User:Donald Trung/University of California at Santa Barbara expansion of "Japanese numismatic charms"

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This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Japanese numismatic charm" and is preserved for attribution.

Original draft[edit]

[[File:91619 SMVK EM objekt 1015101.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese coin-like amulets on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] '''Japanese numismatic charms''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 絵銭 or 画銭), also known as ''Japanese [[amulet]]s'', ''Japanese [[talisman]]s'', or simply ''Japanese charms'', refer to a family of cash coin-like and other numismatic inspired types of charms that like the [[Korean numismatic charm|Korean]] and [[Vietnamese numismatic charm|Vietnamese variants]] are derived from [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s (also referred to as ''Yansheng coins'' or ''huāqián''), but have evolved around the customs of the [[Japanese culture]]. Although most of these charms resemble [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese cash coins]] and the amulet coins of China, they contain their own categories unique to Japan. In the case of these coins, "charm" in this context is a catchall term for coin-shaped items which were not official (or counterfeit) money.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://roberts.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/coins/Charms.html|title= Charms.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=19 April 2020|work= Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref> However, these numismatic objects were not all necessarily considered "magical" or "lucky", as some of these Chinese numismatic charms can be used as "[[mnemonic]] coins".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> == Kokuji charms == Japanese numismatic charms can include characters never used on any official coins such as [[Kokuji]], which is a national script unique to Japan similar to [[Gukja]] in [[Korea]] or [[Chữ Nôm]] in [[Vietnam]], these charms, with the pronunciation ''sa mu ha ra'' ([[File:さ・む・は・ら (Sa Mu Ha Ra) - Kokuji charm inscription.jpg|85px]], さ・む・は・ら), were usually given by village elders to soldiers when they left to fight in the [[Second Sino-Japanese war]] and [[World War II]], currently these charms are being used by travellers for supposed protection and are usually sold by shops at shrines.<ref> "Zhong Guo Hua Qian" by Yu Liu Liang etc. ({{ISBN|7-5325-1220-7}}), page 498, coin No. 2180.</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/07/08/japanese-charm-with-unknown-characters/|title= Japanese Charm with Unknown Characters.|date=8 July 2011|accessdate=19 June 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Collections (收集) – August 1992 issue.</ref><ref> [http://f.hatena.ne.jp/nikogori12/20090509220715 The Kokuji characters on the coin]. Retrieved: 19 June 2018.</ref><ref>Charm.ru (Chinese Coinage Website) [http://www.charm.ru/u.htm Japanese charm]. Comments by Vladimir Belyaev, John Liang, Tan Kuan Yang Gilbert, and Y.K. Leung. Published: 1997. Retrieved: 19 June 2018.</ref> These charms serve a similar function as [[Saint Christopher]] medals do in the [[Western world]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm"/> According to the article published in the August 1992 issue of the Japanese magazine "Collections" (收集), a number of Kokuji charms were created in the year 1937 ([[Shōwa period|Shōwa]] 12) by the director of the [[Japan Mint]] to be used as a kind of protective amulet.<ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm"/> The design of these Kokuji amulets resembles the base of the canon emplacements that were used in the past to protect the shores of Japan from hostile [[Piracy|pirate]] ships.<ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm"/> During World War II, it was further customary for some Japanese people to write Kokuji on a piece of paper and then attach the inscription to the roofs of their houses.<ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm"/> This was done in the belief that the paper Kokuji amulets would protect them from [[Air raids on Japan|incendiary bombs dropped by the allied forces]], such as the [[United States]], during the war.<ref name="Primaltrek-Unknown-Charm"/> == Japanese numismatic Buddhist charms == {{Main|Buddhist coin charm}} {{See also|Chinese numismatic charm#Buddhist charms and temple coins|Buddhism in Japan}} Japanese numismatic Buddhist charms are [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] charms often shaped like cash coins and bear inscriptions asking various figures from the Buddhist faith for blessings or protection, these inscriptions typically have a legend like "大佛鐮倉" ("(The) Great Buddha of [[Kamakura]]").<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/07/01/japanese-charm-of-the-great-buddha-of-kamakura/|title= Japanese Charm of the "Great Buddha of Kamakura".|date=1 July 2016|accessdate=19 June 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The Buddhist "且空藏棄" Japanese numismatic charm cast during the years 1736-1740 in [[Japan]] during the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] dedicated to the [[Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva]] based on one of the favourite mantras of [[Kūkai]] is frequently found in China. Ākāśagarbha one of the 8 immortals who attempts to free people from the cycle of [[reincarnation]] with compassion. These coins were brought to China in large numbers by Japanese Buddhist monks, another Japanese Buddhist charm frequently found in China has the inscription "南無阿彌陀佛" ("I put my trust in (the) [[Amitābha Buddha]]").<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/buddhist.html#japanese_buddhist_charms|title= Buddhist Charms - 佛教品壓勝錢 - Buddhism in China.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms - Chapter "Temple coins of the Yuan Dynasty" pp 149-161 Date: 10 December 2016 [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_8?no-access=true Temple Coins of the Yuan Dynasty.] Vladimir A. Belyaev , Sergey V. Sidorovich. Retrieved = 14 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia [http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Buddhist_Symbols Buddhist Symbols]. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.</ref> == Inari Ōkami charms == [[File:Japanese fox charm - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|thumb|left|An Inari Ōkami charm.]] Inari Ōkami charms depict [[Inari Ōkami]], the [[Japan]]ese ''[[kami]]'' of [[Red fox|foxes]], of [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]], [[rice]], [[tea]] and [[sake]], of [[agriculture]] and [[industry]], of general prosperity and worldly success, and one of the principal kami of [[Shinto]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> Inari may be represented by the image of a fox or a pair of fixes, hence these amulets are known as "Japanese fox charms".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> On some Inari Ōkami charms a pair of fixes are depicted standing before a plate of "''tama''" jewels.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> The ''tama'' in this context refers to both Inari Ōkami and to the worldy benefits, such as wealth, which the ''kami'' has to offer.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> On the bottom of these amulets is a depiction of a traditional Japanese warehouse key, in reference to the key that is used to unlock the [[treasure house]] of Inari Ōkami.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> It is suspected that these fox charms were carried around by worshippers of Inari Ōkami in their purses in the hope of accumulating riches of wealth.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> Another Inari Ōkami charm has the inscription "Fushimi" in reference to the largest Inari Ōkami shrine in Japan, which is located south of the city of [[Kyoto]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> These Japanese fox charms have the reverse inscription "raising the kingpost", and the reverse outer rim of these amulets state "Happiness in all the more than 60 [[provinces of Japan]]".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> Because the inscription makes a reference to the construction of a building it might have been used as a gift to people that have contributed money to the rebuilding a shrine.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> == Ebisu and Daikokuten charms == [[File:Ebisu and Daikokuten charm - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|thumb|right|An Ebisu and Daikokuten charm depicting the pair sitting next to three bags of money.]] [[Ebisu (mythology)|Ebishu]] and [[Daikokuten]] charms depict two of the [[Seven Lucky Gods]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> Namely Ebishu, the [[Japanese mythology|Japanese]] god of fishermen and [[luck]], and Daikokuten, the Japanese god of great darkness or blackness, or the god of five cereals.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> On these numismatic charms Ebisu is depicted holding a [[fishing pole]] with a freshly caught [[sea bream]], and Daikokuten always depicted as sitting on large bales of [[rice]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> == Minatogawa Shrine souvenirs == [[File:Gishi Kuyō - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|thumb|left|A ''Gishi Kuyō'' souvenir token issued by the [[Minatogawa Shrine]], in [[Chūō-ku, Kobe|Chūō-ku]], [[Kobe]].]] During the [[Meiji period]] the [[Minatogawa Shrine]], in [[Chūō-ku, Kobe|Chūō-ku]], [[Kobe]], began to issue [[souvenir]]s that resemble cash coins. These souvenirs have the inscription ''Gishi Kuyō'', which translates into [[English language|English]] as "Offerings to the Spirits of the Righteous Warriors".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> The term ''Gishi'' refers to a "righteous warriors" which is mainly used to refer to soldiers that have fought in the name of the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> These souvenirs continued to be produced into the [[20th century]].<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> == Other categories of Japanese numismatic charms == * [[Open-work charm]] == References == {{Commonscat|Japanese numismatic charms}} {{Reflist}} {{Asian numismatic charms}} {{Japanese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Asian numismatic charms]] .

Standard reference templates[edit]

May 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
April 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>
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