User:Donald Trung/Chinese burial money

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[[File:Mawangdui Clay Replicas of Coins.jpg|thumb|right|A [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|string]] of [[clay]] [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] discovered at the [[Mawangdui]] site in [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]].]] '''Chinese burial money''' ({{zh |first=t | t= 瘞錢 | s= 瘗钱 | hp= yì qián | links=yes}}) a.k.a. ''dark coins'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 冥錢 | s= 冥钱 | hp= míng qián | links=no}})<ref>Asian Art - Providing for the Afterlife: "Brilliant Artifacts" from [[Shandong]]. [http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/shandong/7b.html Banliang coins - Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) - Bronze - Diam. (average) 2.3 cm - Collection of Shandong Provincial Museum (cat. #18A)]. Retrieved: 15 May 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/5648549|title= King's 2,100-Year-Old Mausoleum, Vast Trove Of Artifacts Discovered In China.|date=6 December 2017|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Owen Jarus – LiveScience (for the [[HuffPost|Huffington Post]])}}</ref> are Chinese imitations of currency that are placed in the grave of a person that is to be buried. The practice dates to the [[Shang dynasty]] when [[cowrie shell]]s were used, in the belief that the money would be used in the afterlife as a bribe to [[Yama (Buddhism)#Yama in Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese mythology|Yan Wang]] (also known as ''Yama'') for a more favourable spiritual destination. The practice changed to replica currency to deter [[grave robber]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/lavish-tomb-buried-for-2100-years-with-gold-and-treasure-discovered-in-china-9648755.html|title= Lavish tomb buried for 2,100 years with gold and treasure discovered in China - Liu Fei, ruler of Jiangdu Kingdom, was left with every comfort for the afterlife.|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Lizzie Dearden (for [[The Independent]])}}</ref><ref>Ann Paludan - Chinese Tomb Figurines (Images of Asia) - {{ISBN|978-0195858174}}, {{ISBN|0195858174}}.</ref> and these coins and other imitation currencies were referred to as ''clay money'' (泥錢) or ''earthenware money'' (陶土幣).<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/03/20/chinese-burial-money/|title= Chinese Burial Money.|date=20 March 2015|accessdate=25 May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/chinese-funeral-traditions-687456|title= Chinese Funeral Traditions.|date=23 April 2018|accessdate=15 June 2018|work= Lauren Mack (for ThoughtCo.)}}</ref><ref>Nations Online [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/joss_paper.htm Joss Paper]. Joss Paper, also known as ghost or spirit money, are sheets of paper that are burned in traditional Chinese deity or ancestor worship ceremonies during special holidays. Joss paper is also burned in traditional Chinese funerals. Retrieved: 15 May 2018.</ref> Chinese burial money has been discovered dating as far back as 1300 BCE and remained popular throughout [[History of China|Chinese history]] until the advent of [[joss paper]] and [[Hell Money]] during the late [[19th century]] CE. == History == {{See also|Chinese funeral rituals|Chinese numismatic charm}} Burial money was modeled after the many different types of [[ancient Chinese coinage]]s, and earlier forms of burial money tended to be actual money.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Graves that were dated to the [[Shang dynasty]] period have been discovered that contain thousands of [[cowrie]] shells, for example, the [[tomb of Fu Hao]], dating to about the year 1200 BCE, was discovered containing 6,900 cowry shells.<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book| first=Patricia| last=Ebrey| year=2006| title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China| edition=| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=| pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0/page/26 26]–27| isbn=0-521-43519-6| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0}}</ref> Chinese graves dating to the [[Warring States period]] are found containing [[Zhou dynasty coinage|contemporary coinages]] buried as funerary objects such as [[spade money]], [[knife money]], [[Huanqian|ring-shaped coin]]s, [[ant-nose coin]]s, and [[Ban Liang]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> But as the presence of real money and other objects of value would attract the attention of [[grave robber]]s, the Chinese started to manufacture clay imitations of real money.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> This was done as the contemporary Chinese believed that if the grave was robbed then the spirit of the deceased was disturbed and the money that was formerly located in the grave that was meant to ensure his or her comfort in the [[afterlife]] was now gone, making their afterlife less comfortable.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Chinese burial money has been discovered made from stones and bones (along with cowrie shells) in the earliest forms, later forms include thin metallic imitations of circulation currency during the [[Spring and Autumn period]].<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004">{{cite web|url= http://anthropology.uci.edu/~wmmaurer/courses/anthro_money_2004/GhostMoney.htm|title= Hell Money.|date=2004|accessdate=25 June 2020|author= Alex Adair, Joanne Choi, Ceasor Dennis, Clara Lin, and Lambert Yuen|publisher= [[University of California, Irvine]]|language=en}}</ref> The imitation metal money found in these ancient tombs ended to be thin and fragile, and were typically made of lead and bronze.<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004"/> Initially archaeologists believed that imitations of currencies were only used by the poor, but the discovery of imitation money in the tombs of the wealthy had changed this view.<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004"/> The Chinese custom of burying the deceased with coins can be compared to the [[ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] customs of [[Charon's obol|burying people with a coin]] to pay with a passage to the [[Hades|underworld]].<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins">{{cite web|url= https://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2037316/whats-origin-hell-money|title= What's the Origin of Hell Money?|date=3 September 2015|accessdate=25 June 2020|author= [[HK Magazine]] Archive|publisher= [[South China Morning Post]] ([[Alibaba Group]]) |language=en}}</ref> In the Chinese afterlife burial coins could be used to purchase either less or no punishment for bad karma, or even for the purchase of luxury items.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> == <span id="Chinese "Laid to Rest" burial charms"></span> "Laid to Rest" burial charms == Chinese "Laid to Rest" burial charms are bronze funerary charms or coins usually found in graves. They measure from {{convert|2.4|to|2.45|cm}} in diameter with a thickness of {{convert|1.3|to|1.4|mm}} and they contain the obverse inscription ''rù tǔ wéi ān'' (入土为安) which means "to be laid to rest", while the reverse is blank. These coins were mostly found in graves dating from the late Qing dynasty period, though one was found in a coin hoard of Northern Song dynasty coins. The ''wéi'' is written using a simplified Chinese character ({{linktext|为}}) rather than the traditional Chinese version of the character ({{linktext|為}}). These coins are often excluded from numismatic reference books on Chinese coinage or talismans due to many [[taboo]]s, as they were placed in the mouths of dead people and are considered unlucky and disturbing, and are undesired by most collectors.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/05/25/chinese-laid-to-rest-burial-charm/|title= Chinese "Laid to Rest" Burial Charm.|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=25 June 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>Jibi.net [http://www.jibi.net/News/zpsx/8_30_21_768.html 用于陪葬的铜钱]。发布日期: 10-04-07 08:30:21 泉友社区 新闻来源:新民晚报 作者: Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref><ref>997788 [http://m.997788.com/pr/detail_auction.php?d=793&id=8829155 入土为安] 。 成交时间： 27 December 2015 09:38:41. Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref><ref>[欣赏] 很少见的花钱—入土为安 [http://bbs.chcoin.com/show-8763222.html?from=mobi 陪葬钱] 。 楼主 发表于2015-05-24 14:16:29 只看该作者 Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> These existed some controversy to the attribution of this Chinese burial coin, this is because the wei is written using the [[simplified Chinese character]] "为" instead of the [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese variant]] "為".<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> The argument used to dispute its typical attribution to the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] period was that because simplified Chinese characters did not exist in a standardised form prior to their introduction by the [[Communist Party of China|Communist government]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] in the year 1956.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> This hypothesis has been debunked as research into the simplified form of this particular Chinese character has shown, however, that the simplified variant of it has existed at least from the time of the [[Ming dynasty]] period ending the controversy surrounding its origins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> == Clay burial money == ''Clay money'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥錢 | s= 泥钱 | hp= ní qián | links=yes}}), or ''earthenware money'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 陶土幣 | s= 陶土币 | hp= táo tǔ bì | links=no}}), was a special type of Chinese burial money that started appearing sometime during the [[Han dynasty]] period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay money was created as an alternative to burying actual money with the deceased in the hopes of preventing the grave to be "disturbed" by [[Graverobbing|graverobbers]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> In the book ''Han Material Culture'' written by [[Sophia-Karin Psarras]] it is stated that any representation of real life currency was considered [[legal tender]] in the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> This belief helped the transition of using real bronze, silver, and / or gold money in Chinese graves with surrogate forms of money made of clay.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> As these imitations of money made from clay had no actual value in "the world of the living" they would deter grave robbers from breaking in and "disturbing" the dead.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Because clay money is so cheap to produce it was used by both the wealthy and impoverished, as the poor could afford to buy these clay imitations of actual coins to bury with their deceased relatives.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay money for funerary uses could be based on "low money" or "low currency" (下幣), such as copper-alloy cash coins, or on "high money" or "high currency" (上幣). "High currency" is a term that referred to silver and gold currencies that were produced during the Warring States, Qin dynasty, and Han dynasty periods. While initially the [[Chinese nobility|aristocracy]] tended to buried with genuine specimens of "high currency", later clay versions of these coinages were also produced. === Clay cowrie shell money === ''Clay cowrie shell money'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥貝幣 | s= 泥贝币 | hp= ní bèi bì | links=no}}) is often found the graves of the wealthy, sometimes alongside real money.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay cowrie shell money are inspired by the earliest money in the [[History of Chinese currency|monetary history of China]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> === Clay versions of State of Chu gold plate money === {{See also|Ying Yuan}} Clay versions of [[Chu (state)|State of Chu]] [[Ying Yuan|gold plate money]] ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥「郢稱」(楚國黃金貨幣) | s= 泥”郢称”(楚国黄金货币) | hp= ní "yǐng chēng" ( chǔ guó huáng jīn huò bì ) | links=no}}) found buried in tombs of the [[Warring States period]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> At the [[Mawangdui]] archaeological site over 300 pieces of this clay replicas of Ying Yuan were discovered.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> === Clay cash coins === {{See also|Cash (Chinese coin)}} Cash coins had a special significance for the ancient Chinese in reference to the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> The ancient Chinese believed that cash coins served as a sort of cosmic map for the deceased to ascent to the heavens.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> In the ancient Chinese world view the [[Square earth|earth was square]] while the heavens were round.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> ==== Clay Ban Liang cash coins ==== Specimens of ''clay [[Ban Liang]]'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥半兩 | s= 泥半两 | hp= ní bàn liǎng | links=no}}) cash coins were uncovered at the [[Mawangdui]] site located in [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> The Mawangdui site dates to the early [[Han dynasty]] period and the clay Ban Liang cash coins were discovered [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|strung together]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> At Tomb No. 1, which is the resting place of [[Xin Zhui]] (the Marquise of Dai), around 100,000 clay Ban Liang cash coins were recovered from the site.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> The burial of clay Ban Liang cash coins followed that closely of earlier burials of real circulation coins, as around 100,000 Ban Liang cash coins were discovered inside of the tomb of [[Liu Fei, Prince of Jiangdu]].<ref name="CBS-News-Liu-Fei-Tomb-Treasures">{{cite web|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2100-year-old-kings-tomb-filled-with-treasures-in-china/ |title= 2,100-year-old king's tomb filled with treasures in China.|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=25 June 2020|author= Owen Jarus (Livescience.com) |publisher= [[CBS News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kaogu-Liu-Fei>{{cite web |title=2,100-Year-Old King's Mausoleum Discovered in China |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/html/en/News/New_discoveries/2014/0805/47063.html |date=2014-08-05 |accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref> ==== Clay Wu Zhu cash coins ==== ''Clay [[Wu Zhu]]'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥五銖 | s= 泥五铢 | hp= ní wǔ zhū | links=no}}) cash coins are sometimes discovered in graves and other burial sites which date from the Han dynasty onwards throughout the 700 years that cash coins with this inscription were produced.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay Wu Zhu cash coins are quite frequently discovered in Han dynasty period graves, for example a Han Dynasty tomb located near [[Shanghai]]’s [[Fuquanshan]] (福泉山) site was discovered containing several hundreds of clay Wu Zhu cash coins inside of it.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> According to [[Susan Erickson]] in her article "Money Trees of the Eastern Han Dynasty", the Wu Zhu cash coin had special significance for the dead in China, as the character "Zhu" (銖) could also refer to the trunk of the 300 ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'' tall [[fusang]] tree which in [[Chinese mythology]] is considered to be an auspicious symbol that guides the deceased on the journey to the heavens and immortality.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Over time the Chinese view of what Wu Zhu cash coins meant for the deceased evolved.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Over time the Wu Zhu cash coins began to play a more down-to-earth role as the way that the Chinese saw the afterlife also changed, the Chinese began to believe that the afterlife was very similar to the realm of the living and that the deceased would also have a need for money.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> The clay imitations of money that were placed inside of the tombs could therefore be used by the dead to pay taxes to the otherworldly government in the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Prior to clay Wu Zhu cash coins being used real Wu Zhu's were still being buried. In 2015 Chinese archeologists uncovered 10 tonnes of [[bronze]] Wu Zhu cash coins from the [[Western Han dynasty]] (or around 2 million cash coins) alongside over ten thousand of other iron, bronze, and gold items in the Haihunhou cemetery near [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], among the other uncovered items were [[bamboo slip]]s, wood tablets, as well as jade objects. As these Wu Zhu cash coins were [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Stringing of cash coins|strung in strings of 1000 pieces]] this proved that the practice of stringing cash coins per 1000 didn't first happen during the [[Tang dynasty]] as was previously thought but actually six hundred years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://lunaticg.blogspot.com/2015/11/10-ton-han-dynasty-coins-found-in-china.html?m=1|title= 10 ton Han Dynasty coins found in China.|date=10 October 2015|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Gila Lunatic (lunaticg).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thevintagenews.com/2015/12/25/coins-found-in-a-han-dynasty-tomb/|title= Two million copper coins weighing 10 tonnes found inside 2,000-year-old tomb.|date=25 December 2015|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= by Ian Harvey (The Vintage News).|language=en}}</ref> By 2017 the cash coins unearthed at the site had numbered to around 2,000,000 Wu Zhu cash coins, on 9 January 2017 iFeng.com reported that a rare Wu Zhu cash coin with a character that was found to have been carved upside down.<ref name="Kaogu-Haihunhou-Tomb-Hoard-2017">{{cite web|url= http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/201701/t20170113_3940227.shtml|title= Incorrectly printed coin found in Haihunhou tomb.|date=13 January 2017|accessdate=11 April 2020|author= Credited as "[[People's Daily]] NetWriter : Zhang Huan".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ancient-Origins-Liu-He-2019">{{cite web|url= https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/liu-he-0012863|title= Liu He and the Tomb of Two Million Coins.|date=14 November 2019|accessdate=25 June 2020|author= Aleksa Vučković|publisher= Ancient-Origins|language=en}}</ref> ==== Clay Daquan Wushi cash coins ==== ''Clay Daquan Wushi cash coins'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 泥大泉五十 | s= 泥大泉五十 | hp= ní dà quán wǔ shí | links=no}}), based on [[Xin dynasty coinage|Wang Mang period cash coins]] with the same inscription, have been found in tombs dating to the Han dynasty period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> At a Han period tomb in [[Henan]] over 20 specimens of clay Daquan Wushi cash coins were discovered.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> ==== Clay Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins ==== ''Clay [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]]'' (泥开元通宝) cash coins are at times discovered in Chinese tombs that date back to the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty]] periods.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> During the Tang dynasty period clay coins weren't exclusively produced as burial coins, as there was an autonomous region in what is today known as [[Hebei]] that was under the dominion of [[Liu Rengong]], a local warlord.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Thus autonous region manufactured both [[Niqian|clay cash coins]] and [[Tieqian|iron cash coins]], Liu Rengong would then force the inhabitants of his territory to trade in their older bronze cash coins for these new low intrinsic value cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> This experiment is a rare case in the [[History of Chinese currency|monetary history of China]] where clay cash coins were officially produced by a government for circulation and not exclusively for funeral use.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> ==== Clay burial coins based on later cash coins ==== Clay burial coins that imitate the cash coins of later periods are commonly found in more recent Chinese tombs.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay burial coins which imitate Song dynasty and [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] period cash coins have been discovered in a tomb in [[Shanxi]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]] period tombs sometimes include clay imitations of [[Liao dynasty coinage|Liao dynasty cash coins]], such as clay versions of the extremely rare Tianchao Wanshun (天朝萬順).<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Such burial coins are not exclusively found in tombs but also at [[pagoda]]s.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay Liao dynasty cash coins were discovered in the foundation of a Liao dynasty period pagoda, these clay coins inscriptions such as Baoning Tongbao (保寧通寶) and Dakang Tongbao (大康通寶).<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> During the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]], which reigned over China until the early [[20th century]], clay versions of cash coins were continued to be produced as funerary money, for example clay versions of [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) cash coins are found in tombs dating to the Qing dynasty period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> == Paper burial money == {{Main|Joss paper}} Paper burial money dates back to around the mid [[3rd century]] CE.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> These early forms forms of [[Joss paper]] were paper imitations of goods or coinage, intended as offerings to the dead.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> They were intended to be used in the Chinese underworld known as ''[[dei yuk]]'' (which [[Christian missionaries]] translated as "[[Hell]]") where [[Yanwang|Yun Wong]] would judge the souls of those that appeared before him in his underworld court.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> ''Dei yuk'' in Chinese mythology is not a place where the deceased suffer permanently but a place where the souls of the dead can "burn off" their bad [[karma]] before they are allowed to [[Reincarnation|reincarnate]] into a higher plane of existence.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> == Jinbing as burial money == [[File:Mawangdui Clay Replicas of Gold Currency.jpg|thumb|right|Clay replicas of [[Jinbing]] (金餅) at the [[Mawangdui]] [[archaeological site]] that located in [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]].]] During the [[Western Han Dynasty]] period it is estimated that over 1,000,000 [[Catty|catties]] (斤), which is over 248 [[metric ton]]s, of gold was in circulation in China at the time.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Among the gold currencies that circulated during the Western Han dynasty period was the [[Jinbing]] ({{zh |first=t | t= 金餅 | s= 金饼 | hp= jīn bǐng | links=no}}), which was shaped as a "[[cake]]" or "[[cookie]]" and are variously referred to in [[English language|English]] as a "gold pie", "gold cake", "gold biscuit", "gold bing ingot", "gold button ingot", etc.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> These Jinbing tend to weigh between 210 grams and 250 grams with most weighing about 248 grams or one Han dynasty period catty and had a gold content of between 97 to 99% gold.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> A single Jinbing was equivalent to about 10,000 [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Han dynasty Jinbing can display Chinese characters which have been identified as reading 齊 (''qí''), 土 (''tǔ''), 長 (''cháng''), 阮 (''ruǎn''), 吉 (''jí''), 馬 (''mǎ''), 租 (''zū''), 千 (''qiān''), 金 (''jīn''), 王 (''wáng''), and "V".<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Other Chinese characters found on Jinbing require further research to be deciphered.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Clay imitations of Jinbing ({{zh |first=t | t= 陶質"金餅" | s= 陶质”金饼” | hp= táo zhì "jīn bǐng" | links=no}}), or ''mingqi'' ({{zh |first=t | t= 冥器 | hp= míng qì | links=no}}), are also at times found in tombs that date to the Han dynasty period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Like the actual Jinbing, some clay imitations also feature Chinese characters at the bottom.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Some inscriptions that have been found on clay Jinbing include feng nian tian (豐年田, "fields of bountiful harvest") and Zhiqian Baiwan (直錢百萬, "worth one million cash coins").<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> In the [[Western world]] clay imitations of Jinbing have in the past been mistakenly misidentified as "glazed plates of food".<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> == Money trees == {{Main|Money tree (myth)}} '''Chinese money trees''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 搖錢樹; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 摇钱树; [[Pinyin]]: ''yáo qián shù'') are tree-like assemblies of charms, with the leaves made from numismatic charm replicas of cash coins. These money trees should not be with ''coin trees'' which are a by-product of [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Later methods of manufacture|the manufacture of cash coins]], but due to their similarities it is thought by some experts that they may have been related. Various legends from China dating to the [[Three Kingdoms period]] mention a tree that if shaken would cause coins to fall from its branches. Money trees as a charm have been found in [[Southwest China|Southwest Chinese]] tombs from the Han dynasty, and are believed to have been placed there to help guide the dead to the afterlife and provide them with monetary support. According to one myth, a farmer watered the money tree seed with his sweat and watered its sapling with his blood, after which the mature tree provided eternal wealth; this implies a moral that one can only become wealthy through their own toil. Literary sources claim that the origin of the money tree lies with the Chinese word for "[[copper]]" (銅, ''tóng'') which is pronounced similar to the word for "the [[Paulownia]] tree" (桐, ''tóng''). The leaves of the Paulownia become yellow in autumn and take on the appearance of gold or bronze cash coins. [[Chen Shou]] (陳壽) mentions in the ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' that a man named Bing Yuan (邴原) walked upon a string of cash coins while strolling and, unable to discover the owner, hung it in a nearby tree; other passersby noticed this string and began hanging coins in the tree with the assumption that it was a holy tree and made wishes for wealth and luck. The earliest money trees, however, date to the Han dynasty in present-day [[Sichuan]] and a Taoist religious order named the [[Way of the Five Pecks of Rice]]. Archeoloigsts uncovered money trees as tall as {{convert|1.98|m}}, decorated with many strings of cash coins, little bronze dogs, bats, Chinese deities, elephants, deer, phoenixes, and dragons, with a bronze frame and a base of pottery. Both the inscriptions and calligraphy found on Chinese money trees match those of contemporary Chinese cash coins, which typically featured replicas of Wu Zhu (五銖) coins during the Han dynasty while those from the Three Kingdoms period had inscriptions such as "Liang Zhu" (兩銖).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/moneytree.html|title= Chinese Money Trees. - 搖錢樹。|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=25 June 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>Chinaflowers.net [https://chinaflowers.net/blog/chinese-money-tree.html#com-head What is Chinese Money Tree]. - 7 September 2011 @ 03:53 pm › flowers - [https://chinaflowers.net/blog/chinese-money-tree.html#com-head ↓ Skip to comments]. Some Interesting Information About the Chinese Money Tree. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>Asian Art [http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/artwork/money-tree-probably-100-200 Money Tree, probably 100–200]. China; probably Sichuan province. Eastern Han dynasty (25–220). Bronze with glazed earthenware base. Gift of the Connoisseur's Council, 1995.79. English - 00:00 - 01:59 - Resource Type: Artwork Region: China - Topic: Art Conservation, Looking at Art, Beliefs - Grade Level: Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), College and Beyond – Academic - Subject: Visual/Performing Arts, World Languages, Art History. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>wiseGEEK: [http://m.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-money-tree-plant.htm What is a Money Tree Plant?] Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/tao/resource_art/pdf/china_money_tree.pdf|title=Money Tree|publisher=Dia.org|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015246/http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/tao/resource_art/pdf/china_money_tree.pdf|archivedate=22 February 2012}}</ref> == Silk burial money == [[File:Mawangdui Silk Funerary Money.jpg|thumb|left|Silk funerary money discovered at Tomb No. 1 (the tomb of [[Xin Zhui]]) at the [[Mawangdui]] archaeological site in [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]].]] ''Silk funerary money '' ({{zh |first=t | t= 絲織品做的冥幣 | s= 丝织品做的冥币 | hp= sī zhī pǐn zuò de míng bì | links=no}}) has been uncovered in tombs dating to the Han dynasty period. Silk was a valuable commodity in China during ancient and imperial times and bolts of silk could also be used as a type of currency because of its high [[market value]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> The Silk funerary money that was recovered from Tomb No. 1 (the tomb of [[Xin Zhui]]) at the Mawangdui archaeological site. The silk funerary money recovered from Mawangdui is on display at the [[Hunan Provincial Museum]], as of March 2015.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Because of this discovery, it is now believed by some Chinese archaeologists that the State of Chu's distinctive sheet form of gold coinage, known as [[Ying Yuan]], with the connected small squares may have in fact been inspired by this ancient type of Chinese silk money.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> This hypothesis linking the silk currency to the Chu gold coinage would further explain why the clay imitation version of the Ying Yuan that has been uncovered in tombs have a surface design that looks like the fabric of clothing.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> == In Korea and Vietnam == The Chinese customs of burial money has also been observed by other [[East Asian cultural sphere|Chinese cultured countries]] like [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]]. Examples include [[Wang Mang]]'s [[Xin dynasty]] era ''[[Xin dynasty coinage|hwacheon]]'' (貨泉, 화천) cash have been unearthed in tombs in modern Korea there is minor evidence that these coins might've been used for the [[international trade]] of the time.<ref name="KoreaNetHwacheon">{{cite web|url= http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132070|title= 2,000-year-old Chinese coins unearthed in Gwangju.|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Lee Hana|publisher= [[Korea.net]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekKoreanTomb">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/01/23/xin-dynasty-coins-found-in-korean-tomb/|title=Xin Dynasty Coins Found in Korean Tomb.|date=23 January 2016|accessdate=5 September 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> And a [[Tây Sơn dynasty]] cash coin issued under [[Nguyễn Nhạc]] was found inside of the tomb of [[Thoại Ngọc Hầu]] and his two wives.<ref name="Thanh-Nien-News-Coin-Hoard-Ho-Citadel">{{cite web|url= http://m.thanhniennews.com/arts-culture/archaeologists-digs-in-vietnam-unearth-surprising-artifacts-conference-21900.html|title= Archaeologists digs in Vietnam unearth 'surprising' artifacts: conference.|date=30 September 2011|accessdate=16 April 2020|work= [[Thanh Niên]] News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Việt-Nam-News-Tay-Son-cash-coin">{{cite web|url= https://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/216072/tay-son-dynasty-coin-unearthed.html|title= Tay Son dynasty coin unearthed.|date=1 October 2011|accessdate=16 April 2020|author= VNS|publisher= Việt Nam News|language=en}}</ref> This discovery is considered significant because Thoại Ngọc Hầu was a high-ranking [[Nguyễn dynasty]] official and as [[Tây Sơn dynasty coinage]] was banned from circulating by the Nguyễn government.<ref name="Thanh-Nien-News-Coin-Hoard-Ho-Citadel"/> == Collectability and taboo == Chinese burial coins are typically not included in Chinese coin catalogues.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> While Chinese burial coins are sometimes referred to as "[[Chinese numismatic charm|charms]]" they are not included in Chinese charm catalogues either.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> It seems that because of many cultural reasons that almost nobody wants to have these types of coins in their collections.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> Chinese burial coins that resemble cash coins have at times been described as "really scary" and "horrifying" by Chinese coin collectors.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/>  Many Chinese coin collectors state that they would not buy or even own a burial coin because of their association with death and the deceased.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> This may be because these burial coins were at times "put into the mouth of the deceased" during the Chinese burial ritual or burial. Superstitious coin collectors may also claim that they should be "thrown away because they are unlucky" because of their macabre origins and uses.<ref name="Primaltrek-Laid-To-Rest-Burial-Coin"/> == Modern influence == {{Main|Hell money|Joss paper}} After the [[Imperial China|imperial period]] ended Chinese and Vietnamese burial and ritual customs have changed, it became uncommon for both actual and imitations of currency to be buried together with deceased individuals.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Today it's more common for [[hell money]] to be ritualistically burned as offerings for the dead to use in the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> These modern imitations of banknotes are supposedly issued by the [[Bank of Hell]], the [[central bank]] of the afterlife.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> The critical role of spirit money is to repay the debts of the ancestors of those burning the spirit banknotes.<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004"/> The belief is that the spirit of the deceased must pay its mystical debt that it has accumulated over their life.<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004"/> According to [[John McCreery (academic)|John McCreery]] in the 1990 article "Why Don’t We See Some Real Money Here?: Offerings in Chinese Religion" published in the ''Journal of Chinese Religions 18'' the burning of a large quantity of spirit money is believed to can make the difference how severely someone gets punished in the afterlife.<ref name="University-Of-California-Irvine-Hell-Money-2004"/> Despite the changed customs the basic concern remains the financial well-being of those that have died in the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> Hell banknotes that are burned at modern Chinese and Vietnamese funerals have [[Hyperinflation|hyperinflated denominations]], which can be as high as $10,000 to $5,000,000,000, or even higher.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> High denominations like the were also at times used with the ancient custom of clay burial money, such as a clay Jinbing having a nominal value of a million cash coins in the afterlife.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Burial-Money"/> When modern Hell Money when introduced during the late 1800s their denominations were roughly equal to that of the [[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|contemporary circulating banknotes]], but over time their denominations have exponentially increased.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> One hypothesis about the current situation where Hell Money have such high denomination states that it expanded to keep pace with the hyperinflation that occurred in China during the 1940s in the wake of [[World War II]] and that unlike the actual [[Chinese yuan]], the the denominations of Hell Money never declined, even after the [[Economy of China|Chinese economy]] was brought back under control following the [[surrender of Japan]] and a series of monetary reforms.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> The denominations of Hell Money and modern [[Renminbi]] differ greatly indicating that the value of money in the afterlife may not be equivalent to that used by the living.<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> A writer at the [[HK Magazine]] noted that either the inflation in the afterlife is rampant, "or the cost of unliving ridiculously high".<ref name="HK-Magazine-Hell-Money-Origins"/> == See also == * [[Cash coins in art]] * [[List of coin hoards in China]] * [[List of coin hoards in Vietnam]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Chinese burial coins}} {{Chinese exonumia}} [[:Category:Chinese numismatic charms]] [[:Category:Funerals in China]] .

Standard reference templates[edit]

July 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
June 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
May 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
April 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Ying Yuan spin-off project[edit]

More sources to use[edit]

  • https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2100-year-old-kings-tomb-filled-with-treasures-in-china/
    • <ref name="CBS-News-Liu-Fei-Tomb-Treasures">{{cite web|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2100-year-old-kings-tomb-filled-with-treasures-in-china/ |title= 2,100-year-old king's tomb filled with treasures in China.|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=25 June 2020|author= Owen Jarus (Lifescience.com) |publisher= [[CBS News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kaogu-Liu-Fei>{{cite web |title=2,100-Year-Old King's Mausoleum Discovered in China |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/html/en/News/New_discoveries/2014/0805/47063.html |date=2014-08-05 |accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>

Redirects[edit]

  • #REDIRECT [[Chinese burial money]]
  1. Chinese funeral coin.
  2. Chinese funeral coins.
  3. Chinese funerary coin.
  4. Chinese funerary coins.
  5. Chinese funeral charm.
  6. Chinese funeral charms.
  7. Chinese funerary charm.
  8. Chinese funerary charms.
  • #REDIRECT [[Chinese burial money#Clay burial money]]
  1. Clay money.
  2. Clay Money.
  3. Clay coin.
  4. Clay Coin.
  5. Clay coins.
  6. Clay Coins.
  7. Chinese clay money.
  8. Chinese clay coin.
  9. Chinese clay coins.
  10. 泥錢.
  11. 泥钱.
  12. Ní qián.
  13. Niqian.
  14. Ni qian.
  15. Ni Qian.
  16. Earthenware money.
  17. Earthenware Money.
  18. Earthenware coin.
  19. Earthenware Coin.
  20. Earthenware coins.
  21. Earthenware Coins.
  22. Chinese earthenware money.
  23. Chinese earthenware coin.
  24. Chinese earthenware coins.
  25. 陶土幣.
  26. 陶土币.
  27. Táo tǔ bì.
  • #REDIRECT [[Chinese burial money#Silk burial money]]
  1. Silk funerary money.
  2. Silk burial money.
  3. 絲織品做的冥幣.
  4. 丝织品做的冥币.
  5. sī zhī pǐn zuò de míng bì.
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