eastern side of the island is home to hills that can reach heights of up to 38 meters (125 feet), but the majority of the island is quite flat, and the northwest corner is home to many lagoons.

Between the months of August and October, the island is at risk of being hit by hurricanes. After Hurricane Irma, NASA satellite images showed "browning" of Barbuda and other Caribbean islands that had been hit by the storm.[12] The images, captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite, show a primarily green-colored Barbuda on 27 August 2017 and brown-colored Barbuda on 12 September 2017.[12] NASA provided several possible reasons for the browning, including green vegetation being ripped away by Hurricane winds, as well as salt spray from the storm coating and desiccating tree leaves.[88]

The climate is classified as tropical marine, which means that there is little seasonal temperature variation. In January and February, the coolest months, the average daily high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), while in July and August, the warmest months, the average daily high is 30 °C (86 °F).

Barbuda is host to several rare and endemic species:

  • Barbuda warbler (Setophaga subita) is a vulnerable species of bird endemic to Barbuda and is found nowhere else in the world.[89]
  • Antiguan racer (Alsophis antiguae) is among the rarest snakes in the world. It is endemic to Antigua and Barbuda and is found on both islands.[90] The Lesser Antilles are home to four species of racers. All four have undergone severe range reductions; at least two subspecies are extinct, and another, A. antiguae, now occupies only 0.1% of its historical range.[91]
  • Griswold's ameiva (Ameiva griswoldi) is a species of lizard in the genus Ameiva. It is endemic to Antigua and Barbuda and is found on both islands.

Barbuda is host to several near-threatened bird species, including the West Indian whistling duck (Dendrocygna arborea), endemic to the Caribbean, and the White-crowned pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala).[92] Barbuda is also host to the Barbuda Bank tree anole (Anolis leachii), an anole endemic to the Caribbean, also known as the Antigua Bank tree anole or panther anole. Previously, Barbuda was host to the Barbudan muskrat (Megalomys audreyae), an extinct rodent formerly endemic to the island. The Barbudan muskrat may have gone extinct around 1500 A.D.[93][94] The Magnificent Frigate Bird Sanctuary, located in Codrington Lagoon, is one of the primary tourist destinations on Barbuda. Few predators exist here, making this Barbuda breeding area the most crucial worldwide for these threatened birds.[95]

Drawings (petroglyphs) made by the Arawak or the Siboney, Barbuda's first inhabitants, may be found inside Indian Cave.[96] A sinkhole in the Barbuda Highlands, Darby Cave is located three and a half miles northeast of Codrington. The Darby Sink Hole has a diameter of more than 300 feet and is around 70 feet deep. Stalactites up to eight feet long have grown under the overhang on one side of the hole, which has been severely undercut. The palms, ferns, and lianas give the vegetation the appearance of a little rainforest.[96] Two miles south of Darby Cave is Dark Cave. As evidenced by artifacts discovered nearby, the cave's tiny entrance opens into a large cavern with pools of water. These ponds were likely a source of water for Amerindian occupants. The blind shrimp, a rare kind of amphipod, and various species of bats can be found at Dark Cave.[96] Five chambers make up the complex of Nicey Cave, and a collapsed roof part serves as the complex's rear entrance and skylight. Three inner chambers are separated by modest ceiling ridges, and there is an outside chamber that is immediately accessible from the outside. The cave's vast stalactites and stalagmites are covered in shattered stalactites on the cave floor, which is primarily made of sand. The cave also has a circular stone enclosure that is comparable to tortoise pens found on modern sites, although the enclosure's walls are too low to accommodate tortoises and it is located distant from natural light.[97]

Demographics[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Barbuda

Ethnicity and immigration[edit]

In 2011, there were 9 ethnic origins reported in Barbuda.[98][99] The ethnic groups chosen were: African (95.11%), Mixed Black/White (2.88%), other Mixed (1.00%), Hispanic (0.44%), White (0.13%), Indian (0.13%), Syrian/Lebanese (0.13%), and other (0.13%).[98][99] The remaining 0.06% of the population didn't know or didn't state their ethnicity.[98][99]

According to the 2011 census, there were over 18 countries of birth reported in Barbuda.[100] The top five foreign countries and territories contributing the largest amount of people born in that country were: Guyana (2.76%), Dominica (1.50%), Jamaica (1.19%), the United States (1.07%), and the United States Virgin Islands (0.63%).[100][101] Barbuda by far has the highest proportion of the population having been born in Antigua and Barbuda, constituting 89.28% of the population.[100][101] This can be compared to St. John's, where only 62.66% of the population was born in Antigua and Barbuda.[101]

Of the people born in Antigua and Barbuda living in Barbuda, 97.12% of them were African descendant, of the people born in Guyana, 86.36% of them were African descendant, of the people born in Dominica, 91.67% of them were African descendant, of the people born in Jamaica, 100.00% of them were African descendant, of the people born in the United States, 88.24% of them were African descendant, of the people born in the United States Virgin Islands, 70.00% of them were Mixed Black/White and 30.00% of them were African descendant.[102]

Housing and land tenure[edit]

Main articles: Housing in Barbuda and Barbuda Land Acts

A plurality of the 545 Barbudan households (34.31%) have only one person.[103] 18.35% of households have two people, 16.51% have three people, and the remainder have four or more people.[103] The majority of homes (72.84%) use concrete/blocks as the main material of outer roofing.[104] 12.48% of households use wood.[104] 93.58% of homes are seperate homes, and 3.49% of homes are businesses and dwellings.[105] Like most homes in Antigua and Barbuda, the majority of homes (93.76%) use sheet metal as the main roofing material, an additional 3.12% of homes use wood shingles.[106] 98.53% of homes sit on owned/freeheld land, this is due to the Barbuda Land Acts that provide a unique system of communal land ownership.[107]

Education[edit]

67.46% of people on Barbuda of all ages had no sort of educational examination.[108] The most common form of examination, which 7.90% of people had attained, was the GCE 'O' level/CXC General examination.[108] Of people aged 18-59, 50.95%, by far the highest number in the country, had no level of examination.[109] This can be compared to Saint George, where only 21.88% of people aged 18-59, the lowest in the country, had no examination.[109] Of people aged 18-59, 3.70% had a school leaving certificate, 5.16% had a high school certificate, 7.07% had a Cambridge School/CXC examination, 13.69% had a GCE 'O' level/CXC General examination, 0.79% had a GCE 'A' Levels, CAPE examination, 6.51% had a college certificate, 2.81% had an associate degree, 2.13% had a batchelors degree, 0.22% had a post graduate diploma, 0.67% had a professional certificate, 0.34% had a master's or doctoral degree, and 5.95% didn't know or didn't state their examination.[109]

Health[edit]

Main article: Health in Barbuda

In 2011, according to the census, no people had AIDs in Barbuda,[110] 10.75% of people had allergies,[111] 6.58% had asthma,[112] 0.32% had cancer,[113] 6.45% had diabetes,[114] and no people had HIV on Barbuda.[115] 92.94% of those with allergies on Barbuda were of African descent.[116] 77.62% of people had no disability, 16.87% of people had a disability with some difficulty, 4.83% of people had a disability with lots of difficulty, or unable to do certain things at all, and 0.69% of people did not state.[117] 193 people had a vision disability, with 35.45% attributing it to old age, and 22.75% due to illness,[118] 68 people had a hearing disability, with 35.82% unaware of the cause and 26.87% attributing it to old age,[119] 121 people had a walking disability, with 35.29% attributing it to illness, 29.41% to old age, and 15.97% to an accident,[120] 35 people had a self care disability, with 38.24% of those people unaware of the cause, 26.47% to illness, and 23.53% to "other" reasons,[121] and 111 people had a remembering disability, with 33.94% attributing it to old age, 26.61% for unknown reasons, 14.68% to illness, 11.01% from birth, and 4.59% to an accident.[122]

Youth[edit]

In 2011, 33.92% of people, or 551 people were aged 0-17.[123] 10.91% (177) of people were aged 0-4, 10.03% (163) were aged 5-9, 7.52% (122) were aged 10-14, and 7.65% (124) were aged 15-19.[124] 94.25% of those aged 0-4 were African descendant, 2.87% were Mixed Black/White and 2.87% were other Mixed.[125] All other youth age groups were entirely African descendant/mixed.[125]

Religion[edit]

In 2011, there were 16 religious affiliations reported on Barbuda.[126] 26.71% of the population was Pentecostal, 17.66% were Anglican, 17.54% were Weslyan Holiness, 11.94% were Baptist, 3.90% were irreligious, 3.77% were "other", 3.39% were Rastafarian, and the remainder were mostly comprised of other groups such as Catholics, Jehovah Witnesses, and Evangelicals.[126]

Economy[edit]

Business[edit]

In 2011, there were 94 business owners on Barbuda.[127] 26.09% of businesses made less than 1,000 $EC per month, 16.30% made 1,000 to 1,999 $EC per month, 15.22% made 2,000 to 2,999 $EC per month, 20.65% made 3,000 to 4,999 $EC per month, and 21.74% made 5,000 $EC or more per month.[127] Out of the 94 business owners, 60 were men and 34 were women.[128] Out of the businesses owned by men, 27.12% of businesses owned by men made under 1,000 $EC per month, 15.25% made 1,000 to 1,999 $EC per month, 11.86% made 2,000 to 2,999 $EC per month, 25.42% made 3,000 to 4,999 $EC per month, and 20.34% made 5,000 $EC and over per month.[129] Out of the businesses owned by women, 24.24% made under 1,000 $EC per month, 18.18% made 1,000 to 1,999 $EC per month, 21.21% made 2,000 to 2,999 $EC per month, 12.12% made 3,000 to 4,999 $EC per month, and 24.24% made 5,000 $EC and over per month.[129]

The Statistics Division did not provide information for business ownership in sexual minorities.

Employment[edit]

In the 2011 census, 1,162 people were asked their job status.[130] 75.55% had a job and worked, 9.99% attended school, 7.10% retired, and the remainder mostly were unable to work.[130] 859 people were asked their work place, in which 80.31% had a fixed place of work outside the home, 3.56% worked at home, 15.78% had no fixed place of work, and 0.36% didn't know or didn't state their workplace.[131] 61.33% of workers are paid employees employed by the government, 3.68% are paid employees for statutory bodies, 21.83% are paid private employees, 0.36% are paid private home employees, 3.08% are self-employed with paid employees, 8.66% are self-employed without paid employees, 0.59% have another worker status, and 0.47% didn't know or didn't state their worker status, 859 people were asked.[132]

Job training[edit]

486 persons participated in, tried, or finished training as of 2011.[133] 70.65% of those individuals had finished their training, 9.01% were still in the training process, 17.61% had attempted training, and 2.73% were unsure or had not stated their status.[134] 50.10% of those who participated in training completed on-the-job training, 9.64% completed an apprenticeship, 1.89% completed a correspondence course, 1.05% completed secondary school job training, 24.32% completed vocational/technical/trade training, 0.21% completed commercial/secretarial training, 2.10% completed business/computer training, 4.19% completed university/campus training, 1.26% completed private study, 3.56% completed another type of training, and the remaining didn't know or didn't state.[135]

Tourism[edit]

Barbuda's climate, pristine beaches, and geography have attracted tourists for many years.[136] Tourism accounts for more than half Antigua and Barbuda's GDP, 40% of investment, and more than 46% of Antigua and Barbuda's national employment (directly and indirectly).[137][138] Barbuda is served by Barbuda Codrington Airport and also has a ferry service to Antigua.[139][140] Popular outdoor activities for tourists include swimming, snorkeling, fishing, and caving.[141][142] Additional popular attractions include the Frigate Bird Sanctuary in the Codrington Lagoon, Martello Tower, a 19th-century fort and the Indian Cave with its two rock-carved petroglyphs. Other points of interest include the beautiful Pink Sands Beach, Darby's Cave, a sinkhole with a tropical rain forest inside and Highland House (called Willybob locally), the ruins of the 18th-century Codrington family home, and the Dividing Wall that separated the wealthy family from its slaves.[143][144][145] Years after Hurricane Luis, in August 2017, there were still only two operating resorts on the island, although plans were being made to build other resorts before Hurricane Irma.[144]

Culture[edit]

Festivals and sport[edit]

A Teenage Pageant, the Caribana Queen Show, calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties are typically part of the annual Barbuda Caribana Festival, which takes place in May, and occasionally in early June.[146][147]

From an early age, students are encouraged to participate in sports in school. Two Barbuda Council employees have been designated to support sports in the local area. Since Irma, the basketball and tennis courts have been resurfaced. Athletics, cricket, and horse racing are quite popular, and there are year-round fishing competitions, a triathlon, and other sport activities.[148]

Barbuda is home to an abundance of lobster, conchs, and other seafood that is responsibly harvested by low impact fishing techniques that have been developed over many generations there. Barbudans frequently go fishing for larger species including kingfish, dolphin or mahi mahi, tuna, and barracuda, which are captured and sold to the hotels throughout the season. In general, these larger fish do not contain the Ciguatera toxicity that limits their ingestion in other regions of the Caribbean. Large barracuda can be seen near to shore in the waters around the island and are eaten widely in Barbuda. All fishing in Barbuda's seas must be done aboard a vessel with a local fishing license.[149]

Since the French, Spanish, and British fought each other for dominance of the Caribbean, there are hundreds of shipwrecks off the shore of Barbuda, dating from various periods in the island's history. The Marine Areas Act has identified and protected each one. Due to Barbuda being a relatively flat and "hard-to-see" island, there are even more contemporary boats that have lost their way onto the perilous reefs that encircle the island.[150]

Occasionally, after 4 o'clock local time on Sundays, the Barbuda Turf Club (horse racing) gathers at the local track in the Spring View sector south of the airport. There are often four races, each featuring two or three horses.[151]

The Barbuda tennis court was partially motivated by the success of the Anguilla professional tennis program and is open all day, every day to anyone who wishes to play tennis. School groups have utilized it for CXC sport exams, and there used to be a vibrant tennis association that worked hard to establish connections with Antigua to keep the sport alive on Barbuda and raise money through contributions. Barbuda has thus produced a few talented tennis players. Since the court was resurfaced after Hurricane Irma, this group has disbanded and a formal tennis program is now required, along with some new initiatives.[152]

The floodlit basketball court is where the Vipers, Young Warriors, Rockers, Flip-mo, Boars, and Vikings teams compete in a league table structure, with the top teams moving on to the playoffs. The basketball season on Barbuda typically begins in August. Barbudans have experienced great success playing basketball internationally and have been signed by numerous institutions in the USA and other nations.[153]

The Antigua Barbuda Triathlon's Barbuda leg has rekindled interest in endurance sports on Barbuda.[154]

Cuisine[edit]

While lobster is cooked directly from the sea, there are frequently individuals grilling on the street. Deer meat, land turtle, seafood (lobster, crab, conch), locally raised beef, lamb, or goat are some of the regional specialties. These meals are sometimes served with rice, fungus, or dumplings, particularly yabba dumplings. Soursop, ginger beer, passion fruit, sea moss, tamarind, and other regional juices are among the drinks available. Fresh fish and lobster are frequently served on the street in cold boxes or at the fisheries pier as the boats dock most days between 2 and 4 pm local time. Although there is no market on Barbuda, local produce is occasionally sold in the Barbuda Council agriculture building, local fruit and vegetables are also sold on the street.[155]

See also[edit]

Citations[edit]

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External links[edit]

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