User:Donald Trung/Modern cultural influences of cash coins in art and discoveries

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia articles "Cash coins in art", "Qianlong Tongbao", and "Taoist coin charm" (among others) and is preserved for attribution.

Statues and sculptures

Main article: Cash coins in art § Statues and sculptures

Coin dragon

Main article: Qianlong Tongbao § Coin dragon

At the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City, Beijing there is a coin dragon (traditional Chinese: 錢龍; simplified Chinese: 钱龙; pinyin: Qián lóng) made of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins, this sculpture was created during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) and was only discovered in 2017 during a renovation of the palace.

Qianlong Tongbao charms

Main article: Chinese numismatic charm

Coin dragon

At the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City, Beijing there is a coin dragon (traditional Chinese: 錢龍; simplified Chinese: 钱龙; pinyin: Qián lóng) made of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins, these cash coins are all about 2.8 centimeters in diameter and are identical in every way to those that were minted for normal circulation. But as none of the Qianlong Tongbao used for this coin dragon show any wear it seems that these were all freshly cast for the creation of this sculpture.

The coin dragon's backboard is composed of paperboard on which a colourful Chinese dragon is painted. The strings of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins create the form of a Chinese dragon, these cash coins are attached to the paperboard backboard and Hall of Mental Cultivation's roof beam by "gold-plated round-head copper nails". The coin dragon is 182 centimeters (5.97 ft) in length and 47 cm (1.5 ft) in height.

According to Mr. Zhou Qian (周乾), a researcher at the Palace Museum, the Qianlong Tongbao coin dragon could be described as "About 2 meters long, mighty and shocking with fierce teeth and dancing claws, creating clouds and driving the mist" (该钱龙长约2米，张牙舞爪，做腾云驾雾状，形象威武，极具震慑感。).

As no known historical documents recorded the existence of this coin dragon it is possible that it was in fact meant to remain a secret hidden away from sight.

The coin dragon was likely installed during a Shang Liang (traditional Chinese: 上樑; simplified Chinese: 上梁; pinyin: Shàng liáng) ceremony, this is evident of the remnants of the red silk satin from this topping-out ceremony which occurred several centuries ago. Shang Liang ceremonies were the main roof beam of a palace building was raised and installed. During these ceremonies Good luck charms, which frequently included cash coins, would traditionally be attached to one of the palace's roof beams in order to provide protection from evil spirits, fire, and other potential disasters. There would also be good luck charms that included wishes for peace and good fortune. The coin dragon thus serves as the supreme representation of the Chinese belief in numismatic charms as objects with supernatural powers which are able to defeat ghosts and demons, deter disastrous events, and bring both peace and good luck to those in possession of them.

While dragons had been symbols of imperial authority for centuries this is the only coin dragon ever known to have been created in the history of the Chinese Empire. The reason why a coin dragon was created during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor was because the Mandarin word for "Coin dragon" (Qián lóng) sounds like the reign name of the emperor (Qián lóng) meaning that it was seen as a fitting tribute to the supreme authority of the Qing empire and as it was made of cash coins it could be seen as a symbol of wealth to represent the power and prosperity of the Qing.

What remains an unsolved mystery is the fact that every leg of the coin dragon only has 4 claws on each leg as opposed to five, as imperial dragons are typically five-clawed as only the emperor and his immediate family could display five-claw dragons, while three-clawed and four-clawed dragons were symbols of government officials below the emperor.

Hall of Mental Cultivation coin hoard

Main article: List of coin hoards in China

2017 (Mainland China)

List of 2017 coin hoards in Mainland China
Date of discovery	Place of discovery	Image	Content	Long description of the find and notes	Date (if known)	Current location (if known)
2017	Hall of Mental Cultivation, Forbidden City, Beijing		A "Coin dragon" (錢龍 / 钱龙, "Money dragon").	On 4 December 2020 Mr. Zhou Qian (周乾), a researcher at the Palace Museum, reported in the Science and Technology Daily that in 2017 a "coin dragon" made of Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) cash coins was discovered at the Hall of Mental Cultivation during a renovation. The coin dragon was found to be attached to the side of the ridge beam supporting the roof. In imperial China a grand ceremony always took place at the Hall of Mental Cultivation known as the Shang Liang (traditional Chinese: 上樑; simplified Chinese: 上梁; pinyin: Shàng liáng) when the main roof beam of a palace building was raised and installed.	The Qianlong reign period (1735–1796).	Palace Museum, Beijing
2017	Hall of Mental Cultivation, Forbidden City, Beijing		A treasure box (traditional Chinese: 寶匣; simplified Chinese: 宝匣; pinyin: Bǎo xiá) attributed to the year Jiaqing 6 (嘉慶六年) containing various treasures including 5 sycees made from 5 different types of metal and 24 golden Tianxia Taiping (天下太平) cash coins.	The discovered treasure box included an image of a five-clawed azure dragon, who is one of the dragon gods of the Five Deities (五帝) which is associated with the five colours (五色), five phases (五行), etc. The treasure box is 27 centimeters (10.6 inches) on the sides (making it square in shape) and 6.5 centimeters (2.6 inches) in height. It was uncovered during a renovation of the Hall of Mental Cultivation and was sealed under a roof. The treasure box contained various items inside of it including Buddhist sutras, gems in five colors (五色寶石), satins in five colors (五色緞), silk threads in five colors (五色絲線), five spices (五香), five herbal medicines (五藥), and five cereal seeds (五谷). All of which were in a bad condition. The treasure box also contained 5 sycees made of 5 different metals, namely tin, iron, copper, silver, and gold as well as 24 golden Tianxia Taiping (天下太平) palace cash coins. These palace cash coins contained the inscription "May the world be at peace" written in Chinese characters on one side and in the Manchu language on the other side. The the Tianxia Taiping palace cash coins found in the treasure box are 16 karats of gold and range from about 25.4 to 28.4 millimetres in diameter, they have a thickness of 1.7 to 2.1 millimeters, and weigh from 10.7 to 11.36 grams.	1801	Palace Museum, Beijing
2017	Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing	SCRAPPED.	SCRAPPED.	SCRAPPED.	SCRAPPED.	SCRAPPED.
February 2017	Gan River in Xingan County, Jiangxi		Over 500 kilograms of Qing dynasty cash coins	It was reported on January 5, 2017, that local villagers had dug up over 500 kilograms of Qing dynasty cash coins near the Gan River in Xingan County, Jiangxi. The villlagers had occupied an area of 30 square metre and were excavating the site without permission, most of the villagers at the site were pensioners and children. Eventually the local police force had to call in 20 reinforcements to cordon off the area so archaeologists could excavate the area later.	Qing dynasty period

Daoist Changming Fugui plaque charm and the Five Great Mountains Talisman

Themes and types of Taoist coin charms.

Pendant (plaque) charms

Dragon zodiac Changming Fugui amulets

There is a Song dynasty period Taoist pendant (plaque) charm with the inscription Changming Fugui written as "長命冨貴" instead of "長命富貴". This amulet is 31.5 millimeters in length and 24.5 millimeters in width. The reverse side of this amulet depicts a Taoist deity known as the Star Official of Dominant Vitality (本命星官), depicted with with a halo around his head, wearing a long robe, and holding a Hu. Above the head of the Star Official of Dominant Vitality is a raised dot representing the moon. Some numismatists believe that the depiction of the Star Official of Dominant Vitality is done in the style of the Tang dynasty period painter Wu Daozi, specifically in the style of the painting "The Eighty-seven Immortals" (八十七神仙圖), which is currently (as of 2021) at the Xu Beihong Memorial Museum (徐悲鴻紀念館) in Beijing. In Daoist thought, it is believed that each person is protected by the star god associated with the zodiacal year in which that person was born, as the charm depicts a dragon this charm is likely for those born in the year of the dragon. Above the dragon is a round object representing the sun, inside of the it is the Chén (辰) character, which is the 5th of the Chinese Earthly branches, which also references the dragon zodiac.

Both the inscription on the obverse side and images on the reverse side confirm that this amulet is in fact a "good luck" charm. These types of charms were typically given to a newborn child or an infant having reached one-month of age, which in traditional Chinese culture is known as the mǎn yuè (满月). Due to its symbolism and association with the Star Official of Dominant Vitality, this Song dynasty period charm would have been especially appropriate for a young child that born in the Chinese year of the dragon.

In 2009 one of these Song dynasty period amulets sold at the Chengxuan auction for $ 380 (¥ 2464).

Five Great Mountains talismans

During the Eastern Jin dynasty period in Chinese history the appearance of map-like charts began to be used as a guide in understanding the ultimate reality, i.e. the "true form” of things (真形, Zhēn xíng) according to Taoist thought, during Taoist pilgrimages to the sacred Five Great Mountains. According to Taoist thought the concept of a "true form" is the original, formless, inner shape of the mountain, as part of the Dao (道), as opposed to its physical, visible, outer shape in the material world. In Taoist thought it is believed that if one can understand the true form of an object or a spirit, one can have a modicum of control over it. Broadly speaking, the concept of a "true form" can apply to a deity, an icon, a purified self, a talisman, or a picture. In Taoism the "true form" denotes the original shape something has as part of Dao, the inherent potency of an object, place, or a person as expressed in physical form, perfect form, etc. Seeing "true forms" requires both religious discipline and practice. In many cases, Taoists associate the "true form" with the inner, invisible, and formless quality of an entity, contrary to the outer, the visible, and the concrete (see also: Theory of forms).

People who were accustomed to living in the plains and valleys were typically less familiar with the topography of mountainous areas, the weather there, as well as the geology. People from the plains and valleys feared the tigers and other "strange beasts" as well as the idea that these places were populated by local spirits and demons. In the Taoist religion it is thought that sacred sites in the highest of places and, in particular, mountains and caves, are the very heart of a mountain and were a fountain of the vital life force known as Qi. According to ancient Taoist beliefs these sites surrounding mountains included forests and streams where one could find various types of medicinal plants and the ingredients for elixirs of life and pills of immortality.

Taoists advocate rigorous meditation and visualisation as the most efficient way to see the "true form" of any object, so Taoists frequently use a visual symbol known as the "true form chart" (真形圖, zhēn xíng tú) to visualise the "true form" of something. It was during the Eastern Jin dynasty period that the True Forms Chart of the Five Sacred Peaks (五嶽真形圖 / 五岳真形图, Wǔyuè zhēn xíng tú) was created, this book included a chart that supposedly illustrated the "true forms" of the 5 sacred mountains in Taoism. According to Ge Hong having a copy of the Wǔyuè zhēn xíng tú in your home enables you to deflect violent assault and repulse those who wish to do you harm, this is why charts based on this work appear on a number of Taoist plaque charms. Taoists later created talismans (charms) which displayed these charts. A talisman was more conveniently carried on the wearer and would provide protection for those who sought the Dao in the sacred mountains of China as they would journey through them. In Taoism, a talisman is a charm that includes fulu.

“Others do not understand how to wear the divine talismans at their belt. Some do not obtain the methods to enter the mountains and let the mountain deities bring calamities to them. Goblins and demons will put them to the test, wild animals will wound them, poisons from pools will hit them, and snakes will bite them. There will be not one but many prospects of death.”

- Ge Hong (葛洪), Baopuzi (抱樸子).

Plaque amulets with the inscription Wuyue Zhenxing (五嶽真形 / 五岳真形, "true form of the five peaks") were produced that were intended to be protective talismans that were carried by Taoist pelgrims through the sacred mountains.

During the reign of the Qing dynasty one such amulet contained the inscription at the 12, 3, 6 and 9 o’clock positions are Chinese seal script characters. Reading top (五, Wǔ), bottom (嶽, Yuè), right (真, Zhēn), and left (形, Xíng). This amulet notably includes the "charts" ("true form" maps) of each of the Five Sacred Mountains of Taoism. In 2008 this Qing dynasty period charm sold at auction for $ 3,900 (¥ 25,300).

Japanese Buddhist coin charms

Main article: Buddhist coin charm § Japanese Buddhist coin charms

• Japanese numismatic charm.

Bodhidharma holding a Wu Zhu cash coin

There is a variant Daruma doll which features Bodhidharma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, holding a Northern Wei dynasty period Taihe Wuzhu (太和五銖, tài hé wǔ zhū) cash coin.

This numismatic variant of the Daruma doll features a number of differences from standard Daruma dolls, namely the fact that in this version Bodhidharma has visible fingers, this is because Daruma dolls typically don't have any limbs as according to a Japanese legend lost his limbs to atrophy after meditating in a cave for 9 years. The presence of the Taihe Wuzhu cash coin on this datums doll is akin to the Chinese proverb "one’s eyes grow round with delight at the sight of money" (traditional Chinese: 見錢眼開; simplified Chinese: 见钱眼开; pinyin: Jiàn qián yǎn kāi), an expression that was first recorded in the work Jin Ping Mei. This is because the doll depicts Bodhidharma firmly clutching the coin.

"Finally, we should not forget that Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who renounced the world, lived a very austere life in a cave, and spent a lifetime seeking true reality. Over the centuries, Daruma’s legacy in Japan has evolved to the point where dolls are made in his image to serve as good luck charms and coin banks. While the Japanese daruma dolls are very cute and symbolize perseverance, good luck and prosperity, the idea of associating the founder of Chan (Zen) Buddhism with something as secular and mundane as money is not consistent with his teachings."

- Gary Ashkenazy (加里·阿什凱納齊), Bodhidharma Holding a Wu Zhu Coin (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture).

The presence of a Taihe Wuzhu cash coin in this amulet is historically accurate as Bodhidharma lived in the territory of the Northern Wei around the time that the coin circulated in the Northern Wei dynasty capital city of Louyang and its surrounding areas.

Famen Temple coin hoard

Main article: List of coin hoards in China

1987 (Mainland China)

List of 1987 coin hoards in Mainland China
Date of discovery	Place of discovery	Image	Content	Long description of the find and notes	Date (if known)	Current location (if known)
5–12 May 1987	Famen Temple, Famen town, Fufeng County, Shaanxi		2,499 treasures from the Tang dynasty including gems, jewelry, art pieces, gold and silver utensils, and numerous silk fabrics woven with gold thread. This fine included more than 27,000 coins, mostly consisting of Tang dynasty period Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶) and Qianyuan Zhongbao (乾元重寶) cash coins, including 13 Kaiyuan Tongbao turtle shell coins (traditional Chinese: 玳瑁幣; simplified Chinese: 玳瑁币; pinyin: Dàimào bì).	In 1987, during a renovation of the Famen Temple, a previously undiscovered underground "palace" was discovered under the foundation of the pagoda, this underground complex contained an intact and secret vaunt that had remained untouched by grave robbers and looters. The renovation took place after a large part of the pagoda collapsed due to heave rains in 1981, when the renovation started 6 years later the foundation of the wooden pagoda dating to the Tang dynasty period was discovered underneath the foundation of the damaged brick pagoda. This discovery included many different treasures including the middle finger bone of the Buddha’s left hand. This discovery did not come as a complete surprise, however, because historical documents clearly recorded that this "true relic" (traditional Chinese: 靈骨; simplified Chinese: 灵骨; pinyin: Líng gǔ) that was kept at the Famen Temple during the Tang period. Many of the other cultural relics found in the underground palace date to the year 874 CE, which was the date when the chamber door was last reported to have been closed. Meaning that the underground palace remained hidden for 1,113 years. Among these finds there were over 27,000 cash coins dated to the Tang dynasty and 13 turtle shell cash coins made from Hawksbill sea turtle shell. These cash coins are the first turtle shell coins discovered in China and these may also be the oldest coins made of turtle shell ever found anywhere in the world. Because they all have the inscription "Kaiyuan Tongbao", they are dated to the Tang dynasty period alongside the rest or the discovered found treasures. As there is no mention of turtle shell coins being produced in any Tang dynasty historical texts, little else is known of their actual origin.	874 CE	Famen Temple Cultural Scenic Area (法门寺文化景区).

Turtle shell coins

13 Kaiyuan Tongbao turtle shell coins (traditional Chinese: 玳瑁幣; simplified Chinese: 玳瑁币; pinyin: Dàimào bì), made from Hawksbill sea turtle shell, were discovered at the Famen Temple in 1987. In 1987 a large number of treasures dating to the Tang dynasty period were uncovered at the site. Among the over 27,000 cash coins found at the temple there were 13 turtle shell cash coins with the inscription Kaiyuan Tongbao, they have a diameter of 2.75 centimeters, a thickness of 0.06 centimeters, and a weight of 24.8 grams.

In Buddhism turtle shells are among the 7 treasures and these cash coins may have been made to commemorate a very special occasion. Likely by the the order of a Tang dynasty emperor to honour a sacred relic of Gautama Buddha that was located at the Famen Temple.

"《佛說陀羅尼集經》中曰：“其七寶者：一金二銀三珍珠四珊瑚五玳瑁六水晶七琉璃”.

This tantra states that there are seven "treasures" or precious things: (1) gold, (2) silver, (3) pearl, (4) coral, (5) turtle shell, (6) crystal, (7) colored glaze."

- Dharani Samuccaya Sutra (佛說陀羅尼集經, Fú shuō tuóluóní jí jīng), translated into English by Gary Ashkenazy (加里·阿什凱納齊) from the Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture website.

As no mention of these turtle shell Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins exist in any historical records or text both Chinese archaeologists and numismatists were surprised with the find. Experts do note that the number of the coins (13) is considered auspicious in Buddhism, which may be related to the fact that there are 13 turtle shell coins. This is further reflected in there being 13 sects in Chinese Mahayana Buddhism, 13, floors at the Tibetan Potala Palace and that the Famen Pagoda (where the coins were found) also had 13 floors.

As of 2021 these were the oldest known turtle shell coins found anywhere in the world.

Bird-Worm Seal Script charms

Main article: Confucian coin charm § Bird-worm seal script charms

== Bird-worm seal script charms ==

A Song dynasty period Bird-worm seal script coin charm.

There are a number of Chinese numismatic charms which have inscriptions written in bird-worm seal script. Bird-worm seal script is one of one of the oldest Chinese scripts, which originated more than 2500 years ago, because of its attractive style, Chinese kings and nobles during the Warring States period liked using bird-worm seal script on their personal seals and as decoration on various important objects such as their weaponry. In later dynasties this style of Chinese calligraphy would be used to write the inscriptions of a number of Chinese numismatic charms.

During the Song dynasty period a bird-worm seal script coin charm was produced with the inscription Guihe Qishou (traditional Chinese: 龜鶴齊壽; simplified Chinese: 龟鹤齐寿; pinyin: Guī hè qí shòu), which translates to "Live as long as the tortoise and the crane". This inscription is based on the fact that the Chinese traditionally believed that both the tortoise and the heron (crane) live long lives. The inscription of this coin charm is read top-bottom-right-left and is 6.4 centimeters in diameter, has a thickness of 4 millimeters, and a weight of 71.1 grams.

The main characteristic of bird-worm seal script is that the characters resemble animals. Because of this the top character (龜, "Tortoise") actually resembles a tortoise, the bottom character (鶴, "Heron") looks like a bird, the character located to the right or the central square home (齊, "Are equal to" or "be the same as") resembles 3 "worms", and the left character (壽, "Longevity") looks like it has a s-shaped "worm" running through the middle of it.

A Mongol-led Yuan and Ming dynasty period Chinese coin amulet contains both bird-worm seal script and regular script, this charm also has the same inscription as the aforementioned inscription (龜鶴齊壽) written in both scripts, each on one side or the coin. The Yuan and Ming period charm is slightly smaller than the Song period charm with a diameter of 5.81 centimeters. In 2014 a specimen or this charm was sold by China Guardian Auctions for about $ 1,780 (¥ 11,500).

Feng shui

Donald Trung/Modern cultural influences of cash coins in art and discoveries
Feng shui coins for sale at the Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong (2018).
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	古銅錢的風水
Simplified Chinese	古铜钱的风水
Literal meaning	"Old copper coin's feng shui"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Gǔ tóngqián de fēngshuǐ
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Tiền xu phong thủy / Đồng xu phong thủy
Hán-Nôm	錢樞風水 / 銅樞風水

The usage of cash coins in the Chinese pseudoscientific practice of feng shui is commonplace influencing many superstitions involving them. Believers in feng shui believe in a primal life force called qi (or chi) and apply their beliefs to the design of residential houses, as well as to commercial and public buildings, sometimes incorporating cash coins into the flow of this supposed qi.

Cash coins are category of ancient Chinese coinage which are typically round in shape and have a square central hole, these coins were used as the main currency of imperial China between 221 BC and 1912 AD. In feng shui cash coins are believed to be able to attract wealth and prosperity and to ward off "evil spirits" (煞氣, shà qì). However, placing them an outward facing position is believed to cause misfortune and placing them at the wrong places supposedly attracts "evil spirits" and poverty. For this reason special care is usually taken by feng shui practitioners when handling cash coins. While classic Chinese coins can come in a huge variety, particular categories of them enjoy more celebrity status than others, this is because Feng shui practitioners believe that some cash coin inscriptions are more auspicious than others, for example the Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) is commonly seen as an auspicious inscription because it was produced in a period of military and economic ascendancy in Chinese history, while the Xuanhe Tongbao (宣和通寶) is seen as inauspicious because it was produced during a more tumultuous era.

Feng shui practitioners typically place cash coins that are strung together somewhere in their house or in a cash register to supposedly attract wealth, alternatively they may carry them around as an accessory or place them in their wallet for good luck. A common way cash coins are used in feng shui is as a set of 5 coins known as the "Five Emperor Coins" (see below), these are often used as counters to hanging beams or exposed pillars. When used for such purposes, the 5 coins are often tied together with a red string (as red is seen as an auspicious colour) so as to charge them with yang energy. When combined with Taoist beliefs cash coins could be strung in the shape of a sword to scare away evil spirits.

Because of their common association with feng shui, cash coins are commonly referred to as feng shui coins in English.

The application of cash coins in feng shui should not be confused with the use of cash coin and cash coin-like amulets as "lucky charms" outside of feng shui, their usage in traditional Chinese medicine, or their their usage in traditional Chinese fortune telling.

Chinese cash coins

Main articles: Cash (Chinese coin) and List of Chinese cash coins by inscription

The cash coin became the main standard currency of China in 221 BC with the Ban Liang (半兩) and would be produced until 1912 AD there with the Minguo Tongbao (民國通寶). Cash coins are characterised by their round outer shape and a square center hole (Chinese: 方穿; pinyin: fāng chuān; Jyutping: fong1 cyun1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-chhoan). The hole in the centre of the coins allowed them to be strung together.

Originally cast during the Warring States period, these coins continued to be used for the entirety of Imperial China. The last Chinese cash coins were cast in the first year of the Republic of China. Generally most cash coins were made from copper or bronze alloys, with iron, lead, and zinc coins occasionally used less often throughout Chinese history. Rare silver and gold cash coins were also produced. During most of their production, cash coins were cast, but during the late Qing dynasty, machine-struck cash coins began to be made. As the cash coins produced over Chinese history were similar, thousand year old cash coins produced during the Northern Song dynasty continued to circulate as valid currency well into the early twentieth century.

Over the years, cash coins have had many different inscriptions, and the Wu Zhu (五銖) inscription, which first appeared under the Han dynasty, became the most commonly used inscription and was often used by succeeding dynasties for 700 years until the introduction of the Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) during the Tang dynasty. This was also the first time regular script was used as all earlier cash coins exclusively used seal script. During the Song dynasty a large number of different inscriptions was used, and several different styles of Chinese calligraphy were used, even on coins with the same inscriptions produced during the same period. These cash coins are known as matched coins (對錢). This was originally pioneered by the Southern Tang. During the Yuan dynasty, largely deprecated copper coinage was abandoned in favour of paper money. This trend continued under the Ming dynasty. Cash coins only contained the era names of the emperor during the Ming dynasty. Due to a naming taboo the term "Yuanbao" (元寶) was phased out from cash coin inscriptions as the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang had the word "Yuan" (元) in his name. The trend of exclusively using the era names on currencies continued during the Qing dynasty, and all cash coins issued during this period were written in regular script.

Outside of China, Chinese cash coins have inspired the design of the Japanese mon, Korean mun, Ryukyuan mon, and Vietnamese văn currencies and the last series of cash coins produced in the world were the French Indochinese Bảo Đại Thông Bảo (保大通寶) during the 1940s.

Significance of cash coins in feng shui

Chinese people in the past believed that "similar things come together" and in this principle they believed that objects and events of the same nature will gather together: flowers go with flowers, grass goes with grass, gold goes with gold, like-minded people gather together, Etc. Therefore they believed that hanging coins in the house will attract more money to their household or their village.

Feng shui masters (traditional Chinese: 風水師; simplified Chinese: 风水师; pinyin: Fēngshuǐ shī) recommend the use of old Chinese cash coins to enhance the feng shui of a house (for the usage of old Chinese charms in the house, see "Chinese house charms"). In feng shui certain cash coins are thought to be able to provide protection and promote good fortune. Generally speaking, Feng shui masters always have a large number of Chinese copper-alloy cash coins on hand. This is because cash coins, as well as jade, are the basic tools used to adjust the yin and yang forces of a house. The reasons why cash coins have an important role in feng shui are numerous and concerns the very nature of Chinese cash coins as they have always been a potent instrument in feng shui.

The reasons why Chinese cash coins have an important place in feng shui include:

• 1. The Chinese cash coin is a (historical) type of currency and therefore represents good fortune, wealth, and prosperity.

• 2. A pair of Chinese cash coins (雙錢 / 双钱, Shuāngqián) is one of the "Eight Treasures", also known as the Eight Precious Things.

• 3. Money is a homophonic pun for "right before your eyes", this is because the word "money" (錢, qián) sounds like the word for front (前, qián), and the square in the coin was sometimes referenced as "the eye of the coin".

• 4. Chinese cash coins reflect ancient Chinese philosophy concerning the relationship of the heavens, earth, and man. This is because in cash coins are commonly believed that the round shape of the coin symbolised the supposed round shape of the sky (天, tiān), while the centre hole in this analogy is said to represent the planet earth (地, dì), known as Tiān yuán dì fāng (天圓地方). Furthermore, it is also common for cash coins to have the name of the reigning emperor, who in ancient Chinese philosophy was the representative of man (人, rén) on earth, inscribed into them in the area between the round rim and the square central hole. Therefore, old Chinese cash coins display the proper relationship of the heavens (circle - rim) and earth (square - hole) with man (emperor - inscription) standing in between (「天、地、人」), giving them great power in feng shui. This means that the "powers" contained in these types of coins are not just due to them originating from the historical emperors, but also because these emperors have had them designed according to Chinese metaphysics.

• 5. Coins are metallic objects and are therefore one of the wuxing (五行) in Chinese philosophy element of metal (金). As Old Chinese cash coins are typically made of copper-alloys they are seen as being better able to absorb aura than either gold or silver. Though in feng shui it is also believed that metal objects can have evil spirits within them. Because of their association with the metal element they can vent the rusticity of two blacks and five yellows (二黑及五黃之土氣, Èr hēi jí wǔ huáng zhī tǔqì).

• 6. Throughout Chinese history many of these cash coins may have been used for feng shui purposes in the past, meaning that they would have been buried according to practices of feng shui in places that were considered to be the best areas where the forces of wind, water, and earth were at their strongest.

• 7. Chinese cash coins which were cast during periods when the Chinese Empire was strong are considered to carry both the message of "prosperity and development" (traditional Chinese: 興旺發達; simplified Chinese: 兴旺发达; pinyin: Xīngwàng fādá) and the message of "suppression of evils" (traditional Chinese: 鎮壓百邪; simplified Chinese: 镇压百邪; pinyin: Zhèn yā bǎi xié).

• 8. Chinese cash coins are considered to have absorbed and concentrated the power of millions of people into small objects because they circulated as money for hundreds of years. Meaning that the often switched hands and allowed for the energy of the owners to rub off on the coins.

Cash coins when used for feng shui purposes can be combined with other feng shui items to enhance their usage. For example, if they are added to a Pixiu, it can strengthen the wealth effect of the Pixiu statuette, and if you add it to Qilin, it can also increase the power of eliminating evil spirits of the the Qilin statuette. Other examples include gourds, where they supposedly strengthen its healing functions and countering evil spirits (sha qì), mystic knots for protection, and crystals for wealth.

While feng shui coins are typically made from copper-alloys, they can also be made from stone, jade, other metals, Etc.

Cash coins considered to be suitable and unsuitable for feng shui

A Northern Song dynasty period Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶) is an example of an "auspicious cash coin" in feng shui because it was produced during an era of national strength and prosperity.

Some cash coins considered to be suitable and others unsuitable for feng shui to provide protection from evil and the promotion of good fortune, on this Chinese Feng shui masters note that the supposed "effectiveness" of a cash coin is dependent on the coin's alloy and quality, how many people have previously used it, and the time period when the cash coin was produced.

Factors typically considered by Feng shui masters include:

• 1. The metal content and quality of a cash coin is often seen as the first consideration, this is because historical Chinese cash coins weren't purely made from copper but were typically made from copper-alloys. In feng shui it is believed that metal objects themselves can be possessed by evil spirits diminishing their supposed "effectiveness" in the practice to suppress ghosts.

• 2. The number of people who have used it in the past is also important in feng shui as it is seen as positive qi (陽氣), qi being the primal life force found in people, objects, places, Etc., with a higher number of people having handled it being generally seen as better. Despite this, some practitioners of feng shui believe that the positive qi could have been "contaminated" and lowering its effectiveness in warding off evil. While coin collectors and coin dealers value the physical appearance of a coin Feng shui masters claim that for the purposes of feng shui this makes no difference and they claim that they are able to mitigate the contaminated qi.

• 3. Where the cash coin was purchased is also seen as an important factor as there are many, many fake coins (including fake cash coins) available for purchase in the antique markets of major cities throughout China and for feng shui purposes a cash coin needs to be authentic. For this reason Feng shui masters advise people to only purchase cash coins from a coin dealer that they personally know and feel that they can trust. Furthermore, they recommend that cash coins which have a history of being utilised for feng shui are better as they are very likely to have been dealt with by a Feng shui master at some point in the past and are more recommended to be purchased. Another factor in purchasing cash coins recommended by Feng shui masters is the visible wear on the coin as this would indicate that the cash coin in question has enjoyed long circulation meaning that it has accumulated more positive qi, this also differentiates them from buried coins (which are seen as inauspicious in feng shui) as cash coins that have been buried for centuries typically have a heavily encrusted patina. Taoists believe that placing a cash coin next to cinnabar money (traditional Chinese: 硃砂銅錢; simplified Chinese: 朱砂铜钱; pinyin: Zhūshā tóngqián) would help mitigate the issues if a cash coin is seen as being questionable to be used for feng shui purposes. Cinnabar rust money refers to old cash coins which had oxidated in an alkaline environment (PH7-10) and appeared red in colour, this is because the soil reduced substances such as organic sugars to produce cuprous oxide (Cu2O) which is dark red, and also lead red (Pb3O4). This occurs when local corrosion and electrochemical corrosion will also occur, producing red and green rust forming small pinholes (referred to as "bone rust"). Cash coins typically first rust green before they turn red into cinnabar rust money. This is because cash coins until the mid-Ming dynasty period onwards most cash coins were made from bronze, though later cash coins were mostly made from brass causing them to oxidise differently, but because the old superstitions still applied people would manually apply cinnabar dye to make them appear red, which is known as cinnabar money or old cinnabar happy money. Though as feng shui practitioners note that the "magic" behind cash coins are the in the design, it is believed that while they are weaker in prowess compared to genuine Chinese cash coins, replicas will nevertheless contain the same metaphysical make-up.

• 4. Another factor that plays a part in the usage of cash coins in feng shui is the period when an individual coin was produced, this is because Feng shui masters claim that if a cash coin was produced during periods when China was a strong military power and had a rising economy the coin would contain a certain quantity of positive qi, but cash coins produced during times of tremendous turmoil and when the Chinese Empire suffered a serious decline are seen as negative. This means that some of the most desired cash coins for feng shui purposes are the Kangxi Tongbao (康熙通寶), which were produced during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor which lasted 61 years, meaning that his reign lasted an entire sexagenary cycle symbolising "longevity" and the fact that the Qing dynasty was experiencing a period of stability, had frequent military successes, and enjoyed economic prosperity during his reign. Likewise, Song dynasty coinage is often considered auspicious for similar reasons, in particular those produced during times of prosperity like the Northern Song period Daguan Tongbao (大觀通寶), while those produced during periods of decline like the Xuanhe Tongbao (宣和通寶) are considered to be unfit for feng shui purposes.

Five Emperor Coins

In feng shui, the term Five Emperor Coins (traditional Chinese: 五帝錢 / 五帝幣; simplified Chinese: 五帝钱 / 五帝币; pinyin: Wǔdì qián / Wǔdì bì; Vietnamese: Tiền ngũ đế / Tiền năm vua), also sometimes called "Five Emperor Money Coins" in English, refers to a set of cash coins that were produced during the early and High Qing eras when the Qing dynasty was at its height both militarily and economically. This set includes authentic cash coins produced during the reigns of the Shunzhi, Kangxi, Emperor, Qianlong, and Jiaqing Emperors. As this period was when China's national power was the strongest, the authority of the emperor dominated, and Chinese society enjoyed stability the Five Emperor Coins are seen as having the essence of "heaven, earth, and people" (天、地、人). In this context it is sometimes referred to as "genius, genius, talent" (天才，地才，人才). Five Emperor Coins are also used with Tai Sui practices.

The five emperors reigned from 1644 to 1824, which happened to be a cycle in feng shui (as a cycle occurs every 180 years). The Shunzhi reign period belongs to northern water (北方水), Kangxi belongs to eastern wood (東方木), Yongzheng belongs to central earth (中央土), Qianlong belongs to western metal (西方金), and Jiaqing belongs to southern fire (南方火), which is exactly the symbol of the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth.

Feng shui masters typically advise people to select cash coins for feng shui purposes that are approximately the same size and thickness as each other. During the 60 year-long reign of the Qianlong Emperor a large quantity of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins were produced in varying sizes and qualities, this means that when selecting cash coins with this inscription special attention has to be given.

The Five Emperor Coins consist of:

Five Emperor Coins (五帝錢)
Inscription (Traditional Chinese)	Translation of the era name	Reign period	Note(s)	Image
Shunzhi Tongbao (順治通寶)	"To rule smoothly".	1644–1661	In feng shui this cash coin symbolises change, new beginnings, and origins.
Kangxi Tongbao (康熙通寶)	"Healthy and prosperous".	1662–1722	In feng shui this cash coin signifies wealth, prosperity, and good fortune.
Yongzheng Tongbao (雍正通寶)	"Harmony and upright".	1723–1735	In feng shui this cash coin represents strength, will-power, and influence.
Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶)	"Lasting eminence".	1736–1795	The term "Qianlong" is a homophonic pun with the word "coin dragon" (錢龍, qián lóng) making it an especially auspicious inscription for attracting wealth. In feng shui this cash coin epitomises wisdom, stability, and intelligence.
Jiaqing Tongbao (嘉慶通寶)	"Good and celebrate".	1796–1820	In feng shui this cash coin embodies hard work, conviction, and decisiveness.

Alternative set of Five Emperor Coins:

Inscription (Traditional Chinese)	Emperor (Traditional Chinese)	Dynasty	Note(s)	Image
Ban Liang (半兩)	Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇)	Qin dynasty
Wu Zhu (五銖)	Wu of Han (漢武帝)	Han dynasty
Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳)	Taizong of Tang (唐太宗)	Tang dynasty
Songyuan Tongbao (宋元通寳)	Taizu of Song (宋太祖)	Song dynasty
Yongle Tongbao (永樂通寳)	Yongle Emperor (永樂帝)	Ming dynasty

In feng shui before being used Five Emperor Coins, like other feng shui items, have to be consecrated by a Feng shui master for them to have a feng shui effect. Consecration of Five Emperor Coins usually takes place from 7:00 to 9:00 in the morning "when the dragon raises its head", after consecration, the Five Emperor Coins should not be touched by outsiders. If the cash coins are dirty, they are either replaced or wiped with a little salt water, after drying, they are usually placed in the ground the next morning. If the consecrated Five Emperor Coins need to be replaced they are usually wrapped in red cloth and put at the temple incense candle recycling place or at crossroads to supposedly let its aura dissipate.

In order to attract wealth, Five Emperor Coins cash coins are usually placed placed in the area of the house where wealth is kept or generated such as the living room, work room (for those who work from home), altars, vaults or a safe, Etc. where they are usually strung together in a particular order. Sometimes they are also placed inside of a car.

Other variations

• Three Emperor Coins (三帝錢, 三帝钱, 3 đồng xu may mắn) is a set of cash coins consisting of the Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, and the Daoguang Tongbao. The Three Emperor Coins set has become popular because the emperors in this set sound like "Money gets home" (traditional Chinese: 錢到家; simplified Chinese: 钱到家; pinyin: Qián dàojiā) which indicates prosperity and the avoidance of evil. Furthermore, during the reigns of the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang Emperors the Qing dynasty experienced its most prosperous and stable period. "Qian Daojia" has the spirit of the three talents of heaven, earth, and people (天、地、人), plus the emperor's prestige of the three emperors, so it is thought by feng shui practitioners that it can attract wealth, prosper wealth, and have the additional effect of dispelling evil spirits and protecting the body.

• Four Emperor Coins (四帝錢, 四帝钱) is a set of Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, and Qianlong Tongbao cash coins. This set is relatively rarely used.

• Six Emperor Coins (六帝錢, 六帝钱) refers to a set of cash coins consisting or the Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, and the Daoguang Tongbao. This set of cash coins is typically used in a similar method as the Five Emperor Coins set, but is different in the fact that it isn't only used in ordinary feng shui but also in specialised wicket 5 yellows and 2 blacks functions, commonly known as the "Liubaigan" (六白乾). The five yellows and the two black evil spirits are both prosperous in the soil, and the evil spirits are dispelled by the earth-generated metal (feng shui should be vented rather than fighting). Qianlong Tongbao cash coins are seen as "the most suitable feng shui tool" of the set. While the Six Emperor Coins are seen as more useful in resolving the five yellows, this set is seen as less useful than the Five Emperor Coins for a number of other feng shui functions. Furthermore, for a set of 6 cash coins the requirements are more relaxed and authentic old coins aren't seen as a necessity as they are with the five emperors set as modern replicas are seen as suitable for this set. In fact, a 6 coin set made up entirely of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins with the same thickness and basically the same size are seen as a suitable alternative.

• Seven Emperor Coins (七帝錢, 七帝钱) refers to a set of cash coins consisting or the Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, Daoguang Tongbao, and a Xianfeng inscription. The Seven Emperor Coins are typically woven into the shape of plum blossoms and consecrated. Feng shui practitioners claim that this set can dispell evil spirits, strengthen the owner's self-confidence, and resolve the defects of the six gods without a master (六神無主, Liù shén wú zhǔ). The Seven Emperor Coins are commonly placed in cash registers or inside of left drawers of an office to help gather wealth and increase income. In the home, it is placed in the left drawer of the bedroom cabinet to attract wealth.

• Eight Emperor Coins (八帝錢, 八帝钱) refers to a set of cash coins consisting or the Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, Daoguang Tongbao, Xianfeng Tongbao / Xianfeng Zhongbao / Xianfeng Yuanbao, and Tongzhi Tongbao / Tongzhi Zhongbao. Consecrated Eight Emperor Coins are typically placed in an a pendant for attracting wealth, guarding houses, avoiding evil spirits, dispelling evil spirits, preventing gossip, and driving safely. The main function of the Eight Emperor Coins in feng shui is to gain job promotions. Feng shui practitioners typically place this set on the back of an office chair or against the back of a wall to prevent adversaries from slandering them behind their backs.

• Nine Emperor Coins (九帝錢, 九帝钱) refers to a set of cash coins consisting or the Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, Daoguang Tongbao, Xianfeng Tongbao / Xianfeng Zhongbao / Xianfeng Yuanbao, Tongzhi Tongbao / Tongzhi Zhongbao, and Guangxu Tongbao / Guangxu Zhongbao. It is mainly used to resolve all kinds of evil spirits. The "nine" number of Nine Emperor Coins belongs to "fire" element in feng shui, which can be used to relieve the air of wood. This set of cash coins is also seen to be beneficial for marriages. In addition, "nine" is the number of supreme authority, combining nine consecutive copper-alloy cash coins in feng shui have the effect of promoting government fortune and helping authority. Both authentic ancient cash coins and modern replicas are seen as acceptable for this set, depending on the method of its usage and the purpose of the set.

• Ten Emperor Coins (十帝錢, 十帝钱) refers to a set of cash coins consisting or the Shunzhi Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Yongzheng Tongbao, Qianlong Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, Daoguang Tongbao, Xianfeng Tongbao / Xianfeng Zhongbao / Xianfeng Yuanbao, Tongzhi Tongbao / Tongzhi Zhongbao, Guangxu Tongbao / Guangxu Zhongbao, and Xuantong Tongbao. The copper-alloy cash coins of the ten emperors' reign eras are used in feng shui to block evil spirits, ward off evil spirits, invite prosperity, wealth, and auspicious luck.

Wearing of cash coins as feng shui accessories

Bracelets with replica Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶) cash coins integrated into them for sale at a market in Winschoten, Groningen, the Netherlands (2018).

Cash coins can also be worn for feng shui purposes as their square central holes conveniently allows them to be strung to a red cord, ribbon or a piece of clothing or to be worn as a necklace. Cash coins are typically strung while using it in this manner using red cords due to red being considered an auspicious colour in Chinese culture. According to the teaching of feng shui wearing cash coins can provide "personal protection from ghosts and other evils". Alternative, cash coins do not necessarily have to be worn on the body of the person but could be placed in any number of accessoires for their supposed "effect" in feng shui as they could be placed in a purse, handbag or hung on the shoulder strap of a handbag. Placing a set of Five Emperor Coins inside of a wallet is believed to attract wealth.

According to Feng shui masters, cash coin necklaces should be worn in a slip knot, which is known in Mandarin as a Huójié (活結), because slip knots can easily be untied by only pulling on one cord meaning that a cash coin is able to automatically" fall off as they believe that in the presence of a nearby powerful evil force should "suddenly fall" meaning that the necklace functions as a "very good warning system" that can warn its wearer to leave immediately if such a fall occurs.

Placement of cash coins in the home for feng shui purposes

According feng shui cash coins placed at inside of the home can ward off evil spirits, this is because it is believed that evil spirits typically attempt to enter a house through gates, doors, and windows and Feng shui masters claim that by placing feng shui coins close to where it is believed evil spirits will enter they will be unable to rush inside. Furthermore, in feng shui cash coins fulfill the purpose of promoting harmony in the household, and attracting both wealth and good fortune. Placing cash coins in an area associated with money such as a vault or a cash register is believed to attract more wealth (see also: Vault protector coin).

When new houses are constructed 5 sets of Qing dynasty Five Emperor Coins are sometimes placed at specific locations in order to attract both wealth and prosperity. These sets of Five Emperor Coins are placed at the four corners and the centre of the house in a specific sequence and because the interior area is usually relatively large, it is believed that Five Emperor Coins cannot be used in the interior because their supposed power isn't enough for such a large area. All 5 sets of Five Emperor Coins are placed facing the gate, with 5 Shunzhi Tongbao in the left corner, 5 Kangxi Tongbao in the right corner, 5 Yongzheng Tongbao are placed in the centre, 5 Qianlong Tongbao are placed in the rear left corner, and 5 Jiaqing Tongbao in the rear right corner.

Traditionally, "protection" was usually achieved by burying feng shui coins under the threshold of the house, but as many modern people live in apartment buildings "burying" cash coins has become less convenient it has now become more commonplace to hide them under a doormat or to hang the cash coins on a door handle. When using Five Emperor Coins these are usually chronologically arranged. Sometimes cash coins are also placed underneath rugs or floor mats in order to strengthen the presence of "earth" energy when the level below is empty space such as a vehicle parking lot.

When placed on the right side of an entrance gate, Five Emperor Coins hung from a yellow cord are believed to help prevent female family members from being too argumentative or quarrelsome. In Chinese culture, the colour yellow is associated with the legendary Yellow Emperor and in feng shui yellow is perceived a potent symbol of both imperial rule and general authority.

When placed at the gate of the house, in feng shui Five Emperor Coins are to be placed chronologically from right-to-left. At the same time, it is required that the feet of the ancient coins face inward and the observe of the coin face upwards. In feng shui it is believed that if the foot of the characters is turned outward that it would cause depression to the inhabitants of the household.

Placing 2 copper-alloy cash coins under a pillow is believed to ensure harmony in a marriage.

In traditional Chinese homes the ridgepole is the main cross beam located at the top of the house which provides major support for the roof, typically these ridgepoles are painted red because it is seen as an auspicious colour in Chinese culture and a Bagua charm (a type of cash coin amulet), sometimes including the yin and yang symbol, is usually hung from the ridgepole. This is typically done by drilling two holes at the top and bottom of the amulet. Alongside the cash coin amulet ted paper and cloth banners are hung from the ridgepole during its hoisting. These banners have such auspicious sayings as Fú xīng gāo zhào (福星高照, "Let the five good fortunes shine brightly"), Jiāng tài gōng zài cǐ (姜太公在此, "The Protector Jiang Taigong is here"), Fènghuáng zài cǐ (鳳凰在此, "The male and female phoenix are both here"), and Zǐ wēi gāo zhào (紫微高照, "Let the purple polar star shine brightly"). Besides being attached to the ridgepole during the construction of a house, an Eight Trigram cash coin amulet is frequently placed on a main gate or door, these may have inscriptions on them to ward off demons such as Zhǎn zhì xié guǐ (斬治邪鬼, "behead and punish the demons").

It is also customary in feng shui during the 5th day of the 5th month (Duanwu) to hang a five poisons charm on a door or gate as a form of protection. This is done because a host of dangerous pests such as snakes, scorpions, spiders, and others tend to become more common during the summer. The leaves of a Acorus calamus plant, which resemble a sword, are sometimes hung on the same location for the same intended effect.

In order to ensure and promote "good fortune" for the family Chinese people traditionally nailed cash coin amulets with auspicious inscriptions, such as Changming Fugui (長命富貴, "Longevity, wealth, and honour") and Fushou Tongtian (福壽同天, "good fortune and longevity on the same day") on a gate or wall. Sometimes these good luck amulets feature observe sides that have inscriptions identical to cash coins, such as Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寳), but may be significantly larger in size, for example a Qianlong Tongbao charm being 38 millimeters in diameter and having a weight of 10.6 grams.

One of the most popular "good luck" motifs found in old Chinese houses consists of five bats (五蝠) surrounding the Chinese character for "longevity" (壽). A specific type of cash coin amulet, known as an open-work charm, with this design is known as a Wufu Pengshou (五福捧壽, "five fortunes surround longevity") and is commonly hung on a door or gate to wish for blessings and a long life.

Coin-swords in the home

Main article: Coin-sword

In feng shui, coin-swords are often hung to frighten away demons and evil spirits. Coin-swords are a type of Chinese numismatic charm that are primarily used in southern China. The supposed powers of coin-swords do not come from the associated wealth symbolism that usually comes with cash coins. But with the design form of the cash coins used to make the sword, as well as the dynastic origins of the cash coins that carry the Emperor's reign era title. As such, in feng shui the supposed power of the coin-swords will depend heavily on which Chinese emperor's inscription is written down on the cash coins.

They are frequently hung above the bed, on residential walls, on the front and the outside of the bridal bed-curtain, or above the windows of a building. It is believed that evil spirits would not dare molest the residents of the house where the coin-sword hangs because the sword resembles that wielded by the Taoist immortal Zhong Kui, who in Chinese mythology is famous for being a slayer of evil demons. Most Chinese coin-swords consist of Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寳) cash coins. Coin-swords made from Qing dynasty cash coins with the inscription Kangxi Tongbao (康熙通寶) are considered to be the most effective.

About the time of a woman's confinement after her marriage, a coin-sword is sometimes taken to be hung inside of the bridal bed-curtain, usually in a position that is parallel to the horizon.

Other feng shui uses of cash coins

• Cash coins are often pasted on calculators to represent having profits to count.

• Cash coins are commonly used as an ingredient for the preparation of a feng shui wealth vase (traditional Chinese: 聚寶盆; simplified Chinese: 聚宝盆; pinyin: Jùbǎopén).

• Cash coins are commonly found placed in water features or at the bottom of fish ponds, this is done to increase the wealth energy that the element of "water" supposedly brings to a household.

Usages of cash coins that supposedly attracts evil

Categories of cash coins seen as unsuitable for feng shui purposes

A Tianqing Yuanbao (天慶元寶) cash coin produced by the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty is seen as "inauspicious" for feng shui purposes because the Western Xia wasn't recognised as a legitimate regime.

In feng shui certain cash coins are seen as being inauspicious and are discouraged by Feng shui masters because, according to them, rather than acting as a deterrent to evil they might attract it.

Factors typically seen as indicating an inauspicious cash coins by Feng shui masters include:

• 1. Cash coins that have been extracted from burial sites such as tombs and graves. It is estimated that among the "real" (authentic) cash coins that are sold in antique markets in major Chinese cities about 30% of them were recovered through excavating graves. Professional antique dealers refer to cash coins that were dug up from graves as as "lao keng goods" (traditional Chinese: 老坑的貨; simplified Chinese: 老坑的货; pinyin: Lǎo kēng de huò). The Mandarin-language term "Lao keng" (老坑) refers to a cemetery and cash coins obtained in this way are often described as coming "from the pits". Between the years 2018 and 2021 a large number of old and valuable Chinese cash coins have entered Chinese antique markets, while fake cash coins still greatly outnumber the real cash coins at these markets, the reason for this appearance of previously rarely seen cash coins at these markets is the fact that many ancient tombs throughout China have had to be excavated to allow for construction of many highways and high-speed railway networks across the country. Feng shui masters claim that inexperienced people shouldn't go to acquire cash coins through this method as it isn't easy to determine if the coin in question was previously buried or not. For the reason that there is a large risk that an authentic cash coin purchased through traditional coin dealerships and antique sellers Feng shui masters recommend that the most reliable way to purchase a cash coin to be used for feng shui purposes is through buying them from a reputable Feng shui master. This is because they claim that "a qualified Feng shui master can determine the good and evil forces in the coins". Formerly buried cash coins are said to be full of negative qì (陰氣, Yīn qì) as the places they were buried were mostly places where the wind and energy were gathered and the aura field was strong. This is a reason why feng shui practitioners claim that cash coins need to be consecrated before they can be used.

• 2. Fake cash coins and replicas of ancient cash coins are also seen as being unsuitable to be used for feng shui purposes and Feng shui masters regard them as mere "lumps of copper". This is because fake cash coins aren't old as these have ttpically been made in only last few years or even the last few months, meaning that fake cash coins were not manufactured during the time of the Chinese emperors and therefore do not carry any inherent legitimacy or authority that real cash coins do derived from a regime recognised by the mandate of heaven. Though fake cash coins not intended for circulation started originally being manufactured during the 19th century when foreign coin collectors started entering the country. In fact, these fake cash coins are not really type of "coin" in the traditional sense because they weren't produced to be circulating currency that was used in any marketplace, and as they never circulated they never accumulated a concentration of positive qi. Many imitation Chinese coins were only made to be sold to collectors or tourists as souvenirs. Likewise, fake cash coins when freshly purchased have never been handled by Feng shui masters and therefore have no history of previously being used for feng shui purposes. Fake cash coins are massively produced at very low costs for the makers and can be made to look like any historical coin from China's ancient past. Fake cash coins aren't always easily recognised by non-expert coin collectors, while some fake cash coins are easily recognisable due to the fact that many modern fakes are machine-made and look new, many producers tend to add fake patina or attempt to make them look as if they were "worn", thus making the coins look as if they are "old". Fake cash coins come in many varieties, while they are usually spotted at first glance as many are not 100% faithful reproductions. For example, they sometimes use a different spelling or style from the originals and can also be made in a different metal, such as brass. Some fake Chinese currencies also mix symbols that could not have been on the same cash coin at the time. For example Manchu symbols and the name of an emperor from the beginning of the millennium (despite the fact that only the last dynasty, the Qing, was Manchu). Among the fake cash coins, there are also many specifically made for feng shui enthusiasts, who wish to use them claiming to harmonise energies and to improve well-being, use the Chinese currency symbol to promise good fortune. Many sellers of feng shui products sell imitations which they often offer up to the buyers as genuine ancient currencies. Their appearance is often easily recognisable by their very recent, clean, and flawless appearance, sometimes even gilded with fine gold.

• 3. Cash coins which were produced by rebellions or ethnic minority regimes. This includes Liao dynasty coinage, Da Shu coinage, Western Xia coinage, Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234), and Shengbao among others. Feng shui masters claim that the reasons why these cash coins aren't suitable for feng shui purposes is because almost all cash coins from these governments are fake or modern reproductions (which are seen as "not suitable for feng shui") and that it is difficult to find authentic cash coins produced by rebellions and minority regimes in antique markets and online. Furthermore, the fact that rebel groups weren't seen as legitimate and typically ended up in failure means that their currency is seen as inauspicious.

• 4. Feng shui masters typically recommend against using ancient cash coins that weren't handled by many people as these are seen as "no better than just a piece of common copper", this includes ancient cash coins that only had brief periods of production and circulation and were often only used in a small area. Feng shui masters recommend against using them because, unlike cash coins that have seen wide circulation, these coins haven't been able to accumulate a large amount of positive qi (like with the fake cash coins mentioned above).

Six Emperor Coins and Ten Emperor Coins

As the Five Emperor Coins are seen as auspicious because the economy of the Qing dynasty was in its ascendancy during the reigns of the 5 emperors mentioned in the inscriptions and China enjoyed a period a military strength, Qing dynasty period cash coins produced during times when the empire was gradually falling into serious dynastic decline are seen as inauspicious for feng shui purposes. Despite this a number of dealers selling feng shui coins have been promoting "Six Emperor Coins" (六帝錢, 六帝钱) and "Ten Emperor Coins" (十帝錢, 十帝钱) which include cash coins produced during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor and later when the Qing dynasty was entering its century of humiliation. For this reason, Feng shui masters advise against using "Six Emperor Coins" and "Ten Emperor Coins" coin sets.

Inauspicious placements of cash coins

In feng shui, cash coins are believed to not just attract wealth, good fortune, and harmony when placed in the house but may also attract evil spirits (sha qì) if they are placed in certain positions or at certain places.

• If cash coins are placed at residential door to stairs they may attract different types of evil spirits depending on the direction of the staircase. If the stair goes down the house, it is believed that the owner or owners will not be able to keep their wealth and that it will easy for them to lose their money. If cash coins are placed at a door that leads to stairs going up, they will form evil spirits, which are believed to affect health and will make it easy to be injured.

• Historically, at times when carpenters and masons feel they have been treated improperly or even mistreated they might have sought revenge by secretly hiding objects within the framework of the building which would bring misfortune to the family residing in it. These bad objects would be hidden somewhere in the infrastructure of the house. While these objects could include a paper drawing or a straw figurine which they believed could become a ghost which would haunt the house, a small straw man paired with a match to attract the possibility of fire destroying the building, a broken rice bowl with a pair of chopsticks which they believed would cause economic hardship, or the tail of a pig, which had the same intended effect we the aforementioned, they could also include cash coins, such as a cart with cash coins headed away from the house. Placing the cart headed away from the house implied that money would be leaving the house and they believed that positioning cash coins in such a manner would portend poverty and hardship for the residing family.

• If placed at a door to an elevator entrance, it is believed that wealth will come and go.

• If placed at a door that is immediate to the corner of the wall, commonly known in Taiwan as "flying blade evil" (飛刃煞, Fēi rèn shā), they are believed to attract bad fortune in the form of serious injuries, car accidents, and bloody disasters. However, these effects could be mitigated by using them in cooperation with a Bagua mirror or a statue of a Pixiu. Mirrors, and especially a concave or "inverting" mirrors, are often hung above a doorways in feng shui because it is believed that a ghost will flee away if it exposed and looks at its own reflection. Since a concave mirror will invert the image of the ghost, it is believed that these types of mirrors will also "overturn" any evil influences therefore mitigating the negative effects of inauspiciously placed cash coins.

• If placed at bow-shaped roads cash coins are believed to attract uneasiness and cause the loss of wealth and energy.

• When placed at arches cash coins are believed to attract peach blossoms, which is seen as not being good for marriage and family luck. These supposed effects are believed to be mitigated when used by bead curtains.

• If placed at a door leading to a toilet cash coins are believed to attract digestive disorders and urinary diseases. These supposed effects are believed to be mitigated when used by bead curtains.

• If placed at a door leading to a kitchen cash coins are believed to attract serious car accidents and other disasters. These supposed effects are believed to be mitigated when used by bead curtains.

• If placed at a door leading to another door cash coins are believed to cause the owner of the house to become the subject of gossip. These supposed effects are believed to be mitigated when used by bead curtains.

• In feng shui it is believed that putting cash coins in a drain or placing them underneath a drain will make people lose money.

Influence

Main article: Cash coins in art

Due to the cultural influence of feng shui in the Greater China region ancient Chinese coinages have been adopted into the logo design of many companies in the region, which is often referred to as the "symbolic feng shui coin logo design". Logos that are based on the various concepts and forms that are found in feng shui are the most preferred visual representation used by financial institutions such as banks in the Greater China region, with ancient Chinese coins being used in particular.

For this reason, cash coins in feng shui have developed into distinctive and unique style of logo design language in the region.

List of feng shui coin objects

See also: List of Chinese cash coins by inscription and Chinese numismatic charm § Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms

Description	Implied or hidden meaning	Supposed effect(s)	Usages (placement)	Image
An apricot flower amulet (traditional Chinese: 梅花銅錢; simplified Chinese: 梅花铜钱; pinyin: Méihuā tóngqián; Vietnamese: Hoa mai kim tiền) typically has 5 "petals" and a pentagonal central hole, on each of their "petals" they have a Traditional Chinese character on them typically reading "長命守富貴".	According to feng shui, apricot flowers have a place that directly affects the fortune and luck of its owner. The 5 petals of the money flower represent the five wuxing elements Metal - Wood - Water - Fire - Earth, bringing balance and harmonization of elements in the apartment.	A pair of apricot flower amulets supposedly have the ability to protect their owners against weapons, bad air in the family, alongside the ability to bring good luck to family members.	In the house of the owner, typically in pairs of two. These amulets are typically hung in the northwest, west, and north and feng shui practitioners avoid hanging them in the east, southwest, and northeast directions. These amulets can also be hung around the waist (where they would supposedly ensure a safe entry and exit from a place).
3 coins on a red string (Vietnamese: Tiền xu Tam Tài).	The 3 cash coins represent the harmony between Heaven - Earth - Man (Thiên – Địa – Nhân).	To bring good fortune, satisfaction, and prosperity to the owner and their whole family.	They are typically hung on an ancestor altar, placed in a cash register, or put in a wallet. The obverse of the cash coins must always face up.
A Chinese amulet surrounded by 5 bats, hung on a red string with a slip knot.	This type of feng shui coin amulet was originally created during the Qianlong period (1735–1796) and is known in Vietnamese as đồng tiền xu cổ Phúc Tinh Chiêu Tài. The five bats are a reference to the Five Blessings.	Ward off adversaries, neutralise disasters, and attract good fortune.
A string of cash coins with a "new year's picture" below it. The lower portion has what appears to be one very large and complex Chinese character. However, these are the four Chinese characters zhao cai jin bao (招財進寶) which roughly translates as "money and treasures will be plentiful" or "attracts wealth and treasure". This design of a New Year's picture with an auspicious inscription is also commonly found on diamond-shaped red paper in Chinese homes around lunar new year.	Around the time of Chinese New Year, Chinese families will hang nianhua (年画), or "New Year's pictures", somewhere inside of their house. Most of these are pictures associated with good fortune. The picture below the cash coins is an example of a New Year's picture with an auspicious inscription. Actually, these are 4 Chinese characters that have been combined into one. The Chinese refer to this as lianzi (連字, 连字) which means linked or combined characters.	Attract wealth for the new year.	Around the house.
A cash coin-shaped Bagua amulet (see: "Book of Changes and Bagua charms") hung on a red cord with a slip knot (Vietnamese: Tiền xu Bát Quái).	A "trigram" is a three-lined symbol. Each of the three lines can either be continuous or broken. In Chinese culture, Yin-Yang (陰陽, 阴阳) is the term for the basic polarities of the universe, such as male/female, light/dark, strong/weak, etc. and in these symbols a straight line represents yang (陽, 阳) and a broken line represents yin (陰, 阴). There are eight possible combinations of these trigrams and they are known collectively as the Eight Trigrams or the bagua (八卦).
Round coin with a round hole in the middle.	These coins symbolise the spirit of heaven, immensity, and integrity.	These feng shui coins supposedly limit conflicts.
A 10 petal apricot flower to attract money (Vietnamese: Đồng tiền hoa mai 10 cánh hút tiền tài) is a feng shui coin amulet that includes a large amulet with 10 Qing dynasty period cash coins surrounding it, hung on a red cord with a slip knot.			Placed the coin right behind the backrest of the chair of the phòng tiểu nhân. The desk drawer where important documents are stored. Attached via clips in files, bags when going to trade, do business.
Five Emperor Coins with a Bagua amulet attached to it.	The Eight Trigrams and the Yin-Yang symbol symbolise harmony.	Bring harmony to owner.	At a door in a direction considered to be "suitable for the age of the owner".

See also

• Jin Chan

Sources

• Kann, Eduard - The Currencies of China (1926).
• Wong, Wing-Fai (黃詠暉, 黄咏晖) - Five Emperors Coins: The Reformation of Yansheng Object as a Popular Culture in Feng Shui. CFP – 1st Symposium of the Academic Journal of Feng Shui – Oceania, Sydney, Australia, 13 - 14 May 2017. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Glasstree Academic Publishing (2018).

External links

Feng Shui Category:Feng Shui Category:Environmental design Category:Chinese culture

Feng Shui redirects

• #REDIRECT [[Cash coins in art#Feng shui]]

If spun-off into its own article.

• #REDIRECT [[Cash coins in feng shui]]

1. Feng shui coin.
2. Fengshui coin.
3. Feng shui cash coin.
4. Fengshui cash coin.
5. Feng shui coins.
6. Fengshui coins.
7. Feng shui cash coins.
8. Fengshui cash coins.
9. 風水錢.
10. 风水钱.
11. Chinese Feng-Shui coin.
12. Chinese Feng-Shui coins.
13. Chinese Feng-shui coin.
14. Chinese Feng-shui coins.
15. Chinese feng-Shui coin.
16. Chinese feng-Shui coins.
17. Chinese feng-shui coin.
18. Chinese feng-shui coins.
19. Feng-shui coin.
20. Feng-shui coins.

• #REDIRECT [[Cash coins in feng shui#Five Emperor Coins]]

1. Five Emperor Coins.
2. Five Emperor coins.
3. Five emperor coins.
4. 五帝錢.
5. 五帝钱.
6. Wǔdì qián.
7. 五帝幣.
8. 五帝币.
9. Wǔdì bì.

Cinnabar money

Main article: Cash (Chinese coin) § Other terms relating to cash coins

• Cinnabar money (traditional Chinese: 硃砂銅錢; simplified Chinese: 朱砂铜钱; pinyin: Zhūshā tóngqián) refers to cash coins and cash coin amulets that have been artificially made to resemble cinnabar rust money through the application of cinnabar dye. Ancient Chinese people believed that making cash coins into a bright red colour played a role in warding off evil spirits by hanging it on a beam in the house or wearing such coins around their waist. Cinnabar rust money refers to old cash coins which had oxidated in an alkaline environment (PH7-10) and appeared red in colour, this is because the soil reduced substances such as organic sugars to produce cuprous oxide (Cu2O) which is dark red, and also lead red (Pb3O4). This occurs when local corrosion and electrochemical corrosion will also occur, producing red and green rust forming small pinholes (referred to as "bone rust"). Cash coins typically first rust green before they turn red into cinnabar rust money. This is because cash coins until the mid-Ming dynasty period onwards most cash coins were made from bronze, though later cash coins were mostly made from brass causing them to oxidise differently, but because the old superstitions still applied people would manually apply cinnabar dye to make them appear red.

Change "Cash coins in art"

From

While cash coins are no longer produced as official currency today, they remain a common motif in the countries where they once circulated and among the diaspora of those communities. Most commonly cash coins are associated with "good luck" and "wealth" today and are commonly known as "Chinese lucky coins" because of their usage in charms and feng shui. Cash coins also appear in fortune telling and traditional Chinese medicine. Furthermore, cash coins are often found in the logos and emblems of financial institutions in East Asia and Vietnam because of their association with "wealth" and their historical value.

To

While cash coins are no longer produced as official currency today, they remain a common motif in the countries where they once circulated and among the diaspora of those communities. Most commonly cash coins are associated with "good luck" and "wealth" today and are commonly known as "Chinese lucky coins" because of their usage in charms and feng shui (see "Cash coins in feng shui"). Cash coins also appear in fortune telling (see "I Ching divination § Coins") and traditional Chinese medicine. Furthermore, cash coins are often found in the logos and emblems of financial institutions in East Asia and Vietnam because of their association with "wealth" and their historical value.

Coin hoards (2022)

2022

2022 (Mainland China)

List of 2022 coin hoards in Mainland China
Date of discovery	Place of discovery	Image	Content	Long description of the find and notes	Date (if known)	Current location (if known)
23 October 2022	Shuangdun Village, Jianhu County, Yancheng city, Jiangsu province		1.5 tonnes of cash coins dating back to the Tang and Song dynasties.	During an excavation in Shuangdun Village, Jianhu County of Yancheng City in the province of Jiangsu a coin hoard consisting of 1.5 tonnes of cash coins was discovered. In ancient China, such treasure hoards were often buried in the ground by their owners to preserve precious porcelain objects, cash coins, metal tools, and other valuables. These bronze cash coins, mostly dating to the Song dynasty period, were connected to each other with a series of straw ropes and were neatly layered and paved inside of a pit mouth. This pit mouth of the coun hoard was square in shape and measured at 1.63 meters in length, 1.58 meters in width, and 0.5 meters in depth. Because these cash coins still had clear inscriptions and we're all well-preserved they can serve as important value for future archaeological and numismatic research. In total 70 wells were also discovered around the coin hoard. The location of the near an battle frontline of the Jin–Song Wars, for this reason researchers speculate if the excavation site may have belonged to a hutted military camp from this period.	Jin–Song Wars

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• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2023.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2022

December 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2021

December 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2020

December 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

2019

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Sources to use

• http://www.sapeque.com/les-fausses-monnaies/
  • <ref name="Sapèque-Les-fausses-monnaies">{{cite web|url= http://www.sapeque.com/les-fausses-monnaies/|title= Les fausses monnaies. - On distingue plusieurs types de monnaies imitant les originales : les fausses monnaies et les imitations contemporaines pour collectionneurs et touristes.|date=August 2022|accessdate=18 July 2023|work= Sapeque.com (Numismatique Chinoise).|language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://www.dpm.org.cn/protect/talk/253211.html - Discussion on the protection of cultural relics in the Forbidden City (故宫文物保护论谈).
  • <ref name="Discussion-on-the-protection-of-cultural-relics-in-the-Forbidden-City-Taiping-Tianxia">{{cite web|url= https://www.dpm.org.cn/protect/talk/253211.html|title= 养心殿“嘉庆六年”宝匣内“天下太平”钱币的制作工艺研究.|date=September 2018|accessdate=13 July 2023|author= Editor-in-chief: He Fang (责任编辑: 何芳) |publisher= Discussion on the protection of cultural relics in the Forbidden City (故宫文物保护论谈)|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:35, 12 July 2023 (UTC) .

• http://en.chengxuan.com/antiques/20496/
  • <ref name="Chengxuan-Song-Dynasty-Chang-Ming-Fu-Gui">{{cite web|url= http://en.chengxuan.com/antiques/20496/|title= Lot 3088. - null = null. - Estimate (RMB): 1,000-1,500 - Estimate (USD): 148-221 - Selling Price(RMB): 2,464 - Ancient Chinese Coinage, Sycees & Milled Coinage.|quote=DESCRIPTION: Song Dynasty, "Chang Ming Fu Gui" Charm Coin, XF|date=2009|accessdate=9 July 2023|work= Beijing ChengXuan Auctions CO., Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

• https://singaporemotherhood.com/full-moon-man-yue-baby-celebration-singapore-tradition/
  • <ref name="Singapore-Motherhood-Man-Yue">{{cite web|url= https://singaporemotherhood.com/full-moon-man-yue-baby-celebration-singapore-tradition/|title= FULL MOON: CELEBRATING ONE OF BABY’S FIRST MILESTONES. - Have you ever wondered why a person’s ‘Chinese age’ seems to be their real age plus one year? That’s because the Chinese have traditionally regarded the completion of the full 30 days as baby’s first birthday. So by the time the child reaches a year old, he or she would be two!|quote= The rationale behind this is quite simple. Infant mortality rates were higher in the past, so when a newborn reached ‘满月’ (pronounced “man yue” and literally translated as ‘full moon’) in good health, this was a milestone worth celebrating. Widespread superstition also meant that families would be reluctant to announce their baby’s birth until he or she made it to the full month, in fear of jinxing the wee one.|date=12 July 2016|accessdate=9 July 2023|author= Mandy Lim Beitler|publisher= SingaporeMotherhood.com (Tian Dot Com Pte Ltd.)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

• https://www.guqianbi.cc/jiage/17999.html
  • <ref name="Guqianbi-Song-Dynasty-2009">{{cite web|url= https://www.guqianbi.cc/jiage/17999.html|title= 宋代“长命富贵”花钱一枚，估价：(人民币)：1,000-1,500元；成交价格：2464元;出售公司：诚轩；出售专场：2009秋季拍卖会古钱银锭机制币；成交时间：2009-11-14 09:30。|date=21 July 2020|accessdate=9 July 2023|work= 古钱币网|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

• https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/01/25/chang-ming-fu-gui-plaque-charm/
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Chang-Ming-Fu-Gui-Plaque-Charm">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/01/25/chang-ming-fu-gui-plaque-charm/|title=‘Chang Ming Fu Gui’ Plaque Charm. - One of the most popular ‘good luck’ inscriptions found on old Chinese charms is chang ming fu gui (長命富貴) which is the wish for “long life, riches and honor”.|date=25 January 2021|accessdate=9 July 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

• https://books.google.nl/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA636&lpg=PA636&dq=charts+of+the+true+Form+of+the+Five+Marchmounts&source=bl&ots=2MEi4eph1J&sig=ACfU3U2VbVXpoFWeSsaZKO3s6tijCDVdgg&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=charts%20of%20the%20true%20Form%20of%20the%20Five%20Marchmounts&f=false / https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA636&lpg=PA636&dq=charts+of+the+true+Form+of+the+Five+Marchmounts&source=bl&ots=2MEi4eph1J&sig=ACfU3U2VbVXpoFWeSsaZKO3s6tijCDVdgg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVsaLxqtPuAhWkHDQIHQIICLg4ChDoATADegQIBBAC#v=onepage&q=charts%20of%20the%20true%20Form%20of%20the%20Five%20Marchmounts&f=false
  • <ref name="Google-Books-Early-Medieval-China">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA636&lpg=PA636&dq=charts+of+the+true+Form+of+the+Five+Marchmounts&source=bl&ots=2MEi4eph1J&sig=ACfU3U2VbVXpoFWeSsaZKO3s6tijCDVdgg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVsaLxqtPuAhWkHDQIHQIICLg4ChDoATADegQIBBAC#v=onepage&q=charts%20of%20the%20true%20Form%20of%20the%20Five%20Marchmounts&f=false|title= Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook.|date=11 March 2014|accessdate=10 July 2023|author= Wendy Swartz, Robert Ford Campany, Yang Lu, Jessey Choo|publisher= [[Google Books]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:47, 10 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://www.guqianbi.cc/jiage/13019.html
  • <ref name="Guqianbi-Daoist-Talisman">{{cite web|url= https://www.guqianbi.cc/jiage/13019.html|title= 清赤郭白姑道教符文挂花，古泉园地2018年秋拍-钱币专场，估价： RMB 100，成交价格：RMB 25300,成交时间： 2018-10-12 18:00:00。尺寸：86.6*49.0*3.0重量：67.1g，有小铸缺|date=11 February 2020|accessdate=10 July 2023|work= 古钱币网|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:47, 10 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://voices.uchicago.edu/vmpea/2011/04/23/may-5-susan-shih-shan-huang/
  • <ref name="University-of-Chicago-True-Form-Charts-and-the-Daoist-Visuality">{{cite web|url= https://voices.uchicago.edu/vmpea/2011/04/23/may-5-susan-shih-shan-huang/|title= True Form Charts and the Daoist Visuality.|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=10 July 2023|author= Shih-Shan Susan Huang (黃士珊), Assistant Professor, Art History Department, [[Rice University]]|publisher= The Visual and Material Perspectives on East Asia Workshop (VMPEA) - [[University of Chicago]] |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:47, 10 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/02/21/daoist-talisman-and-the-five-great-mountains/
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Daoist-Talisman-and-the-Five-Great-Mountains">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/02/21/daoist-talisman-and-the-five-great-mountains/|title= Daoist Talisman and the Five Great Mountains.|date=21 February 2021|accessdate=10 July 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:47, 10 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1988_num_4_1_916
  • <ref name="The-Standard-Taoist-Mountain-and-Related-Features-of-Religious-Geography">{{cite web|url= https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1988_num_4_1_916|title= The Standard Taoist Mountain and Related Features of Religious Geography.|date=1988|accessdate=10 July 2023|author= Thomas Hahn|publisher= Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:47, 10 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/03/01/bodhidharma-holding-a-wu-zhu-coin/
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Bodhidharma-Holding-a-Wu-Zhu-Coin">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/03/01/bodhidharma-holding-a-wu-zhu-coin/|title= Bodhidharma Holding a Wu Zhu Coin.|date=1 March 2021|accessdate=11 July 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done}. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:05, 11 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/03/19/coins-made-of-turtle-shell-discovered-at-famen-temple/
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Coins-Made-of-Turtle-Shell Discovered-at-Famen-Temple">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/03/19/coins-made-of-turtle-shell-discovered-at-famen-temple/|title= Coins Made of Turtle Shell Discovered at Famen Temple.|date=19 March 2021|accessdate=12 July 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done}. --Donald Trung (talk) 12:36, 12 July 2023 (UTC) .

• http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2020-12/04/content_458879.htm?div=0
  • <ref name="Science-and-Technology-Daily-Coin-Dragon-2020">{{cite web|url= http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2020-12/04/content_458879.htm?div=0|title= 故宫“梁上”之龙. - 养性殿房梁上的钱龙 王子林供图|date=|accessdate=13 July 2023|author= Zhou Qian (周乾)|publisher= [[Science and Technology Daily]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
    •  Done}. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:13, 12 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/02/04/coin-dragon/
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Coin-Dragon">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/blog/2021/02/04/coin-dragon/|title= Coin Dragon.|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=13 July 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done}. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:13, 12 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/bird-worm-script-charm.html
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Charms-and-Bird-Worm-Seal-Script">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/bird-worm-script-charm.html|title= Chinese Charms and Bird-Worm Seal Script. - One of the oldest Chinese scripts originated more than 2500 years ago in a region of southern China. The characters of this Chinese script are very stylish and resemble birds and insects. This script is known as Bird-Worm Seal Script (鸟虫篆).|date=19 March 2021|accessdate=13 April 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:39, 12 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://primaltrek.com/fengshui.html
  • <ref name="Primaltrek-Feng-Shui-Coins">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/fengshui.html|title= Feng Shui Coins. - The Chinese believe that there is a primal life force called qi (气) which flows naturally in the earth and in the human body. When there are obstacles to this flow, bad things can happen. To cure obstructions of the flow of qi in the body, an acupuncturist uses needles.|date=19 March 2021|accessdate=13 July 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:37, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Feng+Shui+coins&btnG=

• https://journal.binus.ac.id/index.php/BECOSS/article/view/6386
  • <ref name="Binus-Journal-ShawHong-SER-2020">{{cite web|url= https://journal.binus.ac.id/index.php/BECOSS/article/view/6386|title= Form Follows Culture: Symbolic Feng Shui Logo Design in the Greater China Region.|quote= Logos based on concepts and forms (particularly ancient Chinese coins) found in Feng Shui were the most preferred visual representation used by banks in the Greater China region.|date=31 May 2020|accessdate=18 July 2023|author= ShawHong SER ([[Chulalongkorn University]])|publisher= [[BINUS University]] Journal|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:17, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/superstition-and-the-chinese-real-estate-market/?fbclid=IwAR2Dia5KBOa-aH9lS0yCkv5GoznYS_SrBQymnx3J0mH0l-NKEp5sovVUkCw
  • <ref name="Skeptical-Inquirer-Superstition-and-the-Chinese-Real-Estate-Market">{{cite web|url= https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/superstition-and-the-chinese-real-estate-market/?fbclid=IwAR2Dia5KBOa-aH9lS0yCkv5GoznYS_SrBQymnx3J0mH0l-NKEp5sovVUkCw|title= Superstition and the Chinese Real Estate Market.|date=16 January 2020|accessdate=18 July 2023|author= Stuart Vyse|publisher= [[Skeptical Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:44, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://inf.news/en/collect/905624f3bd698626c53d7c16acac0a86.html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_a2dfa59bee25473300442892c3ed099934111472-1628519461-0-gqNtZGzNAk2jcnBszQhi
  • <ref name="INews-Cinnabar-rust-and-cinnabar-money">{{cite web|url= https://inf.news/en/collect/905624f3bd698626c53d7c16acac0a86.html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_a2dfa59bee25473300442892c3ed099934111472-1628519461-0-gqNtZGzNAk2jcnBszQhi|title= Cinnabar rust and cinnabar money.|date=2021|accessdate=18 July 2023|work= iNews|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:08, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

• Wong, Wing-Fai (黃詠暉, 黄咏晖) - Five Emperors Coins: The Reformation of Yansheng Object as a Popular Culture in Feng Shui. CFP – 1st Symposium of the Academic Journal of Feng Shui – Oceania, Sydney, Australia, 13 - 14 May 2017. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Glasstree Academic Publishing (2018).

Feng Shui sources to evaluate

• https://hoangminhdecor.com/tien-xu-phong-thuy/
  • <ref name="Hoàng-Minh-Tiền-xu-phong-thủy">{{cite web|url= https://hoangminhdecor.com/tien-xu-phong-thuy/|title= Tiền xu phong thủy mang tài lộc, của cải.|quote=Đồng xu phong thủy tượng trưng cho tài lộc, của cải và cát khí. Tuy nhiên, phụ thuộc vào hình dạng và số lượng mà ý nghĩa các đồng xu cũng có sự thay cho đổi.|date=June 2022|accessdate=17 July 2023|author= Hoàng Minh|publisher= Hoàng Minh Decor|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:04, 17 July 2023 (UTC) .

• https://vienchibao.com/dong-tien-xu-phong-thuy-tac-dung-va-y-nghia/
  • <ref name="Vienchibao-Đồng-Tiền-Xu-Phong-Thuỷ">{{cite web|url= https://vienchibao.com/dong-tien-xu-phong-thuy-tac-dung-va-y-nghia/|title= Đồng Tiền Xu Phong Thuỷ - Tác Dụng Và Ý Nghĩa.|date=12 June 2020|accessdate=18 July 2023|author= CUONGDCDEV|publisher= Viễn Chí Bảo - Bạc và Vàng phong thủy|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:13, 17 July 2023 (UTC) .

• Investigate "Hoa Mai Kim Tiền".

Feng Shui searches

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Feng+Shui+coins&btnG=

• https://www.ecosia.org/search?addon=opensearch&_sp=9a878d17-fec8-43ed-aed5-7c2ff0594a19&q=%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng%20xu%20c%E1%BB%95%20phong%20th%E1%BB%A7y

• https://www.ecosia.org/search?addon=opensearch&_sp=9a878d17-fec8-43ed-aed5-7c2ff0594a19&q=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%93%9C%E9%92%B1%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E5%B1%85%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%B4

• https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%A3&addon=opensearch&utm_medium=organic&utm_source=google-play&_sp=9a878d17-fec8-43ed-aed5-7c2ff0594a19

• https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D%E9%8C%A2&addon=opensearch&utm_medium=organic&utm_source=google-play&_sp=9a878d17-fec8-43ed-aed5-7c2ff0594a19&p=1

Coin hoards 2022 sources

• http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/chinavoices/2022-12/02/content_78548022.htm
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/chinavoices/2022-12/02/content_78548022.htm|title= Tonnes of millennia-old coins found in east China. Section: Culture. - An ancient coin hoard containing 1.5 tonnes of coins dating back to the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties has been discovered in east China's Jiangsu Province.|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=18 July 2023|author= China SCIO|publisher= [[State Council Information Office]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Not done, per "WP:GLOBAL TIMES", any reporting by the Chinese Communist Party, no matter how factual, is blanket banned... --Donald Trung (talk) 12:43, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

• https://ukranews.com/en/news/898992-tonnes-of-millennia-old-coins-found-in-east-china
  • <ref name="Ukraine-News-Jiangsu-December-2022">{{cite web|url= https://ukranews.com/en/news/898992-tonnes-of-millennia-old-coins-found-in-east-china|title= Tonnes of millennia-old coins found in east China. Section: Culture. - An ancient coin hoard containing 1.5 tonnes of coins dating back to the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties has been discovered in east China's Jiangsu Province.|date=15 December 2022|accessdate=18 July 2023|author= Тимофій Борзенко|publisher= Ukraine News|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 12:58, 18 July 2023 (UTC) .

"True form" spin-off project

• User:Donald Trung/True form (Taoism).
  •  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:21, 22 July 2023 (UTC) .

"Han Dynasty coinage" spin-off project

• User:Donald Trung/Han Dynasty coinage.
  • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1169961119  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:49, 12 August 2023 (UTC) .