User:Donald Trung/Hanoi under French rule
The City of Hanoi (French: Ville de Hanoï; Vietnamese: Thành phố Hà Nội; Chữ Nôm: 城庯河內) during most of its history under French rule was governed as a concession city (nhượng địa), it served as both the capital city of both the French protectorate of Tonkin and French Indochina. The city of Hanoi was occupied by French forces multiple times before the Nguyễn dynasty surrendered to France in 1883, notably between November 1873 and February 1874 and in April 1882. During a period known in Vietnamese history as the Pháp thuộc (法屬, "French domination") the city of Hanoi was extensively developed and modernised. Hanoi initially only served as the capital city of the French protectorate of Tonkin, the northern division of the Nguyễn dynasty, and came under direct French control in October 1888 when it was separated administratively from the Hanoi province, starting the period of direct colonial administration of Hanoi under French rule (Vietnamese: Hà Nội thời Pháp thuộc).
the capital city of French Indochina in 1902.
"Little Paris" (Petit Paris)
Background[edit]
History[edit]
1880s[edit]
_to_France_(%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B,_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ph%C3%A1p_qu%E1%BB%91c)_-_October_1888.png)
"Article 1. - The lands of the Cities of Hanoi, Hải Phòng, and Tourane (Đà Nẵng) are established as French concessions and are transferred in full ownership to the French Government by the Government of Annam, which renounces all rights over the aforementioned lands."
- Dụ số 567 ngày thứ 26 tháng thứ tám năm Đồng Khánh thứ ba (01-10-1888).
1890s[edit]
1900s[edit]
1910s[edit]
1920s[edit]
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1930s[edit]
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1940s[edit]
Joint French-Japanese period[edit]
Empire of Vietnam[edit]
Hanoi Uprising[edit]
Democratic Republic of Vietnam[edit]
French reconquest[edit]
1950s[edit]
Government[edit]
1883–1888[edit]
| Residency of Hanoi | |
|---|---|
| La résidence de Hanoï Hà-Nội Công-sứ 河內公使 | |
.svg) Seal of the French Resident of Hanoi | |
| Overview | |
| Established | 6 October 1885 |
| Dissolved | 19 July 1888 |
| State | French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin (Empire of Đại Nam) |
| Leader | Le Resident de France en Hanoï |
| Appointed by | Resident-General of Annam and Tonkin (1885–1886) Resident-Superior of Tonkin (1886–1888) |
Initially the French administration in Hanoi was ruled by a Resident (French: Resident; Vietnamese: Công sứ; Hán-Nôm: 公使), this position was established under the terms of Article 12 the 1883 Protectorate Treaty, which states that "there would be one French Resident stationed in Hanoi, one in Haiphong, one in coastal cities that may be established later, and one in the capital city of each major province…".[1][2] The French Residents under the terms of the treaty would refrain from interfering in the details of the internal administration of the provinces. Subject to their oversight, the indigenous mandarins at all ranks shall continue to govern and administer them, but they may be replaced at the demand of the French authorities if they display any ill will towards them.[1] The Resident was granted the control over the police in large urban areas, and their right of control over native officials shall be extended in step with the development of the said urban areas.[1] Furthermore, the Resident was given the authority to centralise the tax system, after due consultation with the quan bố, and oversaw the collection of the taxes and the way in which the revenue is used.[1]
Article 6 of the 1884 Protectorate Treaty stipulated that the Residents or Deputy Residents will be placed by the Government of the Republic in the chief towns of Tonkin, where their presence is felt to be useful.[1][3] They will be under the orders of the Resident-General of Annam and Tonkin.[1] They will live in the citadel and, where such is the case, in the enclosure reserved for the mandarin.[1] If necessary, they will be provided with a French or a Southern (Nguyễn dynasty) military escort.[4][1] After the establishing the position of Resident-Superior of Tonkin by decree on 27 January 1886 effective on 8 April 1886, the Residents (in the provincial capital of the large province) and the deputy envoy (in the provincial capital of the small province) in Tonkin were placed under this position.[5][6][1]
The Resident of Hanoi was in charge of civil, misdemeanor, and commercial trials as well as tax collection according to the contents of the protectorate treaties of 1883 and 1884.[1] Officially indigenous mandarins (Tổng đốc, Tuần phủ, Etc.) retained their powers and authorities under the terms of the protectorate and the French Residents wouldn't interfere with their administration as long as it wouldn't attempt to undermine the French administrators.[1] The French also established aa Conseil provincial (Vietnamese: Hội đồng hàng tỉnh) in every Tonkinese and Annamese province to assist the Resident.[1]
Hanoi during this period was also the seat of the Kinh lược sứ Bắc kỳ (French: Vice-roi du Tonkin), the highest Nguyễn dynasty official in Tonkin, established by the French to separate Tonkin from the imperial court in Huế.[3] The first Kinh lược sứ Bắc kỳ was Nguyễn Hữu Độ, the Tổng đốc of Hà-Ninh.[3] The position was established by Dụ ngày 3.6.1886 issued by the Đồng Khánh Emperor.[3]
In 1888 the Residents of Hanoi and Haiphong were replaced by the new position of Maire and the Conseil provincial was replaced by the Conseil municipal.[7][1]
1888–1945[edit]
| Government of the City of Hanoi | |
|---|---|
| Gouvernement de la Ville de Hanoï Chính-phủ Thành-phố Hà-Nội 政府城庯河內 | |
_-_Black.png) _-_Black.png)  | |
| Overview | |
| Established | 19 July 1888 |
| Dissolved | 9 March 1945 |
| State | French Indochina |
| Leader | Maire (總理, Đốc-lý) |
| Appointed by | Resident-Superior of Tonkin (nominator), Governor-General of French Indochina (appointer) |
| Main organ | Conseil Municipal (會同城庯, Hội-Đồng Thành-Phố) |
| Headquarters | Hanoi City Hall |
The Government of the City of Hanoi (French: Gouvernement de la Ville de Hanoï; Vietnamese: Chính-phủ Thành-phố Hà-Nội; Hán-Nôm: 政府城庯河內) was established by decree on 19 July 1888.
Maire de la Ville de Hanoï (Vietnamese: Quan Đốc lý Thành phố Hà Nội; Hán-Nôm: 官總理城庯河內), officially the Résident-Maire (Vietnamese: Công sứ-Đốc lý; Hán-Nôm: 公使—總理) and sometimes referred to as the Administrateur-Maire,
Established with Dụ số 567 ngày thứ 26 tháng thứ tám năm Đồng Khánh thứ ba 3 signed on 1 October 1888, effective 3 October 1888.
Government services[edit]
The Service Forestier (Vietnamese: Sở Lâm nghiệp) was created in 1927.
The Atelier de précision et de monnais (Vietnamese: )
1946–1954[edit]
| Government of the City of Hanoi | |
|---|---|
| Thị-chính Hà-Nội | |
 | |
| Overview | |
| Established | January 1949 |
| Dissolved | October 1954 |
| State | State of Vietnam |
| Leader | Thị trưởng |
| Appointed by | Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam |
| Headquarters | Hanoi City Hall |
The Government of the City of Hanoi (Vietnamese: Thị-chính Hà-Nội) of the State of Vietnam
List of residents and mayors[edit]
List of residents and mayors of French Hanoi:[8]
| List of residents and mayors of French Hanoi | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Term of office | Note(s) | Portrait |
| Bùi Văn Quý | 10 March 1948—December 1948 | As head of the People's Council of Bắc Việt (Trưởng Hội đồng An dân Bắc Việt) | |
| Phan Xuân Đài | January 1949—27 February 1949 | As Thị trưởng Hà Nội. | |
| Thẩm Hoàng Tín | 27 February 1949—8 August 1952 | As Thị trưởng Hà Nội. | |
| Đỗ Quang Giai | 8 August 1952—October 1954 | As Thị trưởng Hà Nội. | |
Administrative divisions[edit]
Social relations between the French and the natives[edit]
"For the Annamite, for example, French, English, Italians, Russians, Germans are all designated by the same word: tây (西), Westerner. In his eyes, it's like Octave Homberg said, 'we are all in the same sack'."
- Eugène Pujarniscle, Philoxène ou de la Littérature Coloniale (Paris: Librarie de Paris, 1931).
Old Quarter (the 36 streets)[edit]
La Ville Marchande (Vietnamese: Khu phố Buôn bán)
Suburban zone[edit]
_v%E1%BB%81_m%E1%BB%9F_r%E1%BB%99ng_nh%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_Ph%C3%A1p_t%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg)
The Zone suburbaine autour de Hanoï was established
Hoàn Long district (Vietnamese: Huyện Hoàn Long; Hán-Nôm: 縣環龍)
Education[edit]
Tourism[edit]
Entertainment[edit]
Cuisine[edit]
Transport[edit]
Automobiles[edit]
Rickshaws[edit]
Trains[edit]
Tram system[edit]
Sports[edit]
SEPTO[edit]
Association football[edit]
Golf[edit]
Public healthcare[edit]
Military[edit]
Legacy[edit]
Architectural legacy[edit]
Infrastructure[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ This photograph of the Hanoi City Hall appears on a postcard published by Pierre Dieulefils.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nguyễn Quang Diệu (9 April 2022). "Quan chức cấp cao đầu thời Pháp thuộc: Công sứ và đốc lý ở Bắc - Trung kỳ. - Thời Pháp thuộc, ở xứ bảo hộ đứng đầu các tỉnh vẫn là tổng đốc và tuần phủ người Việt như cải cách hành chính từ thời Minh Mạng năm 1831 - 1832. Tuy nhiên, chính quyền bảo hộ cắt đặt thêm một công sứ người Pháp với nhiệm vụ kiểm soát công việc của các viên quan người Việt" (in Vietnamese). Thanh Niên. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Nguyễn Xuân Thọ - Bước mở đầu của sự thiết lập hệ thống thuộc địa Pháp ở Việt Nam (1858 - 1897), Omega+ và NXB Hồng Đức, 2018, tr. 604 (in Vietnamese).
- ^ a b c d Nguyễn Quang Diệu (5 April 2022). "Quan chức cấp cao đầu thời Pháp thuộc: Liên bang Đông Dương và chức danh Toàn quyền. - Liên bang Đông Dương (Union indochinoise), còn có tên gọi khác là Đông Dương thuộc Pháp (Indochine française) hoặc ngắn gọn hơn là Đông Pháp, được thành lập thông qua Sắc lệnh ngày 17.10.1887, trực thuộc Bộ Thuộc địa" (in Vietnamese). Thanh Niên. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ Đại Nam thực lục, tập 9, nhóm dịch, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội, 2007, tr. 75 (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Trần Gia Phụng. Trung Kỳ Dân biến 1908. Toronto, Canada, 2008. Pages: 35-40.
- ^ Nguyễn Quốc Trị, Nguyễn Văn Tường và cuộc chiến chống đô hộ Pháp của nhà Nguyễn, quyển 1, NXB Tổng hợp TP.HCM, 2020, tr. 394 và 404 (in Vietnamese).
- ^ French Protectorate of Annam and Tonkin - Moniteur du protectorat de l’Annam et du Tonkin (tạp chí Người hướng dẫn xứ Trung - Bắc kỳ), số tháng 7.1888. Pages: 392-401. (in French).
- ^ Đào Thị Diến. "Hệ thống chính quyền Hà Nội thời Pháp thuộc và vai trò của nó trong quản lý và phát triển đô thị" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2012.[dead link]
Sources[edit]
- Đào Thị Diến - Hà Nội Qua Tài Liệu Và Tư Liệu Lưu Trữ 1873-1954 Tập 1 (in Vietnamese).
- Đào Thị Diến - Hà Nội Qua Tài Liệu Và Tư Liệu Lưu Trữ 1873-1954 Tập 2 (in Vietnamese).
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Category:History of Hanoi Category:French Indochina
Sources to use[edit]
Establishment of the concession city[edit]
First 10 (Ten) selected sources[edit]
Arbitrary break 1[edit]
Arbitrary break 2[edit]
Arbitrary break 3[edit]
Arbitrary break 4[edit]
Arbitrary break 5[edit]
- https://archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/thanh-ha-noi-bi-pha-huy-qua-tung-giai-doan.htm
Arbitrary break 6[edit]
Arbitrary break 7[edit]
Arbitrary break 8[edit]
Others[edit]
- French Cochinchina's Petit-Blancs.
To further investigate[edit]
- http://pionnierstonkin.canalblog.com/archives/2006/03/12/1496796.html#_edn12
- Unusable because it's (as far as I know) a non-expert blog, though she does cite a number of useful sources.
Infobox draft page[edit]
Possible model[edit]
Other Wikipedia articles[edit]
Background (OLD) and other cut things.[edit]
During a period known in Vietnamese history as the Pháp thuộc (法屬, "French domination") the city of Hanoi was regarded as the "crown jewel of France in Asia" having been extensively developed and modernised during the French protectorate period.
Images to consider using[edit]
_-_Dr._Charles-%C3%89douard_Hocquard_40.jpg){kind=link}
- In an article about historical Qingdao, placing it here provisionally.
Redirects[edit]
- #REDIRECT [[Hanoi under French rule]]
- #REDIRECT [[Hanoi under French rule#Suburban zone]]