User:Donald Trung/Huachuanqian (花穿錢)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Huachuanqian" and is preserved for attribution.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huachuanqian&oldid=1170693477  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:27, 16 August 2023 (UTC) .

Original draft

{{About|Chinese "flower hole coins" (Huachuanqian)|Chinese "flower coins" (Huaqian)|Chinese numismatic charm}} [[File:S426 ShenZong YuanFeng 2 (8127904267).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Yuanfeng Tongbao]] (元豐通寶) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] from the [[Northern Song dynasty]] with a "flower (or 'rosette') hole" in the middle.]] '''Cash coins with flower (rosette) holes''' ({{zh |first=t | t= 花穿錢 | s= 花穿钱 | hp= huā chuān qián| links=yes}}) are a type of cash coin with an octagonal hole as opposed to a square one, they have a very long history possibly dating back to the first [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) cash coins cast under the [[Qin (state)|State of Qin]] or the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>《简明古钱辞典》又曰：“花穿为古钱浇铸，穿孔错位不成方形，谓之‘菱花穿’。”见诸报道的花穿钱，最早出现在秦半两钱上。</ref> Cash coins are characterised by their round shape and square hole, but Huachuanqian are cash coins with an octagonal hole.<ref name="Zhang-Hongming-1994">Zhang Hongming (张宏明) - ''The timespan and origins of Flower Hole Money'' (花穿钱的时代与成因问题) - "Chinese Numismatics", Issue 3, 1994 (《中国钱币》1994年 第3期). - Quote: "方孔钱的外形始终保持着圆形的定式，穿孔部分则有一些小的变化。有一种被人们称之为＂花穿＂或＂龟甲穿＂的穿孔，其钱穿形状六角或八角，极其新颖别致...".</ref> These octagonal holes are mostly found in [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]], but are in some rare instances also found in [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese]], [[Korean mun|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese cash|Vietnamese cash coins]]. During the [[Imperial China|imperial period]] in [[History of China|Chinese history]] a relatively small number of Chinese cash coins were minted with what are termed "flower holes", "chestnut holes" or "rosette holes", these holes were octagonal but resembled the shape of flowers.<ref>Chen Lianting (陈联廷) - 怎样寻觅花穿钱 - Shouchang Jie, issue 88, 2008 (收藏界, 88, 2008). Quote: "在方孔钱上,盛开着一朵奇异的小花,这就是独树一帜的花穿钱.所谓花穿钱,是指方孔钱的穿廓部位在外形上有些微妙变化.其钱的穿孔呈八角形态,穿似花朵,新颖别致.它改变了方孔钱的单调形式,在表现形式上更具有独特的艺术魅力.这种异形穿孔钱,称之为花穿钱(如图1).".</ref> The exact origin and purpose of these variant holes is currently unknown but several hypotheses have been proposed by Chinese scholars.<ref>Yu Fang (于放) - ''A Group of Letters Concerning the Article "The timespan and origins of Flower Hole Money"'' (关于《花穿钱的时代与成因问题》一文的来信一组) - "Chinese Numismatics", Issue 4, 1994 (《中国钱币》1994年 第4期).</ref> While Huachuanqian are believed to have disappeared in China following the [[transition from Ming to Qing]], they continued to appear among Korean cash coins until the Koreans [[Korean yang|abolished their cash coins]]. [[Western world|Western]] numismatic sources often refer to these cash coins as having "star" holes.<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty">{{cite web|url= https://calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china5.htm|title= Medieval Chinese Coins - The Northern Sung Dynasty.|date=2002|accessdate=16 August 2023|author= Robert Kokotailo|publisher= Calgary Coin Gallery|language=en}}</ref> Among [[Coin collecting|coin collectors]] Huachuanqian sell for a premium compared to their square holed counterparts with the same inscription.<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty"/> If the shape of these holes were only hexagonal then they were referred to as "turtle shell hole coins" (龜甲穿錢).<ref name="Zhang-Xianzhong-2009">Zhang Xianzhong (张先忠) - ''Analysis of flower hole money'' (花穿钱浅析) - "Anhui Numismatics" 2009 No. 2 (《安徽钱币》2009年 第2期).</ref> While initially the field of Chinese numismatics neglected the study of Huachuanqian, after an article published in the journal ''Chinese Numismatics'' in 1994 brought this phenomenon to mainstream attention, wider interest in these cash coins was generated and they have since been seen as their own separate category of cash coins. == Characteristics == From the [[Warring States period]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]] until the early 20th century the standard cash coin was round with a square central hole.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/zhiqian.html|title= zhiqian 制錢, standard cash|date=25 May 2016|access-date=27 August 2018|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>Department of Economic History – London School of Economics [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/mad1/ma_pdf_files/Ma%20money%20for%20calamoris%20neal%2012-2011.pdf Money and Monetary System in China in 19–20th Century: an Overview] by Debin Ma. Economic History Department London School of Economics Dec. 2011 Chapter contribution to Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization edited by [[Charles Calomiris]] and Larry Neal forthcoming with Elsevier. Published: January 2012. Retrieved: 05 February 2018.</ref> The round shape of the coin symbolised the supposed round shape of the sky, while the centre hole in this analogy is said to represent the planet earth (天圓地方).<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeHuanqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/huanqian.html|title= huanqian 圜錢, round coins of the Warring States and the Qin Periods.|date=24 June 2016|access-date=13 February 2020|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Belaubre-April-1980">BELAUBRE Jean, "Un technicien méconnu du monnayage : René Mercier et la sapèque Bảo Đại, 1933". Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, avril 1980, n°4, pp. 685-687. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> The body of these early round coins was called their "flesh" (肉) and the central hole was known as "the good" (好).<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeHuanqian"/> Cash coins were generally cast as opposed to being hammered.<ref>Zhou Weirong (周衛榮) - ‘Zhongguo chuantong zhuqian gongyi chutan’ (中國傳統鑄錢工藝初探) [A primary research of Chinese-traditional coin-cast techniques], in ''Zhongguo qianbi lunwen ji'' (中國錢幣論文集) [A collection of papers on Chinese numismatics], 4 (2002), pp. 198–214. Zhou Weirong (2002a), pp. 13-20. 14</ref> Over the millennia that they were issues by various dynastic states, the square hole in the centre of cash coins had experienced numerous, but minor changes over their long history.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/flowerhole.html|title= Chinese Coins with Flower (Rosette) Holes – 花穿錢。|date=16 November 2016|access-date=16 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> These changes resulted in the square hole in the centre being slightly bigger, smaller, elongated, misshaped, or at times they were filled with some excess metal from the production process.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Despite these changes, the design and shape of cash coins have remained consistent throughout most of the [[History of Chinese currency|monetary history of China]], making cash coins easily recognised as being distinctively "Chinese" for over 2000 years.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Zhang-Hongming-1994"/> However, a relatively small number of cash coins that circulated in Chinese history notably had a differently shaped central hole with a recognisably artistic flair, namely hexagonal and octagonal central holes.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Zhang-Hongming-1994"/> The Chinese typically refer to these eight-sided holed cash coins as having a "flower hole" (花穿), a "rosette hole", or a "chestnut hole".<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Besides the Mandarin term ''Huachuanqian'' (花穿錢) they are also known as ''Linghuachuanqian'' (菱花穿錢).<ref>Deng Chuanzhong (邓传忠) - 浅议花穿钱的成因和起源 - "Anhui Numismatics" 2006 No. 2 (《安徽钱币》2006年 第2期).</ref> While some believe that these "flower hole" cash coins were accidentally created due to the incompetence of mint workers who produced faulty cash coins, others believe that these "flower holes" weren't mere accidental creations and had some sort of significance, meaning that they were intentionally created.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Huachuanqian are characterised by the fact that they have very distinct 8-sided central holes on both their obverse and reverse sides, though the number of sides can vary.<ref name="Zhang-Xianzhong-2009"/> Furthermore, vast majority of known "flower (rosette) holed" cash coins tend to have very clear inscriptions.<ref name="Zhang-Xianzhong-2009"/> Besides "flower holes", there are also "turtle shell holes" which have 6 sides instead of 8.<ref name="Zhang-Xianzhong-2009"/> All sides of the hole are usually contained within the border of the cash coin's inner rim, which surrounds the hole in the middle.<ref>Jiang Xunqian (蒋训前) - 试析 “产生花穿钱的成因” - Xi'an Finance (西安金融), 1995. Quote: "正 规整标准的古钱币是 “外园内方”, 但是个别钱币在内郭 (穿孔) 正方形出现阴缺口, 使规整内廓正方形变成阴阳不等五角, 六角, 七角, 八角形状, 根据不同形".</ref><ref name="Zhang-Xianzhong-2009"/> == History == === Production and circulation of Huachuanqian === The exact origins of the first appearance of Huachuanqian is difficult to determine as there are no written records that document them.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> However, archeological evidence has determined that the earliest known cash coins with "flower" holes had the inscription [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) and could have been cast either during the [[Qin dynasty]] period or by the succeeding [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> While these early contenders are quite well documented, other early examples of Huachuanqian include a number of types of [[Xin dynasty coinage]]s, including [[Hou Quan]] (貨泉) cash coins and a variety of the Huo Bu (貨布) coin, a type of coinage produced during the reign of Emperor [[Wang Mang]] which resembled ancient Zhou dynasty period [[Spade money|shovel- or spade shaped-money]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Huachuanqian with the inscription [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) are thought to be exceptionally rare and cash coins with "flower holes" aren't commonly seen throughout the first half of the first millennium.<ref>Cheng Zhenghang (程正航) - ''Rare Wu Zhu cash coin with flower hole'' (稀见的花穿五铢钱) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年 第S4期).</ref> While the Huachuanqian is most closely associated with the establishment of the [[Tang dynasty]] where they became less rare, these earlier examples date 7 centuries before this occurred, meaning that they are much older than traditionally thought.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> By the early Tang dynasty period, the appearance of Huachuanqian was already commonly seen in general circulation.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Over time they would become more common as during the middle to later years of the Tang dynasty period, the Huachuanqian would circulate all over the various territories of the empire.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Chinese scholar [[Ding Fubao]] noted that the appearance of Huachuanqian was most closely associated with [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] cash coins and those of the Northern Song period.<ref name="Dong-Liangyi-2011">Dong Liangyi (董良义) - 试谈花穿钱的成因 - "Jiangsu Numismatics" 2011 No. 1 (《江苏钱币》2011年 第1期).</ref> In the periods subsequent to the Tang dynasty Huachuanqian would continue to be manufactured on fairly large numbers.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> A significant amount of Huachuanqian could be found throughout the [[Song dynasty]] period.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Meanwhile [[Liao dynasty coinage|the coinage]] produced by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]] was largely based on the [[Northern Song dynasty coinage]] and likewise also feature a number of cash coins with "flower holes".<ref name="Dong-Liangyi-2011"/><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Song dynasty cash coins with "flower (rosette) holes" can be found in all [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphic styles of writing]] including [[seal script]], [[clerical script]], [[regular script]], [[running script]], and [[grass script]].<ref name="Dong-Liangyi-2011"/><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> However, Huachuanqian would become less commonly seen during the reign of the [[Southern Song dynasty]] period [[Emperor Xiaozong of Song|Emperor Xiaozong]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> The reason for this decline in the quantity of Huachuanqian can possibly be attributed to 2 major reforms to the designs of the currency that appeared during his reign.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Namely, until the year 1180 the Song dynasty produced "matched cash coins" (對錢, ''duì qián'') which were cash coins with identical inscriptions written in different styles of [[Chinese calligraphy]], after these coins were superseded by cash coins that included the year of production on their reverse sides the practice of casting cash coins with "flower holes" also seems to have drastically decreased.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> This practice started during the 7th year of the production of the [[Chunxi Yuanbao]] (淳熙元寶), which was produced from 1174 until the year 1189.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> This practice started with the traditional Chinese character "七" (7) appearing on the reverse sides of Chunxi Yuanbao cash coins in the year 1180, which was also the same year that the government of the Song dynasty abolished the issuance of "matched cash coins".<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Due to this it is hypothesised that "flower holes" were added to Chinese cash coins to signify a year or period of the year or possibly a location where a cash coin was produced ([[#Possible meanings|see below]]).<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> While the appearance of Huachuanqian saw an abrupt decline after Emperor Xiaozong ascended to the Chinese throne, Huachuanqian would continue to be produced, though now in drastically reduced quantities, during the subsequent dynasties.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> During the [[Ming dynasty]] period "flower holes" were still (rarely) recoded in [[Hongwu Tongbao]] (洪武通寶) and [[Yongle Tongbao]] (永樂通寶) cash coins, with the [[Chongzhen Tongbao]] (崇禎通寶) series being the last recorded known cash coins to have "flower holes".<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> === Modern studies and research into Huachuanqian === Centuries after their production many [[Coin collecting|coin collectors]] regarded Huachuanqian as "rubbish" (垃圾品) coins and often mockingly referred to as "wild [[chrysanthemum]]" (野菊花) money.<ref name="Chen-Lianting-2007">Chen Lianting (陈联廷) - 花穿钱之六宗“最” - "China Collection", Issue 9, 2007 (《中国收藏》2007年 第9期).</ref> It wasn't until the numismatic researcher [[Zhang Hongming]] (张宏明) reported on them in an article entitled "The history and origins of Flower Hole Coins" (花穿钱的时代与成因问题) in ''Chinese Numismatics'' (中国钱币) published in 1994 that collector interest in Huachuanqian grew causing the Chinese coin collecting community to value Huachuanqian more causing it to grew into its own specialised sub-field of Chinese numismatics.<ref name="Xu-Peiji-2009">Xu Peiji (徐培基) -《花穿钱的时代与成因问题》拾遗 - "Jiangsu Numismatics" Issue 4, 2009 (《江苏钱币》2009年 第4期) - Changzhou Numismatic Society (常州市钱币学会).</ref><ref name="Chen-Lianting-2007"/> The 4th issue of ''Chinese Numismatics'' the same year published a group of letters from readers, authors, and editors, after reading the response papers and letters, Zhang Hongming was deeply inspired to respond and expand his research into this field.<ref name="Xu-Peiji-2009"/> These articles filled a big gap in the study of Chinese Huachuanqian.<ref name="Xu-Peiji-2009"/> == Hypotheses concerning their origin == === Traditional explanation for flower hole coins - Mould shift === ==== Chinese cash coins cast in clay, stone, or bronze moulds ==== The traditional explanation as to why a small number of cash coins have "flower holes" is due to the fact that early cash coins were produced using clay, stone, or bronze coin [[Molding (process)|moulds]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting">{{cite web|url= https://www.academia.edu/25740794|title= Mints and Minting in Late Imperial China Technology Organisation and Problems.|date=2015|accessdate=11 August 2023|author= Cao Jin (曹晉)|publisher= [[Academia.edu]]|language=en}}</ref> Cash coins were [[Cast coinage|typically cast]], contrasted to Western [[Eurasia]]n coins which were typically [[Hammered coinage|hammered]].<ref>Crawford, Michael Hewson. - ''Roman Republican Coinage, Vol. 1'' ([[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1974). Page: 589.</ref><ref>Hai-ping Lian, Zhong-ming Ding, and Xiang Zhou - ''Clay molds for casting metal molds used in minting techniques in the Han Dynasty'' Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology 24 (Supplement), 87-97.</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Historians still debate when the "stack casting" method was first used, some believe that it originated during the Warring States period while others than it started sometime during the Western Han dynasty period by commoners.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/><ref>Hua Jueming (華覺明). ‘Stack moulding techniques in ancient China’, in the Foundry Trade Journal International, 20 (1983), pp. 242–246.</ref> Ancient Chinese texts reporting on the appearance and circulation of cash coins with "flower (rosette) holes" traditionally concluded that their creation was the result of the 2 halves of the coin mould accidentally being shifted during the production process of the ancient Chinese casting method.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> The casting process in these early moulds worked in a way that two mould-sections were placed together, then the core of the mould was placed into the top area, then the bronze smiths would pour molten metal into an opening that was formed by a cavity that was located in its centre.<ref>[[Peng Xinwei]] (彭信威). - ''Zhongguo huobi shi'' (中國貨幣史, "A history of Chinese currency") – [[Shanghai]]: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1965. Page: 41. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref><ref>Glahn, Richard von. - ''Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700'' ([[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]]: [[University of California Press]], 1996). Page: 48.</ref><ref>Vogel, Hans Ulrich. ‘Chinese Central Monetary Policy, 1600-1844’, in Late Imperial China, 8/2 (1987), pp. 1-52. Wagner, Donald B. Ferrous Metallurgy ([[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2008). Page: 15.</ref> This explanation claims that during the pouring of molten metal into the coin mould the top and bottom halves of the coin mould would rotate or shift changing the way that the central square hole would end up creating the hexagonal or octagonal hole typically of these coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> A number of Chinese and [[Taiwan]]ese numismatists and numismatic publications over the years have proposed this hypothesis, including the ''Concise Dictionary of Ancient Coins'' (簡明古錢辭典) published in 1988<ref>1988年版《簡明古錢辭典》解釋「花穿。古錢燒鑄中穿孔錯位不成正方形謂之『交花穿』。」(in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> and the book ''Practical knowledge of Chinese coins'' (中國錢幣實用知識圖說) published in 1989.<ref>1989年版《中國錢幣實用知識圖說》「花穿，系指錢之內席重印，其穿孔不是正規方形者。花穿是因鑄錢過程中錢範錯動而致。」「龜甲穿，指錢之內郭重印，錢的穿孔成為多角形狀者。」(in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> However, this hypothesis has been heavily scrutinised by numismatists afterwards. For example, numismatic researcher [[Gary Ashkenazy]] of the ''PrimalTrek'' website notes that this traditional explanation is problematic as a mould shift wouldn't just shift the orientation of the central hole, but it would shift everything including the [[Chinese characters]] and any other symbols that were present on the obverse side of the cash coin.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Gary Ashkenazy notes that as all symbols and inscriptions found on cash coins with "flower holes" tend to be as crisp and distinct as their ordinary square holed counterparts, debunking this traditional hypothesis as being "obviously inadequate".<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Numismatic researcher Zhang Hongming also notes these issues with this common hypothesis, further noting that cash coins which were cast with errors are known as "wrong money" (錯範錢, 错范钱) and don't typically resemble Huachuanqian.<ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997">Tan Yijiong (谭意炯) & Huang Xin (黄鑫) - 也谈花穿钱的成因、性质及时代问题——兼与张宏明先生商榷 - "Regional Finance Research", Issue S1, 1997 (《区域金融研究》1997年 第S1期).</ref> Furthermore, all 8 sides of the "flower hole" and all 6 sides of the "turtle shell hole" are typically contained within the border of the cash coin's inner rim, which surrounds the hole in the middle of the coin.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> This means that Huachuanqian cannot have been created as the result of either a mould or sand tray shift, because then the inner rim's inside which surrounds the actual hole would likely also feature more sides if this hypothesis was correct.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Finally, the issue with this hypothesis is the fact that 4 "additional" sides form a standard-sized square would merely be rotated about 45 degrees from the primary square central hole rather than create the effect we see in Huachuanqian.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> ==== Chinese cash coins cast in sand moulds ==== Cash coins with "flower holes" became more common with the introduction of the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寶) during the reign of [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Emperor Gaozu]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>陈联廷 - “崇宁” 花穿钱的风采 - 收藏 10, 2009 - 正在方孔钱中, 常出现一种花穿现象. 这种所谓的花穿, 是指方孔钱的穿廓部位在外形上有一些微妙的变化, 其钱穿孔呈八角, 穿似花朵, 新颖别致. 花穿现象, 最早出现于秦代" 半两" 方孔钱上, 随后, 历朝各代, 均有. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> During the Tang dynasty the "stack casting" with clay moulds was slowly phased out in favour of the "[[sand casting]] method" (翻砂法), this new methodology of coin casting used [[mother coin]]s (母錢) allowing for a consistent design to be used when mass producing cash coins.<ref>Hua Jueming (華覺明) and Zhang Hongli (張宏禮) - ‘Songdai zhuqian gongyi yanjiu’ (宋代鑄錢工藝研究) [A research of the coin casting technology in the Song Dynasty], in ''Ziran kexue shi yanjiu'' (自然科學史研究) [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 1 (1988), pp. 38–47.</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Using this method, it isn't possible for a mould to shift as there was no longer a hard mould that could shift as was the case in the earlier casting method, meaning that "flower holes" could under no circumstances have been created ''during'' the casting process and were most likely created by hand after they were already cast.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> === Flower holes were intentionally created by hand === As the "flower holes" present in the Huachuanqian could not have been caused by an error at any time in the manufacturing process, it is reasoned that they were likely created sometime after the cash coins were already extracted from the coin moulds.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> Following the removal of the cash coins from their moulds, the coins would appear as if they were "leaves" of a "[[Coin tree (casting)|coin tree]]" (錢樹) where they had to be broken off, all excess copper-alloy had to be manually chiseled or filed off from the central holes.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> This is because the cash coins were still connected to each other by the channel-like "branches" that permitted the molten metal to be flown throughout the coin mould.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> The rod used during this post-removal chiseling process was square so that once the cash coins, with their square holes in the middle, were stacked onto the rod the coins could no longer rotate.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> The coin mint workers could then use a file to remove any metal excess sprue (stubs) leftover around the rims that were made during the casting process, making sure that in the end result the outer rims of the cash coins were round.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> It is suspected that the "flower holes" and "turtle shell holes" were produced during chiseling process, presumably while the employee of the manufacturing mint was doing the final details of the cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> As manually filing and chiseling cash coins was both an additional expense as well as time-consuming it is likely that the creation of "flower holes" and "turtle shell holes" was ordered by the manufacturer.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> While the possibility exists that a small number of Huachuanqian were indeed the accidental creation of casting errors by mint workers using chisels to clear excess metal that had flown into the central hole area during coin casting process.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> However, as the quality of Tang and Song dynasty coinages was quite high it's unlikely that the supervisors would have allowed for a large number of these variant coins to be produced, pass quality control or be allowed to enter circulation.<ref>Wang Youmin (汪有民) - ''A brief discussion about Flower Hole Coins'' (简谈花穿钱) - "Anhui Numismatics" Issue 3, 2011 (《安徽钱币》2011年 第3期).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> == Possible meanings == While it is not known why Huachuanqian were produced as no historical records explain their appearance, a number of hypotheses exist to explain their possible meaning.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> While their creation may at times have been an error, the fairly large quantities of Huachuanqian that found their way into general circulation during the Tang and Song dynasty periods in particular, two Chinese dynasties which were generally renowned for their practice of producing cash coins with both high standards and high quality, would indicate that the common presence of Huachuanqian was likely an intentional embellishment.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> It is therefore believed that the presence of "flower holes" and "turtle shell holes" may have had an important significance.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> The hypotheses explaining their possible significance include: * "Flower holes" and "turtle shell holes" were a type of "[[mint mark]]" that signified either the location or the date of their production.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> A strength of this hypothesis is the fact that appearance of Huachuanqian drastically decreased after 1180, during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, when "matched cash coins" were abolished and production years were included on the reverse sides of cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> If the "flower hole" up to this period was serving a similar function to the dates found after 1180, it may no longer have been useful to create Huachuanqian after the enacting of these changes.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/><ref name="Tan-and-Huang-1997"/> * "Flower holes" and "turtle shell holes" fulfilled a similar symbolic function as other ancient symbols found on Chinese cash coins that are not well understood today, see "[[Han dynasty coinage#The emergence of Chinese numismatic charms|Han dynasty coinage § The emergence of Chinese numismatic charms]]", "[[Chinese numismatic charm#Chinese cash coins with charm features|Chinese numismatic charm § Chinese cash coins with charm features]]", and "[[Han dynasty coinage#Dots, crescents, circles, numbers, counting rods, Chinese characters, and other symbols appearing on coins|Han dynasty coinage § Dots, crescents, circles, numbers, counting rods, Chinese characters, and other symbols appearing on coins]]".<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> * The six sides of a "turtle shell hole" may have been a [[Homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese|homophonic pun in Mandarin Chinese]], as the number 6 (六, ''liù'') is a Mandarin Chinese homophonic pun with "prosperity" (祿, ''lù'').<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> * Likewise for "turtle shell holes" the number 8 (八, ''bā''), of their eight sides, is a homophonic pun in Mandarin Chinese with first character in the term for "to prosper" or "wealth" (發財, ''fā cái'').<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> * Concurrently the Mandarin Chinese word for as "chestnut" (栗子, ''lì zi'') as in the term "chestnut holes" could be a homophonic pun in Mandarin Chinese with the phrase "establishing sons" (立子, ''lì zi''), which expresses a [[Son preference in China|desire to produce male offspring]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> == Cash coins with "turtle shell holes" == [[File:S286 SongNord ZheZong ShaoSheng H16308 1ar85 (8725892510).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Shaosheng Yuanbao]] (紹聖元寶) cash coin with a "turtle shell hole".]] '''Cash coins with "turtle shell holes"''' ({{zh |first=t | t= 龜甲穿錢 | s= 龟甲穿钱 | hp= Guījiǎ chuān qián | links=no}}) are similar to Huachuanqian, but rather than having eight-sided holes, these "turtle shell holes" are six-sided.<ref>Zhang Hongming (张宏明) - 花穿钱的时代与成因问题 - China Numismatics (中国钱币), 33-36, 1994. Quote: "有一种被人们称之为"花穿"或"龟甲穿"的穿孔,其钱穿形状六角或八角,极其新颖别致".</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> Like Huachuanqian, the Guijiachuan have been subject to numismatic study and are often grouped together with the Huachuanqian when discussing their origins, circulation, and possible hidden meanings.<ref>1984年版《中國錢幣常識選編) 所收董志強氏的文章認為:「花穿，穿孔不呈方形而成八角形者，叫花串，也叫變花串。成六角形者叫龜甲串。」(in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref><ref>"Chinese Numismatics"《中国钱币》- 2008年第2期。《湖北鄂州新见太平百金及相关问题探讨》。(in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> == Japan, Korea, and Vietnam == While [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese]], [[Korean mun|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese cash|Vietnamese cash coins]] are based on Chinese cash coins both in design and in production, the quality of the cash coins produced in [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and [[Vietnam]] varies greatly.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> The manufacturing techniques of these cash coins was also identical to those employed by Chinese cash coins.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/><ref>Schroeder, Albert. - ''Annam: études numismatiques'' ([[Paris]]: Imprimerie nationale, E. Leroux, 1905). Pl. XXIV, XXV. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> Yet, only very, very few cash coins from countries in the [[Sinosphere]] outside of China seem to display "flower holes". The general absence of "flower holes" in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cash coins strengthens the hypothesis that Huachuanqian were intentionally created instead of being a result of poor casting quality, as "flower holes" would then be as common or more common in these other cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> An example of a Korean cash coin with an eight-sided "flower hole" ("rosette hole") includes a [[Sangpyeong Tongbo]] (常平通寶) cash coin cast at the "Government Office of Pukhan Mountain Fortress", with the mint mark ''kyŏng'' (經).<ref name="Primaltrek-Korean-Coins">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/koreancoins.html#flower_hole|title=Korean Coins – 韓國錢幣 – History of Korean Coinage.|quote= The last Chinese coins with flower holes were probably cast at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). This particular Korean coin is most unusual because very few non-Chinese coins with flower holes have been found.|date=16 November 2016|access-date=15 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> While Huachuanqian were very scarce in Chine until the Song dynasty period, cash coins with "flower holes" were gradually becoming rarer in subsequent dynasties and probably stopped being produced around the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|end of the Ming dynasty]], which ended in 1644.<ref name="Primaltrek-Korean-Coins"/> Meanwhile this Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coin with a "flower hole" was produced in 1830, several centuries after the last recorded Huachuanqian were seen in China.<ref name="Primaltrek-Korean-Coins"/> == List of cash coins with "flower holes" or "turtle shell holes" == {{See also|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} List of recorded cash coins with "flower holes": {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Period{{br}}([[List of dynasties in Chinese history|Dynasty]]) !! Type of hole !! Diameter !! Weight !! Image |- | colspan=8 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]]''' |- | [[Ban Liang]]{{Efn|This Ban Liang cash coin was cast during the [[Western Han dynasty]] period under the reign of [[Empress Lü Zhi]] and is an [[Han dynasty coinage#8 zhu Ban Liang|8 ''zhu'' Ban Liang]] (八銖半兩錢). Flower holes on coins from the early Han dynasty are generally very scarce, and are among the earliest Huachuanqian that are known to exist.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 半兩 || 半两 || [[Western Han dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 32 millimeters || 3.8 grams || |- | Ban Liang<ref>晁小卫 - 花穿半两形成试析 - 安徽钱币, 12-12, 2008. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> || 半兩 || 半两 || Western Han dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.3 grams || |- | Huo Quan{{Efn|This inscription, Huo Quan (货泉), could be translated as "wealth coin" or "money coin", and were created in the year 14 CE during the reign of emperor [[Wang Mang]]. Huo Quan cash coins with "flower holes" are typically considered to be among the most early examples of Huachuanqian. Notably, the "flower hole" on some of these Huo Quan specimens may not be as obvious as that on the cash coins that followed it.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 貨泉 || 货泉 || [[Xin dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 28 millimeters || 2.1 grams || |- | [[Wu Zhu]]{{Efn|Besides being a Huachuanqian, this specimen also displays a number of special characteristics occasionally found on cash coins. Below the square central hole are 3 "dots" present on the cash coin which the Chinese often refer to as "stars" (星). Above the square central hole are further 2 vertical lines which are believed to represent the number "two" (二), and connecting these two lines is an incused line creating what some believe is the Chinese [[seal script]] character for "work" (工).}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 五銖 || 五铢 || [[Eastern Han dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 23.5 millimeters || 2.2 grams || |- | Wu Zhu<ref>Chen Lianting (陈联廷) - ''"Wu Zhu" cash coins in flower hole style'' (“五铢” 花穿钱的风采) - Shouchang Jie (收藏界), 105-106, 2007. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> || 五銖 || 五铢 || Eastern Han dynasty || "Flower hole" || || || [[File:China - wu zhu coin showing traces of production process.JPG|75px]] |- | Zhi Bai Wu Zhu || 直百五銖 || 直百五铢 || [[Three Kingdoms period]] || "Flower hole" || 26.37 millimeters || 4.48 grams || [[File:Zhi Bai Wu Zhu (Rosette) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Taiping Baiqian{{Efn|Cast by the Kingdom of [[Shu Han]]. This is a small and thin specimen.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 太平百錢 || 太平百钱 || Three Kingdoms period || "Flower hole" || 19.5 millimeters || 0.7 grams || [[File:Tai Ping Bai Qian (Rosette) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]]<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 開元通寶 || 开元通宝 || [[Tang dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.1 grams || [[File:Kai Yuan Tong Bao (Rosette) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Qianyuan Zhongbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 乾元重寶 || 乾元重宝 || Tang dynasty || "Flower hole" || 23 millimeters || 3.5 grams || [[File:Qian Yuan Zhong Bao (Rosette) - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Qianyuan Zhongbao{{Efn|This particular Qianyuan Zhongbao cash coin has a double outer rim. This type of dual rim is known in China as a ''chonglun'' (重轮), which was intentionally done to indicate that this cash coin has a nominal value of 50 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'', meaning that 1 of these was equal to 50 ordinary cash coins.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 乾元重寶 || 乾元重宝 || Tang dynasty || "Flower hole" || 35 millimeters || 15 grams || |- | Dali Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 大曆元寶 || 大历元宝 || Tang dynasty || "Flower hole" || 22.5 millimeters || 2.6 grams || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao - Yan{{Efn|This particular specimen is a [[Kaiyuan Tongbao#Huichang era Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins|Huichang Kaiyuan Tongbao]] cash coin. The Chinese character ''yan"" (兖) located above the "flower hole" of the Huachuanqian indicates that this Huichang Kaiyuan cash coin that was cast at the mint located at [[Yanzhou (ancient China)|Yan Province]] in present-day [[Shandong]].}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 開元通寶 - 兗 || 开元通宝 - 兖 || Tang dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.1 grams || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao - Zi || 開元通寶 - 梓 || 开元通宝 - 梓 || Tang dynasty || "Flower hole" || || || [[File:Kai Yuan Tong Bao (Rosette) - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Tianhan Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription is read clockwise as Tianhan Yuanbao (天漢元寶). This cash coin was produced during the first year of the Tian Han reign, the year 917, under of [[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|King Wang Jian]] of the [[Former Shu]] (First Shu) Kingdom. This particular Tianhan Yuanbao cash coin specimen exhibits a "flower (rosette) hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 天漢元寶 || 天汉元宝 || [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] || "Flower hole" || 23 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Qiande Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this cash coin is read clockwise.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 乾德元寶 || 乾德元宝 || Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period || "Flower hole" || 23.8 millimeters || 3.1 grams || |- | Chunhua Yuanbao<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty"/> || 淳化元寶 || 淳化元宝 || [[Northern Song dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 24.4 millimeters || 3.3 grams || |- | Zhidao Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription is written in [[running script]] and is read clockwise.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 至道元寶 || 至道元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Jingde Yuanbao{{Efn|Northern Song cash coins are known to be finely cast, this specific series of cash coins notably has deep well-made characters. The inscription is read clockwise, beginning at the top, and is written in [[regular script]].}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 景德元寶 || 景德元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25.9 millimeters || 3.7 grams || |- | Xiangfu Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Xiangfu Yuanbao (樣符元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 樣符元寶 || 样符元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Tianxi Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Tianxi Tongbao (天禧通寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style..}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 天禧通寶 || 天禧通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Tiansheng Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Tiansheng Yuanbao (天聖元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 天聖元寶 || 天圣元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 2.6 grams || |- | Mingdao Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Mingdao Yuanbao (明道元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 明道元寶 || 明道元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 26 millimeters || 4.2 grams || |- | Huangsong Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Huangsong Tongbao (皇宋通寶) cash coin is read top-to-bottom and then right-to-left. The inscription is written in [[seal script]] and the coin has a "flower hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 皇宋通寶 || 皇宋通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Huangsong Tongbao<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty"/> || 皇宋通寶 || 皇宋通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 3.35 grams || |- | Zhihe Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Zhihe Tongbao (至和通寶) cash coin is read top-to-bottom and then right-to-left. The inscription is written in regular script and the coin has a "flower hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 至和通寶 || 至和通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.6 grams || |- | Zhihe Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Zhihe Tongbao (至和通寶) cash coin is read top-to-bottom and then right-to-left. The inscription is written in seal script and the coin has a "flower hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 至和通寶 || 至和通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Jiayou Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Jiayou Tongbao (嘉祐通寳) cash coin is read top-to-bottom and then right-to-left. The inscription is written in seal script and the coin has a "flower hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 嘉祐通寳 || 嘉祐通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.8 millimeters || 3.3 grams || |- | Jiayou Tongbao<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty"/> || 嘉祐通寳 || 嘉祐通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.87 grams || |- | Jiayou Yuanbao<ref name="Calgary-Coin-Northern-Sung-Dynasty"/> || 嘉祐元寳 || 嘉祐元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.32 grams || |- | Zhiping Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Zhiping Yuanbao (治平元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 治平元寶 || 治平元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Zhiping Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Zhiping Yuanbao (治平元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 治平元寶 || 治平元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 4 grams || |- | Zhiping Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Zhiping Tongbao (治平通寳) cash coin is read top-to-bottom and then right-to-left. The inscription is written in regular script and the coin has a "flower hole". The inscription of this cash coin is distinctive in that the character "Ping" (平), located at the bottom of the coin below the square hole, is written with 3 strokes at the bottom instead of merely 1.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 治平通寳 || 治平通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.7 millimeters || 4.1 grams || |- | Xining Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Xining Yuanbao (熙寧元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style. The cash coin is a bit thicker than most Song dynasty period cash coins of the same size, which explains its weight of 5.5 grams.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 熙寧元寶 || 熙宁元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 5.5 grams || |- | Xining Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Xining Yuanbao (熙寧元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 熙寧元寶 || 熙宁元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 3.8 grams || |- | Xining Yuanbao<ref name="National-Museums-Liverpool-Xining-Yuanbao">{{cite web|url= https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/444971|title= Unique ID: LVPL-4F4637 - COIN.|date=2020|accessdate=16 August 2023|author= Qin Cao, trainee Curator of Asian Coins at the British Museum.|publisher= [[British Museum]]|language=en}}</ref> || 熙寧元寶 || 熙宁元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 4.1 grams || [[File:Xining Yuanbao (熙寧元寶) - 'Rosette' hole - National Museums Liverpool 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Xining Zhongbao{{Efn|Inscription written in Chinese seal script. Beginning in the year 1071, larger denomination cash coins, which were initially valued at 10 ''wén'' (equal to 10 regular cash coins) each, were manufactured. These large denomination cash coins were issued to pay for military expenses. However, later these cash coins were gradually devalued to be equal to 3 ''wén'' and finally to 2 ''wén''.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 熙寧重寶 || 熙宁重宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 29 millimeters || 8 grams || |- | Xining Zhongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Xining Zhongbao (熙寧重寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 熙寧重寶 || 熙宁重宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 32 millimeters || 8.4 grams || |- | Yuanfeng Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶) cash coin is written in "running" (cursive) script and is read clockwise, starting at the top. Not only does this Huachuanqian have a rather very prominent "flower hole", it also has a notably distinctive design on its rim (or "border"). The design of this rim has a number S-shaped curves and dots which could one of the [[Han dynasty coinage#"Yin Yang" and the "Five Elements" as the basis for Star, Moon, Cloud, and Dragon symbols on ancient Chinese coins and charms|Yin and Yang (阴阳), or Supreme Ultimate (太极, "Taiji"), symbol representing the basic polarities of the universe of light/dark, male/female, etc.]] Alternatively, this elaborate rim design can also be seen as [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|stylised dragons chasing pearls]]. While at times the imperial Chinese government would create such cash coins which have these elaborate and distinctive rims, most coins that look like this are [[Chinese numismatic charm|charms or amulets]].}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元豐通寶 || 元丰通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 30 millimeters || 7.3 grams || |- | Yuanfeng Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Yuanfeng Tongbao (元豐通寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the running script calligraphic style.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元豐通寶 || 元丰通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.6 grams || |- | Yuanyou Tongbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Yuanyou Tongbao (元祐通寳) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元祐通寳 || 元祐通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.2 grams || |- | Yuanyou Tongbao{{Efn|Like the above cash coin with the same inscription. It read clockwise and is also written using Chinese seal script. A notable difference however, is that this specimen is considered to be a "large" cash coin, which at a higher denomination.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元祐通寳 || 元祐通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 30.5 millimeters || 8.5 grams || |- | Yuanyou Tongbao{{Efn|Same inscription as the above, written in running script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元祐通寳 || 元祐通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Shaosheng Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Shaosheng Yuanbao (紹聖元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹聖元寶 || 绍圣元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 4 grams || |- | Shaosheng Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Shaosheng Yuanbao (紹聖元寶) cash coin, like the above one of the same inscription, is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script.}} || 紹聖元寶 || 绍圣元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Turtle shell hole" || 24.09 millimeters || 2.6 grams || [[File:S286 SongNord ZheZong ShaoSheng H16308 1ar85 (8725892510).jpg|75px]] |- | Shaosheng Yuanbao{{Efn|Like the above cash coin with the same inscription (Shaosheng Yuanbao). It read clockwise and is also written using Chinese seal script. A notable difference however, is that this specimen is considered to be a "large" cash coin, which had a denomination of 10 ''wén'' (or 10 ordinary cash coins).}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹聖元寶 || 绍圣元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 31 millimeters || 7.3 grams || |- | Shaosheng Yuanbao{{Efn|Same as the above, but written in running script.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹聖元寶 || 绍圣元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 3.6 grams || |- | Yuanfu Tongbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 元符通寶 || 元符通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3 grams || |- | Shengsong Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 聖宋元寶 || 圣宋元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 3 grams || |- | Shengsong Yuanbao{{Efn|It is written in running script and the inscription is read clockwise beginning at the top.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 聖宋元寶 || 圣宋元宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.5 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Chongning Zhongbao<ref>Ku Quan (苦泉) - ''A long hook "Ning" (寧) Chongning Zhongbao flower hole coin'' (一枚长钩“宁”崇宁重宝花穿钱) - "Anhui Numismatics" 2006 No. 2 (《安徽钱币》2006年 第2期). Quote: "2005年10月26日，笔者于风阳一农民手中购得一枚崇宁重宝折十钱。该钱满身红绿锈，廓外宽内窄，径38mm，穿8mm，厚2mm，重12g，光背。".</ref> || 崇寧重寶 || 崇宁重宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 38 millimeters || 12 grams || |- | Daguan Tongbao<ref>Qin Shouliang (秦寿良) - ''Daguan Tongbao flower hole Coin'' (大观通宝花穿钱) - "Jiangsu Numismatics" 2010 No. 2 (《江苏钱币》2010年 第2期).</ref> || 大觀通寶 || 大观通宝 || Northern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || || || |- | Shaoxing Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this 2 ''wén'' Shaoxing Yuanbao (紹興元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script. It has a crescent (or "moon") above the hole and a "star" (circle below the central hole on its reverse.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹興元寶 || 绍兴元宝 || [[Southern Song dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 29.2 millimeters || 7.6 grams || |- | Chunxi Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Chunxi Yuanbao (淳熙元寶) "large" cash coin is read clockwise and is written using Chinese seal script. It has a crescent (or "moon") above the hole and a "star" (circle below the central hole on its reverse.}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 淳熙元寶 || 淳熙元宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 30 millimeters || 6.7 grams || |- | Shaoxi Yuanbao{{Efn|The inscription of this Shaoxi Yuanbao (紹熙元寶) cash coin is read clockwise and is written using the regular script calligraphic style. The reverse side of this cash coin has the Chinese character yuan (元) below the central "flower hole" which could be translated as "first", meaning that it was cast in the year Shaoxi 1 (1190).}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹熙元寶 || 绍熙元宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.4 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Qingyuan Tongbao{{Efn|Has the Chinese character "三" (3) on the reverse indicating that it was cast in the year Qingyuan 3 (1197).}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 慶元通寶 || 庆元通宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 35 millimeters || 3.8 grams || |- | Shaoding Tongbao{{Efn|Has the Chinese character "六" (6) on the reverse indicating that it was cast in the year Shaoding 6 (1233).}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 紹定通寶 || 绍定通宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.3 millimeters || 3.7 grams || |- | Duanping Tongbao || 端平通寶 || 端平通宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || || || [[File:Duanping Tongbao - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Kaiqing Tongbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 開慶通寶 || 开庆通宝 || Southern Song dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 3.5 grams || |- | Zhongxi Tongbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 重熙通寶 || 重熙通宝 || [[Liao dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 2.7 grams || |- | Da'an Yuanbao<ref>Calgary Coins and Antiques Gallery – Cast Chinese Coins – [http://calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china7.htm MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS – TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES (A.D. 960 to 1644)]. Retrieved: 01 July 2018. Quote: "S-1070-71.Bronze 1 cash. Obverse: "TA-AN YUAN-PAO". Reverse: blank. Average (1 specimen) 24.5 mm, 3.51 grams. There are some varieties in this type, with Schjoth noting one with a star hole, and another with a small dot in the upper left corner.".</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 大安元寶 || 大安元宝 || Liao dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24.3 millimeters || 3.2 grams || [[File:Da An Yuan Bao (大安元寶) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Shouchang Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 壽昌元寶 || 寿昌元宝 || Liao dynasty || "Flower hole" || 23.8 millimeters || 3.7 grams || |- | Qiantong Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 乾統元寶 || 乾统元宝 || Liao dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Tianqing Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 天慶元寶 || 天庆元宝 || Liao dynasty || "Flower hole" || 24 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Zhenglong Yuanbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 正隆元寶 || 正隆元宝 || [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 4.3 grams || |- | [[Hongwu Tongbao]]<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 洪武通寶 || 洪武通宝 || Ming dynasty || "Flower hole" || 23 millimeters || 3.9 grams || |- | [[Yongle Tongbao]]{{Efn|This particular Yongle Tongbao (永樂通寶) cash coin was recovered from a Ming dynasty period shipwreck in the [[South China Sea]].}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 永樂通寶 || 永乐通宝 || Ming dynasty || "Flower hole" || 25.5 millimeters || 3.4 grams || |- | Chongzhen Tongbao{{Efn|This [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming dynasty period cash coin]] is likely one of the last of the Chinese cash coins produced with a "flower hole".}}<ref name="Primaltrek-Huachuan-Qian"/> || 崇禎通寶 || 崇祯通宝 || Ming dynasty || "Flower hole" || 23.5 millimeters || 2.5 grams || |- | colspan=8 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Korean mun|Korean cash coins]]''' |- | Sangpyeong Tongbo - Kyŏng O<ref name="Primaltrek-Korean-Coins"/> || 常平通寶 - 經五 || 常平通宝 - 经五 || [[Joseon]] || "Flower hole" || || || |- | Sangpyeong Tongbo - Chun Ne [[Dangojeon|Dang O]]{{Efn|Issued by the Ch'unch'on Township Military Office (春川管理營) in the year 1883, nominal value of 5 ''mun''.}}<ref name="Ch'unch'on-Township-Military Office-National-Museum-of-Korea">{{cite web|url= https://www.museum.go.kr/site/main/relic/search/view?relicId=2255|title= 상평통보 당오전.|date=2023|accessdate=15 August 2023|work= [[National Museum of Korea]]|language=ko}}</ref> || 常平通寳 - 春四當五 || 常平通宝 - 春四当五 || Joseon || "Flower hole" || 32 millimeters || || [[File:Sangpyeong Tongbo (常平通寳) - Ch'unch'on Township Military Office (春川管理營) with flower hole (花穿錢) National Museum of Korea (國立中央博物館).png|75px]] |- | colspan=8 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Vietnamese cash coins]]''' |- | Minh Đức Thông Bảo<ref>Chen Lianting (陈联廷) - ''Minh Đức Thông Bảo (Mingde Tongbao) flower hole coin'' (明德通宝花穿钱) - "Favourites" Issue 11, 2009 (《收藏》2009年 第11期) - [[Chongqing]] (重庆).</ref> || 明德通寶 || 明德通宝 || [[Mạc dynasty]] || "Flower hole" || 25 millimeters || 5.5 grams || |} == Explanatory notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * 中國大百科全書(中國歷史), 中國大百科全書出版社 1994, {{ISBN|7-5000-5469-6}}. * 中國歷代幣貨 - A History of Chinese Currency (16th Century BC – 20th Century AD), 1983 Jointly Published by Xinhua (New China) Publishing House N.C.N. Limited M.A.O. Management Group Ltd. {{ISBN|962 7094 01 3}}. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]). == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Cash coins with flower hole}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Japanese cash coin}} {{Korean cash coin}} {{Vietnamese cash coin}} [[:Category:Cash coins]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

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2023

December 2023.

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• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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November 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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September 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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August 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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July 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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June 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2022

December 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2021

December 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2020

December 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

2019

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Sources to find

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%E8%8A%B1%E7%A9%BF%E9%92%B1&oq=

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%E9%BE%9F%E7%94%B2%E7%A9%BF%E9%92%B1&btnG=

Redirects

• #REDIRECT [[Huachuanqian]]

1. Flower hole coin.
2. Flower hole coins.
3. Cash coins with flower holes.
4. Cash coins with rosette holes.
5. 花穿錢.
6. 花穿钱.
7. Huā chuān qián.
8. Cash coins with star holes.
9. Chinese coins with flower holes.
10. Chinese coins with rosette holes.
11. Chinese coins with star holes.

• #REDIRECT [[Huachuanqian#Cash coins with "turtle shell holes"]]

1. Cash coins with turtle shell holes.
2. 龜甲穿錢.
3. 龟甲穿钱.
4. Guījiǎ chuān qián.
5. Guijiachuanqian.
6. Guijiachuan qian.
7. Chinese coins with turtle shell holes.
8. Turtle shell hole coin.

Navigational template additions

Draft 1 (one).

• Guijiachuanqian (龜甲穿錢)

• Huachuanqian (花穿錢)

Draft 2 (two).

• Flower hole coin (花穿錢)

• Turtle shell hole coin (龜甲穿錢)

Vietnamese.

• Hoa xuyên tiền (花穿錢)

Korean.

• Hwacheonjeon (花穿錢)