User:Donald Trung/Taoist coin charm

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[[File:91643 SMVK OM objekt 118326 (2).jpg|thumb|right|A Taoist charm that contains Taoist "magic writing" on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] '''Taoist coin charms''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 道教品壓生錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 道教品压生钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''dào jiào pǐn yā shēng qián'') are a family of categories of [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese numismatic charm]]s that incorporate elements of the [[Taoism|Taoist religion]]. Taoist coin charms come in various shapes, sizes, and formats and can contain inscriptions or wholly pictorial designs. While a large number of Taoist coin charms have their inscriptions written in [[traditional Chinese characters]], a subset of Taoist coin charms have inscriptions written in [[Fulu|Taoist "magic" writing]]. In these countries similar numismatic charms existed for [[Buddhist coin charm|Buddhist]] and [[Confucian coin charm|Confucianism]], and at times Taoist coin charms would also incorporate symbolism from these other religions. == Themes and types of Taoist coin charms == Since ancient times, the Chinese had attributed magical powers and influence to Hanzi characters. They believed that certain characters could impact spirits, which were in turn believed to be responsible for good and ill fortune.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/daoist.html|title= Daoist (Taoist) Charms - 道教品壓生錢 - Introduction and History of Daoist Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=10 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> The ''[[Huainanzi]]'' describes spirits as horror-stricken at being commanded by the magical powers of the Hanzi characters used for amulets and charms.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Many early Han dynasty talismans were worn as pendants containing inscriptions requesting that people who were deified in the Taoist religion to lend them protection.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Some Taoist charms contain inscriptions based on Taoist "magic writing" ([[Hanzi|Chinese]]: 符文, also known as Taoist magic script characters, Taoist magic figures, Taoist magic formulas, Taoist secret talismanic writing, and Talismanic characters) which is a secret writing style regarded as part of [[Fulu]].<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Its techniques are passed from Taoist priests to their students and differ between Taoist sects, with a secrecy that led many people to believe that they would have more effect in controlling the will of the spirits.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> As the majority of these charms asked [[Leigong]] (the Taoist God of Thunder) to [[Apotropaic magic|kill the evil spirits or bogies]], these numismatic charms are often called "Lei Ting" charms (雷霆錢) or "Lei Ting curse" charms.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> As imperial decrees had absolute authority, this reinforced the popular myth that Hanzi characters were somehow magical, and inspired Chinese talismans to take the forms of imperial decrees.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Many Taoist talismans read as if by a high-rank official commanding the evil spirits and bogies with inscriptions such as "let it [the command] be executed as fast as Lü Ling",{{efn|Lü Ling was an ancient Chinese runner from the [[Zhou dynasty]] during the [[King Mu of Zhou|Mu Wang]] era in the 10th century BC.}} "quickly, quickly, this is an order", and "[pay] respect [to] this command".<ref>Sportstune.com - [http://sportstune.com/chinese/charms/6/1.html Magic Spell combined with Eight Trigram - Section 6.1: Round shape] by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 26 July 2018.</ref> Taoist talismans can contain either square holes or round ones. Many Taoist amulets and charms contain images of [[Liu Haichan]], [[Zhenwu (god)|Zhenwu]], the Bagua, yin-yang symbols, constellations, [[Laozi]], swords, bats, and immortals.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/><ref>South China Morning Post – [http://m.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2102955/hong-kongs-taoist-funerals-superstition-symbolism-and-how-stop-your-soul Hong Kong's Taoist funerals: the superstition, symbolism and how to stop your soul being dragged into the coffin. From swordplay to sweet treats, few Chinese funeral traditions are as involved as a Taoist ceremony. We find out how to ward off evil entities and guarantee a peaceful afterlife for the deceased] by Heidi Ng. UPDATED : Wednesday, 19 July 2017, 7:25PM. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>TAOISTSECRET.COM [http://www.taoistsecret.com/taoist.html Taoist Talismans]. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>Anything Anywhere - CHINA, amulets. [http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/chin-amulets1.htm Chinese culture is permeated, no, based on poetic allusion, hidden meanings, union of opposites, complex currents of energy and intention. In certain contexts these bases can express in rank superstition (present in all human cultures), and in others can lead to scientific advancement]. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>University of Idaho - [http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/116Taoist_gods_and_goddesses.htm Gods and Goddesses of Religious Daoism]. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>Chinese Mythology - A Blog on Chinese Mythology. [http://chinesemythology.blogspot.nl/2009/11/chinese-god-of-thunder.html?m=1 Chinese God of Thunder - Lei Gong] by Feng Shui Trader. Published: Monday, 23 November 2009. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref> A Taoist charm from either the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] or [[Yuan dynasty]] without any written text shows what is commonly believed to be either a "boy under a pine tree" (松下童子) or a "boy worshipping an immortal" (童子拜仙人), but an alternative hypothesis is that this charm depicts a meeting between [[Laozi]] and [[Zhang Daoling]]. This is based on the fact that the figure supposedly representing Zhang Daoling is carrying a cane which in [[Mandarin Chinese]] is a [[homophone]] for "Zhang". On the reverse side of the charm are the twelve Chinese zodiacs, each in a circle surrounded by what is referred to as "auspicious clouds" which number eight.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/30/laozi-and-zhang-daoling-charm/|title= Laozi and Zhang Daoling Charm.|date=30 October 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> === Coin-swords === {{Main|Coin-sword}} [[File:Coin Sword.jpg|thumb|right|A Chinese coin sword-shaped talisman made from [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty era cash coins]] on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] '''Coin-swords''' (alternatively spelt as ''coin swords''), alternatively known as ''cash-swords'', are a type of [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s that are a form of [[feng shui]] talisman that were primarily used in [[southern China]] to ward off [[evil spirit]]s and malicious influences, especially those inducing fever.{{Sfn|Doolittle|1868|p=563}} These coin-swords are also often used in [[Taoism|Taoist]] rituals. In [[Mandarin Chinese]], coin-sword are called ''bì xié jiàn'' (避邪劍) which literally translates into [[English language|English]] to "evil-warding sword".<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords">{{cite web|url= https://www.fengshuied.com/coin-sword|title= The Chinese Coin Sword Is A Tool That Combats Aggressive Sha Chi.|date=8 January 2020|accessdate=1 March 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= Fengshuied!|language=en}}</ref> Coin-swords usually consist of [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty era cash coins]], specifically from the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]] and [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] eras, but may also be made from older cash coins. Chinese coin-swords generally consist of either one or two iron rods as a foundation with real or replica [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]] fastened together with a string, a cord, or a wire which are usually coloured red.<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords">{{cite web|url= https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=758237&partId=1|title= coin-sword.|date=2020|accessdate=1 March 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= The [[British Museum]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/sword.html|title= Swords and Amulets.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> While the thread is usually red, it may sometimes also be yellow or gold as these are considered to be the colours of royalty.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> A typical Chinese coin-sword is about 0.6 meter, or about 2 feet in the [[imperial units|imperial system of units]], long and consists of around one hundred [[copper-alloy]] Chinese cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> In superstition it is usually considered better for all the Chinese cash coins strung together in the coin-sword to have been produced during the reign of only a single [[Emperor of China|Chinese emperor]],<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> and may not be mixed with cash coins from other dynasties.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Ancient Chinese cash coins]] are also generally preferred over more modern ones.<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> Coin-swords are constructed out of three different kinds of things, each of which is regarded as a preventive of evil spirits in feng shui.<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> A popular way sword symbolism in integrated in Chinese numismatic talismans is by stringing actual or replicas of cash coins into a sword-shape.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> In [[feng shui]], these coin-swords are often hung to frighten away demons and evil spirits.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Coin-swords are frequently hung above the bed, on residential walls, on the front and the outside of the bridal bed-curtain, or above the windows of a building.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/><ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> It is believed that [[evil spirit]]s would not dare molest the residents of the house where the coin-sword hangs because the sword resembles that wielded by the [[Taoist immortal]] [[Zhong Kui]], who in [[Chinese mythology]] is famous for being a slayer of evil demons.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Most Chinese coin-swords consist of [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寳) cash coins.<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> The supposed powers of coin-swords do not come from the associated wealth symbolism that usually comes with cash coins.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> But with the design form of the cash coins used to make the sword, as well as the dynastic origins of the cash coins that carry the Emperor's [[Chinese era name|reign era title]].<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> As such, in feng shui the supposed power of the coin-swords will depend heavily on which Chinese emperor's inscription is written down on the cash coins.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> About the time of a woman's confinement after her marriage, a coin-sword is sometimes taken to be hung inside of the of the bridal bed-curtain, usually in a position that is parallel to the horizon.<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> Coin-swords made from [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty cash coins]] with the inscription [[Kangxi Tongbao]] (康熙通寶) are considered to be the most effective, this is because because the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] lasted an entire 60 year cycle of the [[Chinese calendar]] and thus according to feng shui cash coins with this inscription represent "[[longevity]]".<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> These cash coins are furthermore preferred because the name "Kangxi" means "good health" and "prosperity".<ref name="BritishMuseumCoin-Swords"/> === Eight Treasures charms === [[File:91643 SMVK OM objekt 118348 (2).jpg|thumb|left|An Eight Treasures charm with the inscription 長命富貴金玉滿堂 which could be translated as "longevity, wealth and honor", "may gold and jade fill your house (halls)" on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] Chinese Eight Treasures charms ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 八寶錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 八宝钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''bā bǎo qián'') depict the [[Eight Treasures]], also known as the "Eight Precious Things" and the "Eight Auspicious Treasures",<ref>Edgar J.Mandel. Trial listing. ''Korean talismans''. 1968.</ref><ref>Li Zuding. Chinese Traditional Auspicious patterns. Shanghai 1994.</ref><ref>Sportstune (Chinese charms) [http://sportstune.com/chinese/charms/1-2.html#2 Chinese charms, sections 1-2]. Retrieved: 2 May 2018.</ref> and refer to a subset of a large group of items from antiquity known as the "Hundred Antiques" (百古) which consists of objects utilised in the writing of [[Chinese calligraphy]] such as painting brushes, ink, writing paper and ink slabs, as well as other antiques such as Chinese chess, paintings, [[List of Chinese musical instruments|musical instruments]] and various others. Those most commonly depicted on older charms are the [[Ruyi (scepter)|ceremonial ''ruyi'']] (sceptre), [[coral]], [[lozenge]], [[rhinoceros horn]]s, [[sycee]]s, stone chimes, and flaming pearl. Eight Treasures charms can alternatively display the eight precious organs of the Buddha's body, the eight auspicious signs, various emblems of the eight Immortals from [[Taoism]], or eight normal Chinese character. They often have thematic inscriptions.<ref name="PrimaltrekEightTreasuresCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/eighttreasures.html |title= The Eight Treasures - 八寶.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=20 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine: A New Translation of the Neijing Suwen with Commentary by Maoshing Ni.</ref> === Fu inscriptions on Taoist talismanic coins === {{Main|Fulu}} [[File:91619 SMVK EM objekt 1016716 (1).jpg|thumb|left|A Taoist charm or talisman coin that contains Taoist "magic writing" on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] Fu script was also used on Taoist coin talismans (many of which resemble [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]]), many of these talismans haven't been deciphered yet but a specimen where Fu was used next to what is believed to be their equivalent [[Hanzi|Chinese characters]] exists.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/><ref>TAOISTSECRET.COM [http://www.taoistsecret.com/taoist.html Taoist Talismans]. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>Anything Anywhere - CHINA, amulets. [http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/chin-amulets1.htm Chinese culture is permeated, no, based on poetic allusion, hidden meanings, union of opposites, complex currents of energy and intention. In certain contexts these bases can express in rank superstition (present in all human cultures), and in others can lead to scientific advancement]. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.</ref> On rare occasions Taoist Fu writing has also been found on Buddhist numismatic charms and amulets. Most of these coin talismans that feature Fu writings request [[Lei Gong]] to protect its carriers from evil spirits and misfortune.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Fulu characters are usually included at the beginning and the end of the inscription of a [[Taoist coin charm]].<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> === Lei Ting curse charms === {{Main|Lei Ting curse charm}} [[File:Lei Ting curse charms, Delft (2018).jpg|thumb|right|Modern machine-made Lei Ting curse charms containing Taoist imagery in [[Delft]], [[Netherlands]].]] '''Lei Ting curse charms''' ({{zh|t=符咒錢|s=符咒钱| hp=fú zhòu qián| l=| links=yes}}), or ''Lôi Đình curse charms'',{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=15}} are a type of [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese numismatic charm]]s,<ref>Chinese Coinage Website (Charm.ru) – [http://charm.ru/library/turk.htm List of illustrations wanted for F.A. Turk’s - INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE COIN-LIKE CHARMS] by Scott Semans, Vladimir Belyaev, and Steve Young. Retrieved: 02 August 2018.</ref> these charms can be described as a [[talisman]]ic coin as they are often based on [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]] but can also have round holes instead of square ones and may also be shaped like [[gourd charms]]. Lei Ting curse charms contain inscriptions that request the [[Taoism|Taoist]] God of Thunder [[Leigong]] to expel evil spirits and maleficent bogies through a [[magical spell]] incantation which usually calls upon Leigong by claiming that the inscription is in fact an order from [[Laozi]] himself.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/demonif/ncnamudem001.htm|title= Amulette à invocation de Leiting - Leiting invocation charm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref> In some cases these coin charms request that Leigong should act "with the speed of [[Lü Ling]]", a famous [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] from the 10th century BCE around the time [[King Mu of Zhou|Mu Wang]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]] reigned over China.<ref>Sportstune.com - [http://sportstune.com/chinese/charms/6/1.html Magic Spell combined with Eight Trigram - Section 6.1: Round shape] by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 26 July 2018.</ref><ref>Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}.</ref> The name "Lei Ting" (雷霆) comes from ''Lei'' (雷) which is an abbreviation for "[[Leigong]]" (雷公) or "Leishen" (雷神) who is the god of thunder and one the officials in the celestial Ministry of Thunder and Storm who could punish on behalf of Heaven,{{sfn|Zheng|2004|p=409}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://chinesemythology.blogspot.com/2009/11/chinese-god-of-thunder.html?m=1|title= Chinese God of Thunder.|date= November 23, 2009|accessdate=2 August 2018|work= Feng Shui Trader (Chinese Mythology - A Blog on Chinese Mythology)|language=en}}</ref> and ''Ting'' (霆) meaning "thunderbolts" as these thunderbolts would be used for the destruction of malicious spirits as it is the noise of the thunder produced by the drums hold by Leigong that causes death of the wrong doers.<ref>Edgar J.Mandel. Metal Charms and Amulets of China. Chapter: Magic spell incantations.</ref>{{sfn|Zheng|2004|p=409}} It is not uncommon for the characters ''Lei'' (雷), ''Ling'' (令, "to order"), ''Sha'' (杀, "to kill"), and ''Gui'' (鬼, "spirit" or "ghost") on Lei Ting curse charms at both extremes of the inscription to be written in Taoist Fuwen as opposed to with Hanzi characters, and although the religious sects and orders of Taoism usually wish for the meaning of Fuwen characters to remain a secret the Fu characters used for these terms are actually well known.<ref>Kainz, C. Chinesischen Tempelmünzen. Published in 1895. Pages 8, 19, 21, and 25. (in [[German language|German]])</ref><ref>ChinaZeug.de [http://www.chinazeug.de/c982.htm alte und antike chinesische Amulette (charms)] by Yi and Ralf Thomann. Retrieved: 04 August 2018. (in [[German language|German]])</ref> The term "Lei Ting curse charm" is a term used primarily by Chinese collectors for these coin charms.<ref name="CraigGreenbaumVietnameseAmulets">{{cite web|url= https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=87111|title= Amulets of Viet Nam (Bùa Việt-Nam - 越南符銭).|date=2006|accessdate=3 March 2020|author= Craig Greenbaum|language=en}}</ref> Lei Ting curse charms are an evolution of the ancient Chinese belief that everything is controlled by spirits and evil spirits should be dealt with in the same manner as human adversaries should be treated, in Ancient China a large number of [[Exorcism|exorcists]] would roam the streets and throw spears into the air to scare evil spirits away, at the same time human prisoners would have their limbs dismembered and would be openly displayed outside the city gates to scare evil spirits away proclaiming that the same fate shall fall upon them if they dare go into the city.<ref>Taoist Transcendence and Thunder Magic, As seen in the Great Rituals of Heavenly Ting of Metal and Fire in the Divine Empyrean (神霄金火天丁大法) by Florian C. Reiter. (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Vol. 161, No. 2 (2011), pp. 415-444) Published by: Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref> According to Chinese legends [[Hanzi]] characters were created by the [[Yellow Emperor]] and after "the millet fell from the heavens and the spirits cried at night", this was because legends describe spirits of being afraid of being controlled by "the magical properties of Chinese characters" as described in the [[Huainanzi]]. As Hanzi characters were used on amulets magical powers were prescribed to them by the superstitious, during the [[Han dynasty]] Chinese numismatic charms started to be worn as pendants to protect its wearers from the influence of bogies and evil spirits. Leigong became one of the most commonly requested Taoist Gods to request for protection.<ref>Thierry, François Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> The ancient Chinese people believed that decrees and mandates issued by the government had absolutely authoritative power over them which expanded their belief that Hanzi characters somehow had magical properties. Taoist exorcists and priests claimed that they could use Hanzi characters and Fu script to make decrees that influence the spiritual world, for this reason the inscriptions of Lei Ting curse charms resemble official decrees and documents issued by the government of [[imperial China]] but ordered by Laozi and the person being decreed was Leigong whose job it is to punish people guilty of moral crimes such as unfilial sons or daughter as well as evil entities using the Taoist magic to harm others.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.taoistsecret.com/taoistgod.html#13|title= Taoist Deities / Gods § The Thunder God ( 雷 公, Lei Gong )|date=2006|accessdate=2 August 2018|work= Taoist Secret|language=en}}</ref> The reason why Laozi was selected to be the one decreeing the order was because he was a prestigious figure who had the power needed to enforce said decree. In some cases rather than Leigong Laozi himself was used to either scare away or kill bogies and malicious spirits. Laozi is often referred to as "Tai Shang Lao Jun" (太上老君, tài shàng lǎo jūn) on Lei Ting curse charms, this title was posthumously given to him by the [[Emperor of China|Emperor of the Song dynasty]] in the year 1013 AD. Like government decrees inscriptions on Lei Ting curse charms would carry phrases such as "quickly, quickly, this is an order" or "respect this command" to emulate them. Some curse charms contain the Chinese character for "dead ghost" as living people are startled to see a [[ghost]] and fear seeing them as ghosts are once living people who have died, the ancient Chinese people believed that ghosts themselves feared "dead ghosts" and would be equally startled in the same way humans feared regular ghosts and that charms and amulets that had the Chinese or Fuwen character for "dead ghost" would scare ghosts away. Lei Ting curses appear on a wide variety of Chinese and Vietnamese numismatic charms such as those containing [[Fulu|Taoist "magic" writing]], a type of secret script used by Taoist priests which ancient Chinese people assigned magical properties to, charms containing images of various other Taoist deities such as [[Xuanwu (god)|Xuanwu]], and other Lei Ting curse charms can have Taoist symbols on their reverse such as the [[Bagua]] (eight trigrams).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/daoist.html|title= Daoist (Taoist) Charms - 道教品壓生錢 - Introduction and History of Daoist Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 August 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://blog.163.com/wuzhongzhan@126/blog/static/1651966582009424930810/|title= "太上老君急急如律令"什么意思?__解释说道(…)|date=24 May 2009|accessdate=1 August 2018|work= Wuzhongzhan|language=zh}}</ref> These amulets were traditionally bought from Taoist masters and because they were often written in an exotic style and using Taoist "magic" writing, it was not uncommon for the inscriptions to be only readable by the Taoist masters who issued them.<ref name="CraigGreenbaumVietnameseAmulets"/> === Liu Haichan and the Three-Legged Toad charms === These charms depict Taoist transcendent [[Liu Haichan]], one of the most popular figures on Chinese charms, and the [[Jin Chan]] (money frog). The symbolism of these charms has regional differences, as in some [[varieties of Chinese]] the character "chan" has a pronunciation very similar to that of "coin" (錢 ''qián''). The mythical Jin Chan lives on the moon, and these charms symbolize wishing for that which is "unattainable". This can be interpreted as attracting good fortune to the charm's holder, or that the attainment of money can lure a person to their downfall.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/liuhai.html|title= Liu Hai and the Three-Legged Toad - 劉海戲蟾.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahjongtreasures.com/2015/01/13/liu-hai-and-the-three-legged-toad/ |title=Liu Hai and the Three Legged Toad.|date=13 January 2015|accessdate=22 April 2018|work=Kuan Yin for Mahjong Treasures. }}</ref><ref>Feng Shui Crazy (Live your life in Feng Shui Harmony) [http://www.fengshuicrazy.com/business-wealth/liu-hai-and-the-three-legged-toad.php Liu Hai and the three legged toad]. Retrieved: 22 April 2018.</ref><ref>Godchecker.com (Chinese Mythology – The Gods and Spirits of the Middle Kingdom…) [http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/chinese-mythology.php?deity=LIU-HAI LIU-HAI - Chinese Wealth God] Also known as LIU-HAR, LIU-YUAN-YING, HAI-CHAN, LI-HAI - Prosperous Coin-Juggling God. Retrieved: 22 April 2018.</ref> === Peach charms === [[File:Chinese numismatic peach charm - Scott Semans.png|thumb|right|A Chinese peach charm for "good luck" (福) and "longevity" (壽).]] '''Chinese peach charms''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 桃形掛牌; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 桃形挂牌; [[Pinyin]]: ''táo xíng guà pái'') are [[peach]]-shaped charms used to wish for longevity. The ancient Chinese believed the peach tree to possess vitality as its blossoms appeared before leaves sprouted.<ref name="PrimaltrekPeachCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/peach.html|title= Chinese Peach Charms - 桃形 - Introduction to Peach Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=5 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> [[Emperor of China|Chinese Emperors]] would write the character for longevity ({{linktext|壽}}) to those of the lowest social class if they had reached high ages,<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Loewe|title=Ways to paradise: the Chinese quest for immortality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLw0AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=5 May 2018|date=31 December 1994|publisher=SMC Pub.|isbn=978-957-638-183-6|page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Patricia Bjaaland Welch|title=Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc|url-access=registration|accessdate=5 May 2018|year=2008|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-3864-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc/page/159 159]|quote=[Shouxing] commonly holds a giant peach of immortality in his right hand and a walking stick with attached gourd (holding special life-giving elixir) in his left.}}</ref> which was seen to be among the greatest gifts.<ref name="PrimaltrekPeachCharms"/> This character often appears on peach charms and other Chinese numismatic charms. Peach charms also often depict the [[Queen Mother of the West]] or carry inscriptions such as "long life" (長命, ''cháng mìng'').<ref name="PrimaltrekPeachCharms"/> Peach charms were also used to wish for wealth depicting the character "{{linktext|富}}" or higher Mandarin ranks using the character "{{linktext|貴}}".<ref name="PrimaltrekPeachCharms"/><ref>"Peach." Symbols.com. [https://www.symbols.com/symbol/peach Peaches hold an exalted status in Chinese culture, where they are strongly associated with the heavens and with eternal life] by Jesse Brauner. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. Retrieved: 5 May 2018.</ref><ref>Goodlucksymbols.com [https://goodlucksymbols.com/peach/ Peach – Symbolism]. Retrieved: 5 May 2018.</ref> === Quest for Longevity charms === During the Song dynasty, a number of Taoist charms depicting the "Quest for Longevity" were cast. These contain images of an immortal, incense burner, crane, and a tortoise on the obverse and Taoist "magic writing" on the reverse.<ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> Taoist charms containing the quest for immortality are a common motif and reproductions of this charm were commonly made after the Song period.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/08/quest-for-longevity-daoist-charm/|title= "Quest for Longevity" Daoist Charm.|date=8 May 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> Some Taoist charms from the Qing dynasty contain images of [[Lü Dongbin]] with the inscription ''fú yòu dà dì'' (孚佑大帝, "Great Emperor of Trustworthy Protection"). This charm notably contains a round hole.<ref name="PrimaltrekQuestForLongevityCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/10/07/lu-dongbin-charm/|title= Lu Dongbin Charm.|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>[http://bbs.sssc.cn/viewthread.php?tid=2987492&extra=page%3D1 孚佑大帝（浮雕）] [复制链接] - 晓南风 - 从九品上.中下县主簿 - 147 - 帖子 – 12 - 关注 - 11 - 粉丝 - 电梯直达 - 楼主 - 发表于 4 November 2013 10:41:42 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 信誉 3 / 粟米 728.78 / 恶评 0 / 不满 0 / 帖子 147 / 精华 0 / 在线 670 小时 / 注册 28 September 2008 Retrieved: 13 May 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> === Safe journey charms === '''Safe journey charms''' are a major category of Chinese numismatic charms, which were produced out of a concern for personal safety while traveling.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/13/safe-journey-charm/ |title= Safe Journey Charm.|date=13 May 2011|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> One side would usually have an inscription wishing for the holder of the charm to be granted a safe journey, while the other would have common talisman themes such as the Bagua, weapons, and stars.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> It is believed that the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]] used safe journey charms as "badges" of membership during their rebellion against the Manchu Qing dynasty.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The inscription of this safe journey coin charm, which is written in [[seal script]], reads ''shui lu ping an'' (水魯平安) which literally translates into [[English language|English]] as "may you have peace by land and water" or, more simply translated, "I wish you a safe journey", as was its implied meaning.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The reverse side of this Chinese numismatic charm has a rather unusual mix of [[Chinese numismatic charm#List of symbols that appear on Chinese numismatic charms and their implied meanings|Chinese coin charm symbols]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> On the reverse side of this safe journey coin charm located right above the square hole are 7 dots, which on this safe journey cash coin is connected by a zigzag line, that represents the star constellation known as the "[[Big Dipper]]" (or the "Ladle").<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> Below the square centre hole is located one of the Chinese [[Bagua|eight trigrams]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> This is the trigram ''kǎn'' (坎), which represents the concept of "[[Water (wuxing)|water]]", as well as the wind direction "north".<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> According to Taoism, there nothing softer or weaker than the element of water, but water can wear away even the hardest substance.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The ''kǎn'' trigram in this context is thus a symbol that a mass movement of Chinese peasants would be able to defeat the smaller but better equipped and modern [[standing army]] of [[Western world|Western]] "devils" that fought the boxers during their rebellion.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> To the left and right of the square centre hole are [[Chinese swords|ancient Chinese blade weapons]], which were also used by the Boxers during their rebellion.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The weapon depicted to the left of the square centre hole is a ''guan dao'' of [[Guan Yu]] (or the "Green Dragon Crescent Blade"), the notch in the ''guan dao'' was to catch and parry the enemy's weapon in a combat situation.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The linking of the "Big Dipper" star constellation with Chinese swords established the belief that the blade weapons could be used not only in wars against human enemies but in battles against [[evil spirit]]s as well.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The image of a weapon located to the right of the square centre hole is known as a "Chinese [[Trident]]", which is a weapon that was primarily used for hunting animals, but one which could also be thrown to kill the hunter's prey.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> The images of the bladed weapons, the "Big Dipper" with zigzag lines and the ''kǎn'' (or "water") trigram, along with the association of Guan Yu, combined to supposedly provide powerful protection to a person whether he traveled either by land or by sea.<ref name="PrimaltrekSafeJourneyCharms"/> === Sword symbolism in Taoist numismatic charms === {{See also|Chinese swords and polearms|Ghosts in Chinese culture}} [[File:Sword-shaped cash coin talisman.jpg|thumb|right|A modern coin-sword made from replicas of Qing dynasty cash coins in [[Winschoten]], [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]].]] True [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s and amulets did not begin to appear in China until sometime during the [[Han dynasty]] and the sword, or frequently a pair of swords, as objects invested with power became frequently seen symbols in Chinese numismatic charms from this time on.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> [[Sword]]s are a common theme on Chinese numismatic charms, and coins were often assembled into sword-shaped talismans. Most Chinese numismatic charms that feature swords often show a single sword.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> According to Chinese legends, the first swords in China appeared under the reign of the legendary [[Yellow Emperor]]. During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]], the notion developed that swords could be used against evil spirits and demons.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Under the [[Liu Song dynasty]] swords became a common instrument in religious rituals, most particularly in Taoist rituals; according to the ''Daoist Rituals of the Mystery Cavern and Numinous Treasure'' (洞玄靈寶道學科儀) it was essential for students of Taoism to be able to forge swords which had the capability to dispel demonic entities.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Many Taoist sects formed during this period believed that swords could defeat demons and also contained medical properties. Under the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang dynasties]] ritualistic swords constructed of peach wood started to appear. Around this time, Chinese amulets with sword themes began to be produced; often these amulets resembled Chinese cash coins but had crossed swords decorated with ribbons or fillets on them, as the ancient Chinese believed that these items enhanced the powers of the item they were tied to.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Chinese swords were commonly engraved with imagery representing the [[Big Dipper]], which was believed to have unlimited magical power, and this also became common for charms that featured swords.<ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> The image of two swords on Chinese amulets stems from a legend where Taoist leader [[Zhang Daoling]] saw [[Laozi]] appear to him on a mountain in present-day [[Sichuan]] and gave him two swords. Alternatively, two swords can also represent two dragons from a legend where a man named Lei Huan (雷煥) received two swords and gave one to his son Lei Hua (雷華), who lost it in a river; a servant tasked with retrieving it witnessed two coiled and entwined Chinese dragons.<ref>Chinasage.info [http://www.chinasage.info/deities.htm Chinese Deities]. Retrieved: 25 June 2018.</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> Chinese talismans of swordsmen usually depict one of the Taoist immortals Zhong Kui or [[Lu Dongbin]].<ref name="YMAADaoistSwordRituals">{{cite web|url= https://ymaa.com/articles/daoism-and-the-sword|title= Daoism and the Sword (道教和劍, Dao Jiao He Jian).|date=4 October 2010|accessdate=1 March 2020|author= Zhou, Xuan-Yun|publisher= YMAA|language=en}}</ref> Swordsmen also appear on zodiac charms, Bagua charms, elephant chess pieces, lock charms, and other Chinese numismatic charms. Another person who appears on Chinese amulets is [[Zhenwu]], who is regarded as the perfect warrior.<ref>Kung Fu Magazine.com [http://www.kungfumagazine.com/magazine/article.php?article=612 The Feng Shui of Sword Display - A place to hang your sword] By Wilson Sun (with Gigi Oh & Gene Ching). Published: 2005. Retrieved: 25 June 2018.</ref><ref>Wofs.com [https://www.wofs.com/index.php/mentors-mainmenu-35/63-chung-kwei-the-protector-against-evil-spirits1 Chung Kwei - 'The Protector Against Evil Spirits'] by Sky. - Part II: Protective Feng Shui with Chung Kwei. Retrieved: 25 June 2018.</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekSwordSymbolismInChineseCharms"/> [[Taoist priest]]s use coin-swords because of this symbolism for rituals for ridding evil, a red cloth is then wrapped on the hilt of the sword.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> Taoist priests can also sometimes use a peach wood sword as an alternative to coin-swords.<ref name="FengshuiedCoin-Swords"/> === Taoist pendant charms === '''Chinese Taoist-themed pendant charms''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 道教品掛牌; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 道教品挂牌; [[Pinyin]]: ''dào jiào pǐn guà pái'') are Chinese numismatic charms that are used as decorative [[pendant]]s.<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/loopcharms.html|title= Chinese Pendant Charms - 挂牌.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> From the beginning of the Han dynasty, Chinese people began wearing these charms around their necks or waists as pendants, or attached these charms to the rafters of their houses, pagodas, temples or other buildings, as well as on [[Paper lantern|lantern]]s.<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/><ref>Petit, Karl Amuletes & Talismans Monetiformes D'Extreme Orient. 88p, 1976. (in [[French language|French]])</ref><ref>Remmelts, A.A. Chinese talismans. 94pp, 1968.</ref><ref>Anderson Galleries Inc. - A Collection of Old Chinese Jewelry and Objects of Art: Beautiful Necklaces, Pendants, Bracelets, &C. In Jade, Agate, Rose-Quartz, Amber, Turquoise, ... in Crystal, Ivory and Jade (Classic Reprint).</ref><ref>Anderson Galleries - Chinese Antiques, Fine Porcelains, Rare Carvings in Ivory, Jade, Agate, Rock Crystal, Lapis Lazuli and Amber, Necklaces, Pendants, Ornaments in Carved Hangings, Rugs; Carved Chinese Har.</ref> It is believed that open-work charms may have been the first Chinese charms that were used in this fashion. Fish, lock, spade, and peach charms were worn on a daily basis, with fish and lock charms worn mainly by young children and infants. Other charms were exclusively used for specific rituals or holidays.<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/> Some Han dynasty era charms contained inscriptions such as ''ri ru qian jin'' (日入千金, "may you earn a 1,000 gold everyday"), ''chu xiong qu yang'' (除凶去央, "do away with evil and dispel calamity"), ''bi bing mo dang'' (辟兵莫當, "avoid hostilities and ward off sickness"), or ''chang wu xiang wang'' (長毋相忘, "do not forget your friends").<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/> Others resembled contemporary cash coins with added dots and stars. Some pendant charms had a single loop while most others also had either a square or round hole in the centre.<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/> Some Chinese pendant charms contain the Hanzi character ''gua'' (挂, "to hang"), though their form makes their purpose obvious.<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/> Although most pendant charms contain pictorial illustrations, the association of Chinese characters into new and mystical symbolic forms reached an even greater extreme when Taoists introduced "Taoist magic writing" (符文).<ref name="PrimaltrekChinesePendantCharms"/> === Taoist symbolism on Buddhist coin charms === {{Main|Buddhist coin charm}} Some [[Buddhist coin charm]]s contain contain various forms of Taoist symbolism such as the Yin-Yang symbol and Taoist "magic" writing.<ref name="PrimaltrekBuddhistNumismaticCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/buddhist.html|title= Buddhist Charms - 佛教品壓勝錢 - Buddhism in China.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms - Chapter "Temple coins of the Yuan Dynasty" pp 149-161 Date: 10 December 2016 [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_8?no-access=true Temple Coins of the Yuan Dynasty.] Vladimir A. Belyaev , Sergey V. Sidorovich. Retrieved = 14 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia [http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Buddhist_Symbols Buddhist Symbols]. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.</ref> === The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms) === [[File:Chinese amulet trigrammen.png|thumb|left|A Chinese amulet with the 8 trigrams.]] Chinese charms depicting illustrations and subjects from the ''[[I Ching]]'' ({{a.k.a.}} ''The Book of Changes'') are used to wish for the cosmic principles associated with divination in ancient China, such as simplicity, variability, and persistence. Bagua charms may also depict the [[Bagua]] (the Eight Trigrams of Taoist cosmology). Bagua charms commonly feature depictions of trigrams, the [[Yin Yang]] symbol, [[Neolithic]] jade cong's (琮), the Ruyi sceptre, bats, and cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekTheBookOfChangesAndBaguaCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/bagua.html|title= The Book of Changes and Bagua Charms - 易經 - The Book of Changes (I Ching, Yijing).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>Talismans & Amulets by Felicitas H. Nelson - Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 - Body, Mind & Spirit - 267 pages. {{ISBN|1402746253}}, 9781402746253</ref><ref>The Chicago Journal [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/463201?download=true The Eight Trigrams: Variants and Their Uses]. History of Religions - Vol. 29: Issue. 4: Pages. 301-317 (Issue publication date: May 1990) Retrieved: 25 April 2018.</ref><ref>Ba Gua Nei Gong Tian Gan Heavenly Stem (Ba Gua, #5) by Tom Bisio.</ref><ref>Liu Bin's Zhuong Gong Bagua Zhang: Foundation Practices, Volume One by Zhang Jie.</ref><ref>The Eight Animals of Bagua Zhang (Book and Dvd) by Ted Mancuso, Debbie Shayne (Photographer).</ref><ref>Sportstune (Chinese charms) [http://sportstune.com/chinese/charms/6-7.html#7 Chinese charms, sections 6-7]. 6. MAGIC SPELL CHARACTERS COMBINED WITH EIGHT TRIGRAMS. 7. MAGIC SPELL CHARACTERS AND INCANTATIONS. 6. MAGIC SPELL CHARACTERS COMBINED WITH EIHGT TRIGRAMS. Retrieved: 2 May 2018.</ref> Book of Changes and Bagua charms are alternatively known as ''Yinyang charms'' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: {{nowrap|陰陽錢}}) because of the fact that the ''[[taijitu]]'' is often found with the eight trigrams.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy.htm|title= Amulettes yinyang - 陰陽 - Yinyang charm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy01.htm|title= Amulette yinyang 陰陽 aux trigrammes - Trigram Yinyang charm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref> This is also a popular theme for [[Vietnamese numismatic charm]]s and many Vietnamese versions contain the same designs and inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy070.htm|title= Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons - Four seasons Yinyang charm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref> [[Vietnam]]ese Book of Changes and Bagua charms often include inscriptions that contain compound words meaning "longevity" and "immortality".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=20}} === Vietnamese marriage amulets === Several Vietnamese marriage amulets contain images of [[crane]]s surrounding the [[Taijitu]], in this context the ''yin'' symbolises the wife, while the ''yang'' symbolises the husband.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} === Zodiac charms === [[File:91643 SMVK OM objekt 118304 (2).jpg|thumb|right|A charm depicting the 12 [[Chinese zodiac]]s on display at the [[Östasiatiska Museet]].]] Chinese zodiac charms are based on either the twelve animals or the twelve earthly branches of [[Chinese astrology]], based on the orbit of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]], and some zodiac charms feature stellar constellations.<ref name="PrimaltrekAncientChineseZodiacCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/zodiac.html |title= Ancient Chinese Zodiac Charms - The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Representing the 12 Earthly Branches - Origin and History of the 12 Animals and the 12 Earthly Branches.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=13 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> By the time of the [[Spring and Autumn Period]], the twelve earthly branches associated with the months and the twelve animals became linked; during the [[Han dynasty]] these also became linked to a person's year of birth.<ref>Edgar J.Mandel. ''Metal talismans of China''.</ref><ref>A. A. Remmelts. ''Chinese talismans''. [[Amsterdam]], 1968.</ref><ref>Fredrik Schjoth. Chinese currency. [[Oslo]], 1929.</ref><ref>J. H. Stewart Lockhart. The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. Hongkong-Singapore-Yokohama, 1915.</ref><ref>Sportstune (Chinese charms) [http://sportstune.com/chinese/charms/3-4.html Chinese charms, sections 3-4]. 3. ZODIAC CHARMS. 4. ZODIAC COMBINED WITH EIGHT TRIGRAMS. Retrieved: 2 May 2018.</ref> Some zodiac charms featured all twelve animals and others might also include the twelve earthly branches.<ref name="PrimaltrekAncientChineseZodiacCharms"/> They often feature the character ''gua'' (挂), which indicates that the charm should be worn on a necklace or from the waist.<ref name="PrimaltrekAncientChineseZodiacCharms"/> Modern [[feng shui]] charms often incorporate the same zodiac-based features.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thespruce.com/lucky-charms-for-all-chinese-zodiac-signs-1274613 |title= Feng Shui Lucky Charms for All Chinese Zodiac Signs (www.thespruce.com) - Find the 2017 and overall lucky charms for your Chinese zodiac sign.|date=10 March 2017|accessdate=13 April 2018|work=Rodika Tchi (for The Spruce)}}</ref> == List of Taoist coin charm variants by inscription == {{See also|Lei Ting curse charm#List of magic incantations found on Lei Ting curse charms|Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} {{Expand list|date=March 2020}} List of Taoist coin charm inscriptions (except for [[Lei Ting curse charm]]s):<ref name="PrimaltrekChineseCharmInscriptions">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/inscriptions.html|title= Chinese Charm Inscriptions.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=8 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekDaoistCharms"/> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" !colspan=6| List of Taoist coin charm inscriptions<br><small>(except for [[Lei Ting curse charm]]s)</small> |- ! Transliteration !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Literal [[English language|English]] translation !! [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|Meaning]] !! Image |- | Chun feng tao li || 春風桃李 || 春风桃李 || "Peach trees and plum trees blossomed in the winds of spring"<br>"Gone were the breezy spring days when the peach and plum trees were in bloom" || An excerpt from a poem by [[Tang dynasty]] poet [[Bai Juyi]] || |- | Fu shou yan chang || 福壽延長 || 福寿延长 || "Good fortune and longevity for a long time" || Good fortune and longevity for a long time || |- | Fu you da di || 孚佑大帝 || 孚佑大帝 || "Great Emperor of Trustworthy Protection" || Auspicious inscription || |- | Fu yu xian lang di yi zhi || 付與仙朗第 一枝 || 付与仙朗第一枝 || "To give to an immortal young gentleman the first branch" || Auspicious inscription || |- | Han shan bi you || 寒山庇佑 || 寒山庇佑 || "Hanshan protect"<br>"Hanshan bless" || Protection by [[Hanshan (poet)|Hanshan]] || |- | Jiang fu bi xie || 降福避邪 || 降福避邪 || "Send down good fortune and keep away evil" || Auspicious inscription || |- | Qu xie jiang fu || 驅邪降福 || 驱邪降福 || "Expel evil and send down good fortune (happiness)" || Protection from evil spirits || |- | San xian || 三仙 || 三仙 || "Three Immortals" || [[Sanxing (deities)|Sanxing]] || |- | Shui lu ping an || 水魯平安 || 水魯平安 || "May you have peace by land and water" || A wish for a safe journey || |- | Yuan tian shang di || 元天上帝 || 元天上帝 || "Supreme Lord of the Primal Heaven" || Alternative name of Laozi || |- | Zhang guo lao xian || 張果老仙 || 张果老仙 || "The Immortal Zhang Guolao" || [[Zhang Guolao]] || |- | Zhu shen hui bi || 諸神回避 || 诸神回避 || "Evade all the spirits" || Protection from evil spirits || |} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * [https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=87111 Amulets of Vietnam] by Craig Greenbaum. Published: 2006. Retrieved: 23 February 2020. * Edgar J.Mandel. ''Metal Charms and Amulets of China''. * Great Dictionary of China Numismatics (中國錢幣大辭典) - ''Chinese Charms'' (壓勝錢編), January, 2013. 995 pages. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]). * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. {{Commons category|Taoist numismatic charms}} {{Chinese exonumia}} {{Asian numismatic charms}} [[:Category:Chinese numismatic charms]] .

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  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources[edit]

  • <ref name="PrimaltrekChineseCharmInscriptions">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/inscriptions.html|title= Chinese Charm Inscriptions.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=8 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

Related expansion[edit]

Redirects[edit]

  • #REDIRECT [[Taoist coin charm]]
  1. Taoist coin charms.
  2. Taoist coin amulet.
  3. Taoist coin amulets.
  4. Taoist coin talisman.
  5. Taoist coin talismans.
  6. Taoism coin charms.
  7. Taoism coin amulet.
  8. Taoism coin amulets.
  9. Taoism coin talisman.
  10. Taoism coin talismans.
  11. Daoist coin charms.
  12. Daoist coin amulet.
  13. Daoist coin amulets.
  14. Daoist coin talisman.
  15. Daoist coin talismans.
  16. Daoism coin charms.
  17. Daoism coin amulet.
  18. Daoism coin amulets.
  19. Daoism coin talisman.
  20. Daoism coin talismans.
  21. Taoist talismanic coin.
  22. Taoist talismanic coins.
  23. Daoist talismanic coin.
  24. Daoist talismanic coins.
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